Kingdom of Israel (Samaria) - Revision history

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	\| today = {{ubl\|[[Israel]]\|[[Palestine]] ([[West Bank]])\|[[Jordan]]\|[[Lebanon]]\|[[Syria]]}}		\| today = {{ubl\|[[Israel]]\|[[Palestine]] ([[West Bank]])\|[[Jordan]]\|[[Lebanon]]\|[[Syria]]}}
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			{{History of Israel}}

	The '''Kingdom of Israel''' ({{Langx\|hbo\|מַמְלֶכֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל\|Mamleḵeṯ Yiśrāʾēl}}), also called the '''Kingdom of Samaria''' or the '''Northern Kingdom''', was an [[History of ancient Israel and Judah\|Israelite kingdom]] that existed in the [[Southern Levant]] during the [[Iron Age]]. Its beginnings date back to the first half of the 10th century BCE.<ref>{{cite book \|title=From Nomadism to Monarchy?: Revisiting the Early Iron Age Southern Levant \|last=Arie \|first=Eran \|publisher=Penn State Press \|year=2023 \|isbn=978-1-64602-270-0 \|editor-last=Koch \|editor-first=Ido \|page=120 \|chapter=Canaanites in a Changing World: The Jezreel Valley during the Iron Age I \|quote=[T]he growing proto-Israelite power in the central hill country, out of which would emerge the Northern Kingdom of Israel, [that] should be dated to the first half of the 10th century BCE. \|editor-last2=Lipschits \|editor-first2=Oded \|editor-last3=Sergi \|editor-first3=Omer \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugDkEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA120}}</ref> It controlled the areas of [[Samaria]], [[Galilee]] and parts of [[Transjordan (region)\|Transjordan]]; the former two regions underwent a period in which a large number of new settlements were established shortly after the kingdom came into existence.<ref>Killebrew, Ann E., (2014). [https://www.academia.edu/8302633 "Israel during the Iron Age II Period"], in: The Archaeology of the Levant, Oxford University Press, p. 733: "In the Lower Galilee [...] during the Iron IIA, earlier Iron I settlements were deserted and appear to have been replaced by new large fortified sites [and] Zertal's landmark survey of northern Samaria [...] demonstrates a doubling of the number of sites from the Iron I to II [...] Finkelstein and Lederman's survey of the territory of Ephraim revealed [the] settlement density peaks in the later Iron II period, with over 200 sites identified [...]"</ref> It had four capital cities in succession: [[Shiloh (biblical city)\|Shiloh]], [[Shechem]], [[Tirzah (Tell el-Farah North)\|Tirzah]], and the [[Samaria (ancient city)\|city of Samaria]]. In the 9th century BCE, the [[Omrides\|House of Omri]] ruled it, whose political centre was the city of Samaria.		The '''Kingdom of Israel''' ({{Langx\|hbo\|מַמְלֶכֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל\|Mamleḵeṯ Yiśrāʾēl}}), also called the '''Kingdom of Samaria''' or the '''Northern Kingdom''', was an [[History of ancient Israel and Judah\|Israelite kingdom]] that existed in the [[Southern Levant]] during the [[Iron Age]]. Its beginnings date back to the first half of the 10th century BCE.<ref>{{cite book \|title=From Nomadism to Monarchy?: Revisiting the Early Iron Age Southern Levant \|last=Arie \|first=Eran \|publisher=Penn State Press \|year=2023 \|isbn=978-1-64602-270-0 \|editor-last=Koch \|editor-first=Ido \|page=120 \|chapter=Canaanites in a Changing World: The Jezreel Valley during the Iron Age I \|quote=[T]he growing proto-Israelite power in the central hill country, out of which would emerge the Northern Kingdom of Israel, [that] should be dated to the first half of the 10th century BCE. \|editor-last2=Lipschits \|editor-first2=Oded \|editor-last3=Sergi \|editor-first3=Omer \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugDkEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA120}}</ref> It controlled the areas of [[Samaria]], [[Galilee]] and parts of [[Transjordan (region)\|Transjordan]]; the former two regions underwent a period in which a large number of new settlements were established shortly after the kingdom came into existence.<ref>Killebrew, Ann E., (2014). [https://www.academia.edu/8302633 "Israel during the Iron Age II Period"], in: The Archaeology of the Levant, Oxford University Press, p. 733: "In the Lower Galilee [...] during the Iron IIA, earlier Iron I settlements were deserted and appear to have been replaced by new large fortified sites [and] Zertal's landmark survey of northern Samaria [...] demonstrates a doubling of the number of sites from the Iron I to II [...] Finkelstein and Lederman's survey of the territory of Ephraim revealed [the] settlement density peaks in the later Iron II period, with over 200 sites identified [...]"</ref> It had four capital cities in succession: [[Shiloh (biblical city)\|Shiloh]], [[Shechem]], [[Tirzah (Tell el-Farah North)\|Tirzah]], and the [[Samaria (ancient city)\|city of Samaria]]. In the 9th century BCE, the [[Omrides\|House of Omri]] ruled it, whose political centre was the city of Samaria.
