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{{Short description|Sino-Tibetan language branch of India}}
{{Infobox language family
| name = Konyak
| altname = Northern Naga
| region = [[India]]
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
| fam1 = [[Sino-Tibetan]]
| fam2 = [[Tibeto-Burman]]
| fam3 = [[Sal languages|Sal]]
| child1 = Konyak–Chang
| child2 = Tangsa–Nocte
| glotto = kony1246
| glottorefname = Konyak
| protoname = Proto-Northern Naga
}}
{{Naga people}}

The '''Konyak languages''', or alternatively the '''Konyakian''', '''Northern Naga''', or '''Patkaian'''<ref name="ICSTLL56">{{cite conference|conference=56th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics, 10-12 October 2023|location=Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok|date=2023|title=A First Description of Wolam Ngio, a Khiamniungic Language of Nagaland and Myanmar|last1=van Dam|first1=Kellen Parker|last2=Thaam|first2=Keen}}</ref> languages, is a branch of [[Sino-Tibetan languages]] spoken by various [[Naga people|Naga]] peoples in southeastern [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and northeastern [[Nagaland]] states of northeastern India. They are not particularly closely related to other [[Naga languages]] spoken further to the south, but rather to other [[Sal languages]] such as Jingpho and the [[Bodo-Garo languages]]. There are many dialects, and villages even a few kilometers apart frequently have to rely on a separate common language.

Proto-Northern Naga, the reconstructed [[proto-language]] of the Konyak languages, has been reconstructed by Walter French (1983). The linkage of the Konyak and Jingphaw languages with Boro–Garo languages suggests that Proto-Garo-Bodo-Konyak-Jinghpaw, which is [[Sal languages|Sal]]-speaking people also known as Brahmaputran-speaking people, entered Assam from somewhere to the northeast. It has been proposed that the Proto-Garo-Bodo-Konyak-Jinghpaw language was a lingua franca of different linguistic communities, not all of whom were native speakers, and that it began as a creolized lingua franca.

==Languages==
'''Konyak–Chang''':
*[[Konyak language|Konyak]]
*[[Chang language|Chang]]
*[[Wancho language|Wancho]]
*[[Phom language|Phom]]
*'''Khiamniungic'''
**[[Khiamniungan language|Khiamniungan]]
**[[Leinong language|Leinong]]
**[[Makyam language|Makyam]]
**[[Ponyo language|Ponyo]]
'''Tangsa–Nocte'''
*[[Tangsa language|Tangsa]] (Tase)
**Muklom
**Pangwa Naga
**Ponthai
**Tikhak
*[[Nocte language|Nocte]]
*[[Tutsa language|Tutsa]]

''Ethnologue'' 17 adds [[Makyam language|Makyam]] (Paungnyuan), while ''Glottolog'' adds a ''Khiamniungic'' branch within the Konyak-Chang branch. Makyam is most closely related to [[Htangan language|Leinong]] (Htangan) (Naw Sawu 2016:6).

==Classification==
Below is a classification of the Northern Naga (Konyak) languages by Hsiu (2018) based on a computational phylogenetic analysis.<ref name="Hsiu">{{cite web|last=Hsiu|first=Andrew|url=https://sites.google.com/site/sinotibetanbranches/central-sino-tibetan/sal/northern-naga-konyak|title=Northern Naga (Konyak)|work=Sino-Tibetan Branches Project|date=2018|access-date=2023-03-09}}</ref>

{{tree list}}
*'''Northern Naga'''
**[[Makyam language|Makyam]]
***Kuku Nokkone
***Makyam, Khale, Santung
**Nuclear Northern Naga
***Khiamniungic group
****[[Leinong language|Leinong]]
*****Anbaw, Hwi Thaik
*****Wan Ton Tha Mai
*****Nok Nyo Kha Shang
*****Lahe (subgroup): Lahe, Khamti, Long Kyan Nok Kone
****Ponyo-Gongwan
*****[[Ponyo language|Ponyo]] (subgroup): Ponyo Nok Inn, Lang Kheng
*****Gongwan
****[[Khiamniungan language|Khiamniungan]]
***Konyak-Wancho-Tangsa
****Konyak-Wancho
*****Lao
*****[[Konyak language|Konyak]]
*****Kyan
*****[[Wancho language|Wancho]]
******Wancho (Lower Wancho Hill)
******Wancho (Upper Wancho Hill), Karyaw
******Chuyo, Gaqkat
*****Phom
*****Chang (?)
****[[Tangsa language|Tangsa]]
*****Tikhak (subgroup): Tikhak, Longchang, Yongkuk, Muklom
*****Jugli
*****Shangvan (subgroup): Shangvan, Meitei, Haqcyeng, Ngaimong
*****Pangwa (subgroup): Kyahi, Mungre, Shanke, Chamchang, Lochang, Dunghi, Moshang, Rera, Lungri, Cholim
*****Halang (subgroup): Lama, Halang, Haqkhi, Bote
*****Ringkhu (subgroup): Gaqyi, Shokrang, Henching, Rasa, Lakki, Ringkhu, Khalak, Shangti, Lungkhi, Kochung
*****Gaqha
*****Kotlum (subgroup): Kotlum, Raqnu, Aasen, Drancyi, Gaqlun
*****Kon-Pingku (subgroup): Kon, Pingku, Nyinshao
*****Sansik
*****Champhang (subgroup): Nahen, Thamkok, Lumnu, Champhang
*****[[Nocte language|Nocte]]-[[Tutsa language|Tutsa]] (subgroup): Haqkhun, Tutsa, Ponthai, Hawi, Nocte, Haqsik, Haqchum, Yangno, Haqman
{{tree list/end}}

[[Phom language|Phom]] belongs to the Konyak-Wancho branch. [[Chang language|Chang]] may have originally been a Konyak-Wancho language that was heavily influenced by Ponyo-Khiamniungan-Lainong. The homeland of Northern Naga is placed in the [[Lahe Township]] area.<ref name="Hsiu"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}
*French, Walter T. 1983. ''Northern Naga: A Tibeto-Burman mesolanguage''. Ph.D. Dissertation, The City University of New York.
*Stirn, Aglaja, and Peter van Ham. 2003. ''The hidden world of the Naga: living traditions in Northeast India and Burma''. Munich: Prestel.
*Saul, Jamie D. 2005. ''The Naga of Burma: Their festivals, customs and way of life''. Bangkok, Thailand: Orchid Press.
*George van Driem (2001) ''Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region.'' Brill.

==External links==
*[https://sites.google.com/site/msealangs/home/blog/konyak-naga Classifying Konyak and other Naga languages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009124537/https://sites.google.com/site/msealangs/home/blog/konyak-naga |date=2020-10-09 }}

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Sal languages}}

[[Category:Sal languages]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]

Konyak languages - Revision history

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