http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Java_ManJava Man - Revision history2026-05-01T00:31:14ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.43.1http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=Java_Man&diff=5091474&oldid=previmported>Citation bot: Added work. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Whoop whoop pull up | #UCB_webform 13/352025-10-25T23:44:32Z<p>Added work. | <a href="/wiki143/index.php?title=En:WP:UCB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="En:WP:UCB (page does not exist)">Use this bot</a>. <a href="/wiki143/index.php?title=En:WP:DBUG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="En:WP:DBUG (page does not exist)">Report bugs</a>. | Suggested by Whoop whoop pull up | #UCB_webform 13/35</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 23:44, 25 October 2025</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Led by [[Eugène Dubois]], the excavation team uncovered a [[tooth]], a [[Calvaria (skull)|skullcap]], and a [[femur|thighbone]] at [[Trinil]] on the banks of the [[Solo River]] in [[East Java]]. Arguing that the fossils represented the "[[Transitional fossil#Missing links|missing link]]" between apes and humans, Dubois gave the species the [[scientific name]] ''[[Anthropopithecus]] erectus'', then later renamed it ''Pithecanthropus erectus''. The fossil aroused much controversy. Within a decade of the discovery almost eighty books or articles had been published on Dubois's finds. Despite Dubois's argument, few accepted that Java Man was a [[Transitional fossil|transitional form]] between apes and humans.{{Sfn|Swisher|Curtis|Lewin|2000|p=70}} Some dismissed the fossils as [[ape]]s and others as [[Anatomically modern humans|modern human]]s, whereas many scientists considered Java Man as a primitive side branch of evolution not related to modern humans at all. In the 1930s Dubois made the claim that ''Pithecanthropus'' was built like a "giant [[gibbon]]", a much misinterpreted attempt by Dubois to prove that it was the "missing link". Eventually, similarities between Java Man and ''Sinanthropus pekinensis'' ([[Peking Man]]) led [[Ernst Mayr]] to rename both ''[[Homo erectus]]'' in 1950, placing them directly in the human [[Phylogenetic tree|evolutionary tree]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Led by [[Eugène Dubois]], the excavation team uncovered a [[tooth]], a [[Calvaria (skull)|skullcap]], and a [[femur|thighbone]] at [[Trinil]] on the banks of the [[Solo River]] in [[East Java]]. Arguing that the fossils represented the "[[Transitional fossil#Missing links|missing link]]" between apes and humans, Dubois gave the species the [[scientific name]] ''[[Anthropopithecus]] erectus'', then later renamed it ''Pithecanthropus erectus''. The fossil aroused much controversy. Within a decade of the discovery almost eighty books or articles had been published on Dubois's finds. Despite Dubois's argument, few accepted that Java Man was a [[Transitional fossil|transitional form]] between apes and humans.{{Sfn|Swisher|Curtis|Lewin|2000|p=70}} Some dismissed the fossils as [[ape]]s and others as [[Anatomically modern humans|modern human]]s, whereas many scientists considered Java Man as a primitive side branch of evolution not related to modern humans at all. In the 1930s Dubois made the claim that ''Pithecanthropus'' was built like a "giant [[gibbon]]", a much misinterpreted attempt by Dubois to prove that it was the "missing link". Eventually, similarities between Java Man and ''Sinanthropus pekinensis'' ([[Peking Man]]) led [[Ernst Mayr]] to rename both ''[[Homo erectus]]'' in 1950, placing them directly in the human [[Phylogenetic tree|evolutionary tree]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>To distinguish Java Man from other ''Homo erectus'' populations, some scientists began to regard it as a subspecies, ''Homo erectus erectus'', in the 1970s. [[Early hominids in Southeast Asia|Other fossils]] found in the first half of the twentieth century in Java at [[Sangiran]] and [[Mojokerto]], all older than those found by Dubois, are also considered part of the species ''Homo erectus''. The fossils of Java Man have been housed at the [[Rijksmuseum van Geologie en Mineralogie]] and later [[Naturalis]] in the [[Netherlands]] since 1900.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>To distinguish Java Man from other ''Homo erectus'' populations, some scientists began to regard it as a subspecies, ''Homo erectus erectus'', in the 1970s. [[Early hominids in Southeast Asia|Other fossils]] found in the first half of the twentieth century in Java at [[Sangiran]] and [[Mojokerto]], all older than those found by Dubois, are also considered part of the species ''Homo erectus''. The fossils of Java Man have been housed at the [[Rijksmuseum van Geologie en Mineralogie]] and later [[Naturalis]] in the [[Netherlands]] since 1900. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">On September 26, 2025 the Dutch government announced that the whole Dubois collection, including Java Man, will be restituted to Indonesia due to the circumstances of its acquisition.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministerie van Onderwijs |first=Cultuur en Wetenschap |date=2025-09-26 |title=The Netherlands will return Dubois collection to Indonesia - News item - Government.nl |url=https://www.government.nl/latest/news/2025/09/26/the-netherlands-will-return-dubois-collection-to-indonesia |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=www.government.nl |language=en}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==History of discoveries==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==History of discoveries==</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Again assisted by convict laborers and two army corporals, Dubois began searching along the [[Solo River]] near [[Trinil]] in August 1891.