imported>Rs wrangler: /* Labelling in science */ add referent

2025-06-06T18:05:18Z

Labelling in science: add referent

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{{Short description|Technique of describing someone or something in a word or short phrase}}
{{other uses}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2023}}

'''Labelling''' or using a '''label''' is describing someone or something in a word or short phrase.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/label|title=Definition of label | Dictionary.com|website=www.dictionary.com}}</ref> For example, the [[Label (sociology)|label]] "criminal" may be used to describe someone who has broken a law. [[Labeling theory|Labelling theory]] is a theory in [[sociology]] which ascribes labelling of people to control and identification of deviant behaviour.
It has been argued that labelling is necessary for communication.<ref>{{cite book|title=The American Oxonian, Volume 86, pp184|publisher=Association of American Rhodes Scholars|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lw8iAAAAMAAJ&q=labeling|date=1999}}</ref> However, the use of the term is often intended to highlight the fact that the ''label'' is a description applied from the outside, rather than something intrinsic to the labelled thing. This can be done for several reasons:
* To provoke a discussion about what the best description is
* To reject a particular label
* To reject the whole idea that the labelled thing can be described in a short phrase.
This last usage can be seen as an accusation that such a short description is overly-[[Reduction (philosophy)|reductive]].

Giving something a label can be seen as positive, but the term ''label'' is not usually used in this case. For example, giving a name to a common identity is seen as essential in [[identity politics]].

Labelling is often equivalent to [[pigeonholing]] or the use of [[stereotypes]] and can suffer from the same problems as these activities.

The labelling of people can be related to a [[reference group]]. For example, the labels ''black'' and ''white'' are related to [[black people]] and [[white people]]; the labels ''young'' and ''old'' are related to [[young people]] and [[old people]].

The labelling of [[Work of art|works of art]] can be related to [[genre]]. For example, a piece of music may be described as [[progressive rock]] or [[Independent music|indie]] or ragga jungle drum and bass. However, there are other labels that can be applied to a work, such as [[Derivative work|derivative]], [[Low culture|low]] or [[High culture|high]]. The use of the word labelling is less common in the context of works of art than people. However, it also often represents the rejection of a label. For example, an [[artist]] may feel that the labeller is attempting to restrict the scope of the artist's work to that which is covered by the label.

== On the internet ==
Labelling on the web represents the [[Chunk (information)|chunks of information]] in information environments, where labelling is perhaps the most obvious way to show a site's [[Organization Schemes (Information Architecture)|organization schemes]] across multiple systems and contexts.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Information Architecture for the web and beyond|publisher=O'Reilly Media, Inc.|year=2015|isbn=978-1-4919-1168-6|author=Louis Rosenfeld |author2=Peter Morville |author3=Jorge Arango }}</ref>

Labelling systems are one of the major components in [[information architecture]], and one of the first steps of an information architecture project is to identify, organize and label relevant [[Chunk (information)|chunks of information]].<ref name=":0" /> When creating labels, the goal is to communicate efficiently, and without taking up too much space. Labels should be written in a language that's familiar to the users, and in a way that they will detect new and recognize similar concepts.<ref name=":0" />

In an information environment, labels are either textual or iconic.<ref name=":0" />

=== Textual labels ===
Contextual links are [[hyperlink]]s to information on other pages or another location on the same page, and need to draw meaning from their surrounding text.<ref name=":0" />

Labels are often used as headings to present subsequent information and create a hierarchy within contents. A hierarchical relationship between headings is established visually through consistent use of numbering, font size, color and styles, white spaces, indentation, or a combination of these items.

When used in a navigation system there is no standard, but common categories might be:
* Main, Main Page, Home
* Search, Find, Browse, Search/Browse
* Site Map, Contents, Table of contents, Index
* Contact, Contact Us
* Help, FAQ,
* News, News and events, News and announcements, Announcements
* About, About us, About, Who we are.<ref name=":0" />

Index terms are often referred to as keywords, tags, descriptive metadata, taxonomies, controlled vocabularies, and thesauri. Such labelling systems can describe any type of content such as sites, subsites, pages, or content chunks.<ref name=":0" />

=== Iconic labels ===
[[File:Browser navigation icons.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|Browser navigation icons for "back", "forward", "reload" and "[[home page]]"]]
Icons can serve as a substitute for text to represent information. Iconic labels are used as navigation systems, especially in mobile apps, where screen space is constrained.<ref name=":0" />

== In argumentation ==
In context of argumentation and debate, labelling a debater or position is often (whether consciously or unconsciously) used as a "[[red herring]]" to divert or dismiss the argument, instead of valid [[Argumentation theory|argumentation]]. Often in the form of [[Association fallacy#Guilt by association as an ad hominem fallacy|ad hominem association fallacy]] aiming at accrediting or discrediting the argument or the debater by associating them with an emotionally charged label. Typically negatively; labelling it as [[Appeal to ridicule|ridiculous]] or [[Appeal to spite|despicable]], though it can also go the other way round; attempting to gain sympathy for example by promoting the debater or position as [[Argument from authority|authoritative]], or by appealing to [[Appeal to pity|pity]].

Using labelling in argumentation this way constitute an [[informal fallacy]]. For example:
:"Jones believes that it can be done with the right technology."
::"Jones is a ''deluded fool''." (ie. therefore it can never be done.)

:"The witness claim to have seen something that indicates foul play."
::"It is ''paranoid'' to assume foul play." (ie. therefore whatever the witness might have seen is irrelevant.)

:"Markings indicate that it was done with a crowbar. And secondly, Smith is a suspect."
::"It is ''ridiculous'' to suspect Smith." (ie. therefore it is also ridiculous to assume it was done with a crowbar.)

:"It has been suggested that something it said in the book could be wrong."
::"It is a ''very noble'' book." (ie. Therefore the suggestion is wrong.)

== Labelling in science ==
{{Main|Nomenclature}}
[[Mario Bunge]] (1967) rejected labelling (labeling) as 'name calling' and 'pseudo-explanation'.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bunge |first1=Mario |title=Scientific research Volume II The search for truth |date=1967 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |location=New York |page=9}}</ref> Furthermore, he observed that it 'is conspicuous in ideological debate, in pseudoscience, and even in the early stages of science (protoscience).'<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bunge |first1=Mario |title=Scientific research Volume II The search for truth |date=1967 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |location=New York |page=10}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Society|Psychology}}
* [[Archetype]]
* [[Association fallacy]]
* [[Attributional bias]]
* [[Discrimination]]
* [[Infrahumanisation]]
* [[Labeling theory|Labelling theory]]
* [[Winner and loser culture|Loser]]
* [[Pigeonholing]]
* [[Role suction]]
* [[Slut-shaming]]
* [[Social stigma]]
* [[Stereotype]]

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Labels]]
[[Category:Labeling theory]]
[[Category:Sociological terminology]]
[[Category:Sociological theories]]
[[Category:Stereotypes]]
[[Category:Information architecture]]

Labelling - Revision history

imported>Rs wrangler: /* Labelling in science */ add referent