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<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Short description|Lebanese photographer}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Khalil Raad<br />
| image = Khalil_Raad.jpg<br />
| image_size = 200px<br />
| caption = Khalil Raad<br />
| birth_date = 1854<br />
| birth_place = [[Bhamdoun]], [[Ottoman Empire]]<br />
| death_date = 1957<br />
| death_place = Bhamdoun, [[Lebanon]]<br />
| occupation = [[Photographer]]<br />
| parents = <br />
}}<br />
[[File:Khalil Raad's store Jerusalem.jpg|thumb|Khalil Raad's store in Jaffa Road, Jerusalem.]]<br />
[[File:Arabic-traditional-Dress.jpg|thumbnail|A photograph composed by Raad of a woman wearing the traditional [[Palestinian costume]] of [[Ramallah]] in 1920]]<br />
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'''Khalil Raad''' ({{langx|ar|خليل رعد}}, 1854–1957) was a [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]] photographer who was known as "[[Palestine (region)|Palestine]]'s first [[Arab]] photographer."<ref name=Hajj/> His works include over 1230 [[glass plate]]s, tens of postcards, and as yet unpublished [[negative film|films]] that document political events and daily life in [[Lebanon]], [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], and [[Syria]] over the course of fifty years.<br />
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==Early life==<br />
Raad was born in 1869 in [[Bhamdoun]], in modern-day [[Lebanon]]. His father, Anis, had fled from the family's village of [[Sibnay]] after converting to [[Protestant]]ism from the [[Maronite]] faith. During the [[1860 Lebanon conflict|1860 sectarian strife]] afflicting the mountain regions, Raad's father was killed. Following his death, Raad's mother took him and his sister, Sarah, to [[Jerusalem]] where they resided with relatives.<ref name=Hajj/><br />
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==Photography and personal life==<br />
Raad first studied photography under [[Garabed Krikorian]], an [[Armenians|Armenian]]-[[Palestinians|Palestinian]] graduate of a photography workshop established by [[Issay Garabedian]], the [[List of Armenian Patriarchs of Jerusalem|Armenian Patriarch]] of Jerusalem.<ref name=Hajj/><ref name=Palmquist>Palmquist, et al., 2001, 107.</ref> Raad opened his own studio on [[Jaffa Road]] across the street from that of his former teacher in Jerusalem in 1890, engaging in direct competition with him.<ref name=Hajj/> After Garabed's son John assumed control of his father's studio in 1913 and married Raad's niece, Najla, known as the "peace bride," the two studios worked in partnership.<ref name=Hajj>{{cite journal |title= Khalil Raad - Jerusalem Photographer |author= Badr al-Hajj |url= http://www.jerusalemquarterly.org/ViewArticle.aspx?id=199 |journal= Jerusalem Quarterly |publisher= Institute of Jerusalem Studies |volume= 11–12 |date= Winter 2001 |page= 34 |archive-date= 2016-09-18 |access-date= 2009-07-01 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160918143826/http://www.jerusalemquarterly.org/ViewArticle.aspx?id=199 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref name=Tamimi/><br />
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Raad married Annie Muller in 1919, a [[Switzerland|Swiss]] national who served as an assistant to Keller, a photographer who Raad studied with in [[Switzerland]] on the eve of [[World War I]]. He returned to Palestine with Muller to live in [[Talbiya|Talibiyya]], then a village near Jerusalem in which Raad ran for [[mayor]]ship and was elected.<ref name=Hajj/><br />
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Raad continued his photography work, the subject matter of which included political events, daily life, and major [[Syro-Palestinian archaeology|archaeological excavations]] conducted in Palestine.<ref name=Hajj/> He became "the leading professional Palestinian photographer of his time."<ref name=":0" /> <br />
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His photography studio was destroyed during [[Zionism|Zionist]] attacks on the city in [[1948 Palestinian exodus|1948]], and the family was forced to move, going first to [[Hebron]] for a few months and then to Raad's village of birth, Bhamdoun.<ref name="Hajj" /><ref name="Tamimi">{{cite web |title= Palestinian women photojournalists |publisher=[[Al Jazeera Magazine]] |date= 28 February 2009 |author= Iqbal Tamimi |url= http://english.aljazeera.com/news/articles/39/Palestinian_women_photojournalists.html |access-date= 2009-03-12}}{{dead link |date= May 2017 |bot= InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted= yes}}</ref> Subsequently, invited to live within the [[Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem|Greek Orthodox Patriarchate]] by Bishop [[Ilya Karam]], Raad resided there from the end of 1948 until his death in 1957.<ref name="Hajj" /><br />
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==Photographic works==<br />
Raad's photography documented political events and daily life in Lebanon, Palestine, and Syria over the course of fifty years.<ref name=Hajj/> He produced over 1230 glass plates which were rescued from his studio during the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]] by a young [[Italians|Italian]] friend who crossed [[no-man's land]] several times at night. Also in his studio archive were a number of negatives, some of which have yet to be printed. The entire archive was donated to the [[Institute of Palestine Studies]] and many of the photographs were published in the work, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=U7ltAAAAMAAJ Before their Diaspora]'' by the [[Journal of Palestine Studies]].<ref name=Hajj/> Raad's archival materials were described as among "the most precious collections in the [[Institute for Palestine Studies|IPS]] archives" alongside those of [[Wasif Jawhariyyeh|Wasif Jawhariyyah]].<ref name=":0">Khalidi, Walid. ''Before Their Diaspora : A Photographic History of the Palestinians, 1876-1948''. Washington, D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies, 1991, 17–19.</ref> <br />