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	According to the [[Hebrew Bible]], the territory of the [[Twelve Tribes of Israel]] was once amalgamated under a [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)\|Kingdom of Israel and Judah]], which was ruled by the [[House of Saul]] and then by the [[Davidic line\|House of David]]. However, upon the death of [[Solomon]], who was the son and successor of [[David]], there was discontent over his son and successor [[Rehoboam]], whose reign was only accepted by the [[Tribe of Judah]] and the [[Tribe of Benjamin]]. The unpopularity of Rehoboam's reign among the rest of the [[Israelites]], who sought [[Jeroboam]] as their monarch, resulted in [[Jeroboam's Revolt]], which led to the establishment of the Kingdom of Israel in the north (Samaria), whereas the loyalists of Judah and Benjamin kept Rehoboam as their monarch and established the [[Kingdom of Judah]] in the south ([[Judea]]), ending Israelite political unity. While the existence of Israel and Judah as two independent kingdoms is not disputed, some historians and archaeologists reject the [[Historicity of the Bible\|historicity of a United Monarchy of Israel and Judah]].<ref group="Notes" name="United Monarchy debated">The debate is described in Amihai Mazar (2010), [https://books.google.com/books?id=oCqSZdoWZMkC&pg=PA29 "Archaeology and the Biblical Narrative: The Case of the United Monarchy"], pp. 29-30, fn. 2: "For conservative approaches defining the United Monarchy as a state 'from Dan to Beer Sheba' including 'conquered kingdoms' (Ammon, Moab, Edom) and 'spheres of influence' in Geshur and Hamath cf. e.g. Ahlström (1993), 455–542; Meyers (1998); Lemaire (1999); Masters (2001); Stager (2003); Rainey (2006), 159–168; Kitchen (1997); Millard (1997; 2008). For a total denial of the historicity of the United Monarchy cf. e.g. Davies (1992), 67–68; others suggested a 'chiefdom' comprising a small region around Jerusalem, cf. Knauf (1997), 81–85; Niemann (1997), 252–299 and Finkelstein (1999). For a 'middle of the road' approach suggesting a United Monarchy of larger territorial scope though smaller than the biblical description cf. e.g. Miller (1997); Halpern (2001), 229–262; Liverani (2005), 92–101. The latter recently suggested a state comprising the territories of Judah and Ephraim during the time of David, that was subsequently enlarged to include areas of northern Samaria and influence areas in the Galilee and Transjordan. Na'aman (1992; 1996) once accepted the basic biography of David as authentic and later rejected the United Monarchy as a state, cf. id. (2007), 401–402."</ref>		According to the [[Hebrew Bible]], the territory of the [[Twelve Tribes of Israel]] was once amalgamated under a [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)\|Kingdom of Israel and Judah]], which was ruled by the [[House of Saul]] and then by the [[Davidic line\|House of David]]. However, upon the death of [[Solomon]], who was the son and successor of [[David]], there was discontent over his son and successor [[Rehoboam]], whose reign was only accepted by the [[Tribe of Judah]] and the [[Tribe of Benjamin]]. The unpopularity of Rehoboam's reign among the rest of the [[Israelites]], who sought [[Jeroboam]] as their monarch, resulted in [[Jeroboam's Revolt]], which led to the establishment of the Kingdom of Israel in the north (Samaria), whereas the loyalists of Judah and Benjamin kept Rehoboam as their monarch and established the [[Kingdom of Judah]] in the south ([[Judea]]), ending Israelite political unity. While the existence of Israel and Judah as two independent kingdoms is not disputed, some historians and archaeologists reject the [[Historicity of the Bible\|historicity of a United Monarchy of Israel and Judah]].