<ref name="EB">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Java Man (extinct hominid) |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=britannica.com |url= http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/301721/Java-man |access-date=2013-06-05}}</ref> His team soon excavated a [[molar (tooth)|molar]] (Trinil 1) and a [[calvaria (skull)|skullcap]] (Trinil 2). Its characteristics were a long [[Human cranium|cranium]] with a [[sagittal keel]] and heavy browridge. Dubois first gave them the name ''[[Anthropopithecus]]'' ("man-ape"), as the chimpanzee was sometimes known at the time. He chose this name because a similar tooth found in the [[Siwalik Hills]] in India in 1878 had been named ''Anthropopithecus'', and because Dubois first assessed the cranium to have been about {{convert|700|cm3}}, closer to apes than to humans.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Again assisted by convict laborers and two army corporals, Dubois began searching along the [[Solo River]] near [[Trinil]] in August 1891.<ref name="EB">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Java Man (extinct hominid) |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=britannica.com |url= http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/301721/Java-man |access-date=2013-06-05}}</ref> His team soon excavated a [[molar (tooth)|molar]] (Trinil 1) and a [[calvaria (skull)|skullcap]] (Trinil 2). Its characteristics were a long [[Human cranium|cranium]] with a [[sagittal keel]] and heavy browridge. Dubois first gave them the name ''[[Anthropopithecus]]'' ("man-ape"), as the chimpanzee was sometimes known at the time. He chose this name because a similar tooth found in the [[Siwalik Hills]] in India in 1878 had been named ''Anthropopithecus'', and because Dubois first assessed the cranium to have been about {{convert|700|cm3}}, closer to apes than to humans.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In August 1892, a year later, Dubois's team found a long [[femur]] (thighbone) shaped like a human one, suggesting that its owner had stood upright. The femur bone was found 50 feet (approx. 15 meters) from the original find one year earlier. Believing that the three fossils belonged to a single individual, "probably a very aged female", Dubois renamed the specimen ''Anthropopithecus erectus''.{{sfnm|1a1=de Vos|1y=2004|1p=272 [citation from an assessment Dubois made in 1893]|2a1=Swisher|2a2=Curtis|2a3=Lewin|2y=2000|2p=61 [name ''Anthropopithecus'']}} Only in late 1892, when he determined that the cranium measured about {{convert|900|cm3}}, did Dubois consider that his specimen was a [[transitional fossil|transitional form]] between apes and humans.{{sfn|Swisher|Curtis|Lewin|2000|p=67}} In 1894,<ref>Mai, Larry L., Marcus Young Owl, M. Patricia Kersting. [http://www.ured-douala.com/download/The_Cambridge_Dictionary_of_Human_Biology_And_Evolution.pdf ''The Cambridge Dictionary of Human Biology and Evolution''], Cambridge University Press 2005, p. 30</ref> he thus renamed it ''Pithecanthropus erectus'' ("upright ape-man"), borrowing the genus name ''[[Pithecanthropus]]'' from [[Ernst Haeckel]], who had coined it a few years earlier to refer to a supposed "missing link" between apes and humans.{{sfn|Swisher|Curtis|Lewin|2000|pp=66–7}} This specimen has also been known as Pithecanthropus 1.<ref>{{cite web| title=Images of Trinil 2 |url= http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/fossils/trinil-2 | access-date=2013-02-08|date= 2010-01-25 }}</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In August 1892, a year later, Dubois's team found a long [[femur]] (thighbone) shaped like a human one, suggesting that its owner had stood upright. The femur bone was found 50 feet (approx. 15 meters) from the original find one year earlier. Believing that the three fossils belonged to a single individual, "probably a very aged female", Dubois renamed the specimen ''Anthropopithecus erectus''.{{sfnm|1a1=de Vos|1y=2004|1p=272 [citation from an assessment Dubois made in 1893]|2a1=Swisher|2a2=Curtis|2a3=Lewin|2y=2000|2p=61 [name ''Anthropopithecus'']}} Only in late 1892, when he determined that the cranium measured about {{convert|900|cm3}}, did Dubois consider that his specimen was a [[transitional fossil|transitional form]] between apes and humans.{{sfn|Swisher|Curtis|Lewin|2000|p=67}} In 1894,<ref>Mai, Larry L., Marcus Young Owl, M. Patricia Kersting. [http://www.ured-douala.com/download/The_Cambridge_Dictionary_of_Human_Biology_And_Evolution.pdf ''The Cambridge Dictionary of Human Biology and Evolution''], Cambridge University Press 2005, p. 30</ref> he thus renamed it ''Pithecanthropus erectus'' ("upright ape-man"), borrowing the genus name ''[[Pithecanthropus]]'' from [[Ernst Haeckel]], who had coined it a few years earlier to refer to a supposed "missing link" between apes and humans.{{sfn|Swisher|Curtis|Lewin|2000|pp=66–7}} This specimen has also been known as Pithecanthropus 1.<ref>{{cite web| title=Images of Trinil 2 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|work= The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program </ins>|url= http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/fossils/trinil-2 | access-date=2013-02-08|date= 2010-01-25 }}</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Comparisons with Peking Man===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Comparisons with Peking Man===</div></td></tr>
</table>imported>Citation bothttp://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=Java_Man&diff=790674&oldid=previmported>Anthropophoca at 08:42, 4 June 20252025-06-04T08:42:06Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 08:42, 4 June 2025</td>
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