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A collection of [[postcard]]s that bear Raad's signature are held by the Middle East Centre of [[Oxford University]] together with 40 [[Printmaking|prints]] of [[Ottoman empire|Ottoman]] soldiers in Palestine from World War I. Captioned in English, these photographs "had clearly been intended for use as propaganda by the Ottoman forces," according to Badr al-Hajj.<ref name=Hajj/> Ruth Raad, Khalil's daughter, said that her father was a friend of the military governor of Syria under Ottoman rule, [[Jamal Pasha]], who facilitated Raad's access to the [[Egypt]]ian-Palestinian front.<ref name=Hajj/><br />
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==Criticism==<br />
Raad also produced postcards for tourists. Modern scholars, such as [[Annelies Moors]], have critiqued his presentation of Palestinian Arabs in this body of work, noting that he "often used biblical connotations that conscribed their lives as static," thus conforming to the [[Orientalism]] characterizing [[Western culture|Western]] postcard portrayals of the [[Other (philosophy)|Other]].<ref name=Semmerling>Semmerling, 2004, p. 7.</ref><br />
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Academics who supported the Palestinian's national struggle, such as [[Bader Al Haj]], [[Walid Khalidi]] and [[Elias Sanbar]] saw the photographs that Khalil Raad took showing the life in the country, criticized him saying he was helping the "Zionist" propaganda. Anneliese Moors, a Dutch researcher, said in response to the academics who supported Palestinian's national struggle believes that some of the photographs of Raad had connotations from the Bible or the New Testament which gave it legitimacy to the photographic characters and their lives. But, both her and [[Rona Sela]] an Israeli curator, emphasize that Raad first photographed for commercial and tourist purposes. To explain her opinion, Rona Sela says that Raad "lacked political awareness" and adapted to the patterns that appeared as stereotypical "colonial", which came as a direct effect from the scriptures of the Christians and Jews. Apart from a few political rallies, the photographer did not specify the conflict between Arabs and Jews in his work which occurred during his years that he was an active photographer.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Schweppe |first=Dana |date=September 24, 2010 |title=Perspective is Everything |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/2010-09-24/ty-article/perspective-is-everything/0000017f-f888-d318-afff-fbeb743c0000 |access-date=June 20, 2023}}</ref><br />
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==See also==<br />
*[[Karimeh Abbud]] (1893-1940), Palestinian Arab photographer and artist<br />
*[[Armenians in Israel#Photographers|Armenians in Israel: Photographers]]<br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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==Bibliography==<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
*{{cite book|title=Photographers: A Sourcebook for Historical Research|first1=Peter E.|authorlink1=Peter E. Palmquist|last1=Palmquist|first2=Richard|last2=Rudisill|first3=David|last3=Haynes|first4=Martha A.|last4=Sandweiss|authorlink4=Martha A. Sandweiss|edition=2nd, revised|publisher=Carl Mautz Publishing|year=2001|isbn=9781887694186|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xHrcs9HMwmkC&q=khalil+raad&pg=PA107}}<br />
*{{cite book|title=Israeli and Palestinian Postcards: Presentations of National Self|first1=Tim Jon|last1=Semmerling|publisher=University of Texas Press|year=2004|isbn=9780292702158|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4-6ihTnQFWEC&q=khalil+raad&pg=PA7}}<br />
*[http://www.jpost.com/ArtsAndCulture/Entertainment/Article.aspx?id=180834 Hey, there were people here! Museum presents a candid view of early Palestine.] By BRETT KLINE Jerusalem Post Magazine, July 9, 2010<br />
*[http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/magazine/perspective-is-everything-1.315478 Perspective is everything], [[Haaretz]] Supplement, September 9, 2010<br />
*[http://www.ronasela.com/en/details.asp?listid=50 Chalil Raad, Photographs 1891-1948, Gutman Art Museum, 2010 (curator, book)]<br />
*[http://www.umelfahemgallery.org/galleryen/default.asp?CatID=0&ID=50 Photography, History, Identity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728143256/http://www.umelfahemgallery.org/galleryen/default.asp?CatID=0&ID=50 |date=2011-07-28 }} By [[Guy Raz]]<br />
* [https://oldwebsite.palestine-studies.org/jq/fulltext/78083 Institute for Palestine Studies], Khalil Raad<br />
* [https://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/limelight/khalil-raad/ This week in Palestine], Khalil Raad<br />
* [http://www.ronasela.com/en/details.asp?listid=50 Rona Sela], Chalil Raad<br />
* Badr al-Hajj, [https://www.palestine-studies.org/en/node/78083 Khalil Raad - Jerusalem Photographer], Institute for Palestine Studies<br />
* Salim Tamari, [https://www.palestine-studies.org/sites/default/files/jq-articles/JQ-52-Tamari-The_War_Photography_of_Khalil_Raad_1_0.pdf The War Photography of Khalil Raad: Ottoman Modernity and the Biblical Gaze], Institute for Palestine Studies<br />
* [https://www.gettyimages.be/search/photographer?assettype=image&family=editorial&photographer=Chalil%20Raad&sort=mostpopular#license Chalil Raad images at Getty]<br />
{{refend}}<br />
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==External links==<br />
{{Commonscatinline}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Raad, Khalil}}<br />
[[Category:1854 births]]<br />
[[Category:1957 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Palestinian photographers]]<br />
[[Category:Photography in Lebanon]]<br />
[[Category:Photography in Palestine]]<br />
[[Category:Photographers in Palestine (region)]]<br />
[[Category:Palestinologists]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century photographers from the Ottoman Empire]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Palestinian male artists]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Lebanese people]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century photographers from the Ottoman Empire]]</div>imported>InternetArchiveBot