<ref group="Notes" name="United Monarchy debated">The debate is described in Amihai Mazar (2010), [https://books.google.com/books?id=oCqSZdoWZMkC&pg=PA29 "Archaeology and the Biblical Narrative: The Case of the United Monarchy"], pp. 29-30, fn. 2: "For conservative approaches defining the United Monarchy as a state 'from Dan to Beer Sheba' including 'conquered kingdoms' (Ammon, Moab, Edom) and 'spheres of influence' in Geshur and Hamath cf. e.g. Ahlström (1993), 455–542; Meyers (1998); Lemaire (1999); Masters (2001); Stager (2003); Rainey (2006), 159–168; Kitchen (1997); Millard (1997; 2008). For a total denial of the historicity of the United Monarchy cf. e.g. Davies (1992), 67–68; others suggested a 'chiefdom' comprising a small region around Jerusalem, cf. Knauf (1997), 81–85; Niemann (1997), 252–299 and Finkelstein (1999). For a 'middle of the road' approach suggesting a United Monarchy of larger territorial scope though smaller than the biblical description cf. e.g. Miller (1997); Halpern (2001), 229–262; Liverani (2005), 92–101. The latter recently suggested a state comprising the territories of Judah and Ephraim during the time of David, that was subsequently enlarged to include areas of northern Samaria and influence areas in the Galilee and Transjordan. Na'aman (1992; 1996) once accepted the basic biography of David as authentic and later rejected the United Monarchy as a state, cf. id. (2007), 401–402."</ref>

	Around 720 BCE, Israel was conquered by the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]].{{sfn\|Hasegawa\|Levin\|Radner\|2018\|p=55}} The records of Assyrian king [[Sargon II]] indicate that he deported 27,290 Israelites to [[Mesopotamia]].<ref name=fink>Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2002) ''The Bible Unearthed : Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts'', Simon & Schuster, {{ISBN\|978-0-684-86912-4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Younger\|first=K. Lawson\|date=1998\|title=The Deportations of the Israelites\|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3266980\|journal=Journal of Biblical Literature\|volume=117\|issue=2\|pages=201–227\|doi=10.2307/3266980\|jstor=3266980 \|issn=0021-9231\|url-access=subscription}}</ref> This deportation resulted in the loss of one-fifth of the kingdom's population and is known as the [[Assyrian captivity]], which gave rise to the notion of the [[Ten Lost Tribes]]. Some of these Israelites, however, managed to migrate to safety in neighbouring Judah,<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal\|last=Finkelstein\|first=Israel\|date=2015-06-28\|title=Migration of Israelites into Judah after 720 BCE: An Answer and an Update\|url=https://doi.org/10.1515/zaw-2015-0011\|journal=Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft\|language=en\|volume=127\|issue=2\|pages=188–206\|doi=10.1515/zaw-2015-0011\|s2cid=171178702 \|issn=1613-0103\|url-access=subscription}}</ref> though the [[Jews\|Judahites]] themselves would be conquered by the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire]] ~~nearly two~~ centuries later. Those who stayed behind in Samaria following the Assyrian conquest mainly concentrated themselves around [[Mount Gerizim]] and eventually came to be known as the [[Samaritans]].{{sfn\|Shen\|Lavi\|Kivisild\|Chou\|2004}}<ref name=":1" /> The Assyrians, as part of [[Resettlement policy of the Neo-Assyrian Empire\|their historic deportation policy]], also settled other conquered foreign populations in the territory of Israel.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book\|last=Finkelstein\|first=Israel\|title=The forgotten kingdom : the archaeology and history of Northern Israel\|publisher=Society of Biblical Literature\|year=2013\|isbn=978-1-58983-910-6\|pages=158\|oclc=949151323}}</ref>		Around 720 BCE, Israel was conquered by the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]].{{sfn\|Hasegawa\|Levin\|Radner\|2018\|p=55}} The records of Assyrian king [[Sargon II]] indicate that he deported 27,290 Israelites to [[Mesopotamia]].<ref name=fink>Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2002) ''The Bible Unearthed : Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts'', Simon & Schuster, {{ISBN\|978-0-684-86912-4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Younger\|first=K. Lawson\|date=1998\|title=The Deportations of the Israelites\|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3266980\|journal=Journal of Biblical Literature\|volume=117\|issue=2\|pages=201–227\|doi=10.2307/3266980\|jstor=3266980 \|issn=0021-9231\|url-access=subscription}}</ref> This deportation resulted in the loss of one-fifth of the kingdom's population and is known as the [[Assyrian captivity]], which gave rise to the notion of the [[Ten Lost Tribes]]. Some of these Israelites, however, managed to migrate to safety in neighbouring Judah,<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal\|last=Finkelstein\|first=Israel\|date=2015-06-28\|title=Migration of Israelites into Judah after 720 BCE: An Answer and an Update\|url=https://doi.org/10.1515/zaw-2015-0011\|journal=Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft\|language=en\|volume=127\|issue=2\|pages=188–206\|doi=10.1515/zaw-2015-0011\|s2cid=171178702 \|issn=1613-0103\|url-access=subscription}}</ref> though the [[Jews\|Judahites]] themselves would be conquered by the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire]] less than 1.5 centuries later. Those who stayed behind in Samaria following the Assyrian conquest mainly concentrated themselves around [[Mount Gerizim]] and eventually came to be known as the [[Samaritans]].{{sfn\|Shen\|Lavi\|Kivisild\|Chou\|2004}}<ref name=":1" /> The Assyrians, as part of [[Resettlement policy of the Neo-Assyrian Empire\|their historic deportation policy]], also settled other conquered foreign populations in the territory of Israel.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book\|last=Finkelstein\|first=Israel\|title=The forgotten kingdom : the archaeology and history of Northern Israel\|publisher=Society of Biblical Literature\|year=2013\|isbn=978-1-58983-910-6\|pages=158\|oclc=949151323}}</ref>

	==History==		==History==
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	===Dynasties===		===Dynasties===
	~~{{History of Israel}}~~
	~~{{History of Palestine}}~~
	{{Main\|Kings of Israel and Judah}}		{{Main\|Kings of Israel and Judah}}

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	=== Sources ===		=== Sources ===
			*Crouch, C. L., "[https://web.archive.org/web/20240221131949/https://www.sbl-site.org/assets/pdfs/pubs/9781628370263_OA.pdf Israel and the Assyrians: Deuteronomy, the Succession Treaty of Esarhaddon, and the Nature of Subversion]", ANEM 8, SBL Publications, (from the Official [http://www.sbl-site.org SBL website]) Atlanta 2014

	* {{Cite book		* {{Cite book

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	==External links==		==External links==
	{{commons category}}		{{commons category}}
	* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120422073946/http://www.aboutisrael.co.il/ About Israel - The Information Center About Israel]		* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120422073946/http://www.aboutisrael.co.il/ About Israel – The Information Center About Israel]
	* [https://jewishhistory.huji.ac.il/ The Jewish History Resource Center] Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem		* [https://jewishhistory.huji.ac.il/ The Jewish History Resource Center] Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
	* [http://www.complete-bible-genealogy.com/judah_israel_kings.htm Complete Bible Genealogy] A synchronized chart of the kings of Israel and Judah		* [http://www.complete-bible-genealogy.com/judah_israel_kings.htm Complete Bible Genealogy] A synchronized chart of the kings of Israel and Judah

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	The '''Kingdom of Israel''' ({{Langx\|hbo\|{{Script/Hebrew\|מַמְלֶכֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל}}\|label=[[Biblical Hebrew\|Hebrew]]}} {{Transliteration\|he\|Mamleḵeṯ Yīśrāʾēl}}), also called the '''~~Northern~~ Kingdom''' or the '''Kingdom ~~of Samaria~~''', was an [[History of ancient Israel and Judah\|Israelite kingdom]] that existed in the [[Southern Levant]] during the [[Iron Age]]. Its beginnings date back to the first half of the 10th century BCE.<ref>{{cite book \|title=From Nomadism to Monarchy?: Revisiting the Early Iron Age Southern Levant \|last=Arie \|first=Eran \|publisher=Penn State Press \|year=2023 \|isbn=978-1-64602-270-0 \|editor-last=Koch \|editor-first=Ido \|page=120 \|chapter=Canaanites in a Changing World: The Jezreel Valley during the Iron Age I \|quote=[T]he growing proto-Israelite power in the central hill country, out of which would emerge the Northern Kingdom of Israel, [that] should be dated to the first half of the 10th century BCE. \|editor-last2=Lipschits \|editor-first2=Oded \|editor-last3=Sergi \|editor-first3=Omer \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugDkEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA120}}</ref> It controlled the areas of [[Samaria]], [[Galilee]] and parts of [[Transjordan (region)\|Transjordan]]; the former two regions underwent a period in which a large number of new settlements were established shortly after the kingdom came into existence.<ref>Killebrew, Ann E., (2014). [https://www.academia.edu/8302633 "Israel during the Iron Age II Period"], in: The Archaeology of the Levant, Oxford University Press, p. 733: "In the Lower Galilee [...] during the Iron IIA, earlier Iron I settlements were deserted and appear to have been replaced by new large fortified sites [and] Zertal's landmark survey of northern Samaria [...] demonstrates a doubling of the number of sites from the Iron I to II [...] Finkelstein and Lederman's survey of the territory of Ephraim revealed [the] settlement density peaks in the later Iron II period, with over 200 sites identified [...]"</ref> It had four capital cities in succession: [[Shiloh (biblical city)\|Shiloh]], [[Shechem]], [[Tirzah (ancient city)\|Tirzah]], and the [[Samaria (ancient city)\|city of Samaria]]. In the 9th century BCE, it was ruled by the [[Omrides\|Omride dynasty]], whose political centre was the city of Samaria.		The '''Kingdom of Israel''' ({{Langx\|hbo\|{{Script/Hebrew\|מַמְלֶכֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל}}\|label=[[Biblical Hebrew\|Hebrew]]}} {{Transliteration\|he\|Mamleḵeṯ Yīśrāʾēl}}), also called the '''Kingdom of Samaria''' or the '''Northern Kingdom''', was an [[History of ancient Israel and Judah\|Israelite kingdom]] that existed in the [[Southern Levant]] during the [[Iron Age]]. Its beginnings date back to the first half of the 10th century BCE.<ref>{{cite book \|title=From Nomadism to Monarchy?: Revisiting the Early Iron Age Southern Levant \|last=Arie \|first=Eran \|publisher=Penn State Press \|year=2023 \|isbn=978-1-64602-270-0 \|editor-last=Koch \|editor-first=Ido \|page=120 \|chapter=Canaanites in a Changing World: The Jezreel Valley during the Iron Age I \|quote=[T]he growing proto-Israelite power in the central hill country, out of which would emerge the Northern Kingdom of Israel, [that] should be dated to the first half of the 10th century BCE. \|editor-last2=Lipschits \|editor-first2=Oded \|editor-last3=Sergi \|editor-first3=Omer \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugDkEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA120}}</ref> It controlled the areas of [[Samaria]], [[Galilee]] and parts of [[Transjordan (region)\|Transjordan]]; the former two regions underwent a period in which a large number of new settlements were established shortly after the kingdom came into existence.<ref>Killebrew, Ann E., (2014). [https://www.academia.edu/8302633 "Israel during the Iron Age II Period"], in: The Archaeology of the Levant, Oxford University Press, p. 733: "In the Lower Galilee [...] during the Iron IIA, earlier Iron I settlements were deserted and appear to have been replaced by new large fortified sites [and] Zertal's landmark survey of northern Samaria [...] demonstrates a doubling of the number of sites from the Iron I to II [...] Finkelstein and Lederman's survey of the territory of Ephraim revealed [the] settlement density peaks in the later Iron II period, with over 200 sites identified [...]"</ref> It had four capital cities in succession: [[Shiloh (biblical city)\|Shiloh]], [[Shechem]], [[Tirzah (ancient city)\|Tirzah]], and the [[Samaria (ancient city)\|city of Samaria]]. In the 9th century BCE, it was ruled by the [[Omrides\|Omride dynasty]], whose political centre was the city of Samaria.

	According to the [[Hebrew Bible]], the territory of the [[Twelve Tribes of Israel]] was once amalgamated under a [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)\|Kingdom of Israel and Judah]], which was ruled by the [[House of Saul]] and then by the [[Davidic line\|House of David]]. However, upon the death of [[Solomon]], who was the son and successor of [[David]], there was discontent over his son and successor [[Rehoboam]], whose reign was only accepted by the [[Tribe of Judah]] and the [[Tribe of Benjamin]]. The unpopularity of Rehoboam's reign among the rest of the [[Israelites]], who sought [[Jeroboam]] as their monarch, resulted in [[Jeroboam's Revolt]], which led to the establishment of the Kingdom of Israel in the north (Samaria), whereas the loyalists of Judah and Benjamin kept Rehoboam as their monarch and established the [[Kingdom of Judah]] in the south ([[Judea]]), ending Israelite political unity. While the existence of Israel and Judah as two independent kingdoms is not disputed, some historians and archaeologists reject the [[Historicity of the Bible\|historicity of a United Monarchy of Israel and Judah]].<ref group="Notes" name="United Monarchy debated">The debate is described in Amihai Mazar (2010), [https://books.google.com/books?id=oCqSZdoWZMkC&pg=PA29 "Archaeology and the Biblical Narrative: The Case of the United Monarchy"], pp. 29-30, fn. 2: "For conservative approaches defining the United Monarchy as a state 'from Dan to Beer Sheba' including 'conquered kingdoms' (Ammon, Moab, Edom) and 'spheres of influence' in Geshur and Hamath cf. e.g. Ahlström (1993), 455–542; Meyers (1998); Lemaire (1999); Masters (2001); Stager (2003); Rainey (2006), 159–168; Kitchen (1997); Millard (1997; 2008). For a total denial of the historicity of the United Monarchy cf. e.g. Davies (1992), 67–68; others suggested a 'chiefdom' comprising a small region around Jerusalem, cf. Knauf (1997), 81–85; Niemann (1997), 252–299 and Finkelstein (1999). For a 'middle of the road' approach suggesting a United Monarchy of larger territorial scope though smaller than the biblical description cf. e.g. Miller (1997); Halpern (2001), 229–262; Liverani (2005), 92–101. The latter recently suggested a state comprising the territories of Judah and Ephraim during the time of David, that was subsequently enlarged to include areas of northern Samaria and influence areas in the Galilee and Transjordan. Na'aman (1992; 1996) once accepted the basic biography of David as authentic and later rejected the United Monarchy as a state, cf. id. (2007), 401–402."</ref>		According to the [[Hebrew Bible]], the territory of the [[Twelve Tribes of Israel]] was once amalgamated under a [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)\|Kingdom of Israel and Judah]], which was ruled by the [[House of Saul]] and then by the [[Davidic line\|House of David]]. However, upon the death of [[Solomon]], who was the son and successor of [[David]], there was discontent over his son and successor [[Rehoboam]], whose reign was only accepted by the [[Tribe of Judah]] and the [[Tribe of Benjamin]]. The unpopularity of Rehoboam's reign among the rest of the [[Israelites]], who sought [[Jeroboam]] as their monarch, resulted in [[Jeroboam's Revolt]], which led to the establishment of the Kingdom of Israel in the north (Samaria), whereas the loyalists of Judah and Benjamin kept Rehoboam as their monarch and established the [[Kingdom of Judah]] in the south ([[Judea]]), ending Israelite political unity. While the existence of Israel and Judah as two independent kingdoms is not disputed, some historians and archaeologists reject the [[Historicity of the Bible\|historicity of a United Monarchy of Israel and Judah]].<ref group="Notes" name="United Monarchy debated">The debate is described in Amihai Mazar (2010), [https://books.google.com/books?id=oCqSZdoWZMkC&pg=PA29 "Archaeology and the Biblical Narrative: The Case of the United Monarchy"], pp. 29-30, fn. 2: "For conservative approaches defining the United Monarchy as a state 'from Dan to Beer Sheba' including 'conquered kingdoms' (Ammon, Moab, Edom) and 'spheres of influence' in Geshur and Hamath cf. e.g. Ahlström (1993), 455–542; Meyers (1998); Lemaire (1999); Masters (2001); Stager (2003); Rainey (2006), 159–168; Kitchen (1997); Millard (1997; 2008). For a total denial of the historicity of the United Monarchy cf. e.g. Davies (1992), 67–68; others suggested a 'chiefdom' comprising a small region around Jerusalem, cf. Knauf (1997), 81–85; Niemann (1997), 252–299 and Finkelstein (1999). For a 'middle of the road' approach suggesting a United Monarchy of larger territorial scope though smaller than the biblical description cf. e.g. Miller (1997); Halpern (2001), 229–262; Liverani (2005), 92–101. The latter recently suggested a state comprising the territories of Judah and Ephraim during the time of David, that was subsequently enlarged to include areas of northern Samaria and influence areas in the Galilee and Transjordan. Na'aman (1992; 1996) once accepted the basic biography of David as authentic and later rejected the United Monarchy as a state, cf. id. (2007), 401–402."</ref>

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