JavaScript - Revision history

imported>MSWS: /* top */Shorten client side intro

2025-12-31T11:19:20Z

top: Shorten client side intro

← Previous revision		Revision as of 11:19, 31 December 2025
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	'''JavaScript''' ('''JS'''){{efn\|{{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|dʒ\|ɑː\|v\|ə\|s\|k\|r\|ɪ\|p\|t\|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-JavaScript.wav}}}} is a [[programming language]] and core technology of [[World Wide Web\|the Web]], alongside [[HTML]] and [[CSS]]. It was created by Brendan Eich in 1995.<ref name="origin"/> ~~<!--don't add dating or decimals: it'll remain 99% indefinitely-->Ninety-nine percent~~ of [[website]]s ~~use~~ JavaScript ~~on the~~ [[Client (computing)\|client]] side ~~for~~ [[Web page\|webpage]] behavior.<ref name="deployedstats">{{cite web \|title=Usage Statistics of JavaScript as Client-side Programming Language on Websites \|url=https://w3techs.com/technologies/details/cp-javascript \|access-date=2024-02-27 \|website=W3Techs }}</ref>		'''JavaScript''' ('''JS'''){{efn\|{{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|dʒ\|ɑː\|v\|ə\|s\|k\|r\|ɪ\|p\|t\|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-JavaScript.wav}}}} is a [[programming language]] and core technology of [[World Wide Web\|the Web]], alongside [[HTML]] and [[CSS]]. It was created by [[Brendan Eich]] in 1995.<ref name="origin"/> As of 2025, the overwhelming majority of [[website]]s (98.9%) uses JavaScript for [[Client (computing)\|client]] side [[Web page\|webpage]] behavior.<ref name="deployedstats">{{cite web \|title=Usage Statistics of JavaScript as Client-side Programming Language on Websites \|url=https://w3techs.com/technologies/details/cp-javascript \|access-date=2024-02-27 \|website=W3Techs }}</ref>

	[[Web browser]]s have a dedicated [[JavaScript engine]] that executes the client [[Source code\|code]]. These engines are also utilized in some [[Server (computing)\|servers]] and a variety of [[Application software\|apps]]. The most popular [[runtime system]] for non-browser usage is [[Node.js]].<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2025 \|url= https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2025/technology#1-web-frameworks-and-technologies \|access-date=2025-10-10 \|website=Stack Overflow \|language=en}}</ref>		[[Web browser]]s have a dedicated [[JavaScript engine]] that executes the client [[Source code\|code]]. These engines are also utilized in some [[Server (computing)\|servers]] and a variety of [[Application software\|apps]]. The most popular [[runtime system]] for non-browser usage is [[Node.js]].<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2025 \|url= https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2025/technology#1-web-frameworks-and-technologies \|access-date=2025-10-10 \|website=Stack Overflow \|language=en}}</ref>
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	The use of JavaScript has expanded beyond its [[web browser]] roots. [[JavaScript engine]]s are now embedded<!--don't link Embedded system here--> in a variety of other software systems, both for [[server-side]] website deployments and non-browser [[application software\|applications]].		The use of JavaScript has expanded beyond its [[web browser]] roots. [[JavaScript engine]]s are now embedded<!--don't link Embedded system here--> in a variety of other software systems, both for [[server-side]] website deployments and non-browser [[application software\|applications]].

	Initial attempts at promoting server-side JavaScript usage were [[Netscape Enterprise Server]] and [[Microsoft]]'s [[Internet Information Services]],<ref>{{cite web \|date=December 11, 1998 \|title=Server-Side JavaScript Guide \|url=https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19957-01/816-6411-10/contents.htm \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311173120/https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19957-01/816-6411-10/contents.htm \|archive-date=March 11, 2021 \|access-date=May 8, 2021 \|website=oracle.com \|publisher=[[Oracle Corporation]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|last1=Clinick\|first1=Andrew\|title=Introducing JScript .NET\|url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms974588.aspx\|website=Microsoft Developer Network\|publisher=Microsoft\|access-date=April 10, 2018\|date=July 14, 2000\|quote=[S]ince the 1996 introduction of JScript version 1.0 ... we've been seeing a steady increase in the usage of JScript on the server—particularly in Active Server Pages (ASP)\|archive-date=November 10, 2017\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110201649/https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms974588.aspx\|url-status=live}}</ref> but they were small niches.<ref name="2009server" /> Server-side usage eventually started to grow in the late 2000s, with the creation of [[Node.js]] and [[List of server-side JavaScript implementations\|other approaches]].<ref name="2009server">{{cite web \|url=https://readwrite.com/2009/12/17/server-side_javascript_back_with_a_vengeance/ \|title=Server-Side JavaScript, Back with a Vengeance \|date=December 17, 2009 \|website=readwrite.com \|access-date=July 16, 2016 \|author=Mahemoff, Michael \|archive-date=June 17, 2016 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617030219/https://readwrite.com/2009/12/17/server-side_javascript_back_with_a_vengeance/ \|url-status=~~live~~ }}</ref>		Initial attempts at promoting server-side JavaScript usage were [[Netscape Enterprise Server]] and [[Microsoft]]'s [[Internet Information Services]],<ref>{{cite web \|date=December 11, 1998 \|title=Server-Side JavaScript Guide \|url=https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19957-01/816-6411-10/contents.htm \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311173120/https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19957-01/816-6411-10/contents.htm \|archive-date=March 11, 2021 \|access-date=May 8, 2021 \|website=oracle.com \|publisher=[[Oracle Corporation]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|last1=Clinick\|first1=Andrew\|title=Introducing JScript .NET\|url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms974588.aspx\|website=Microsoft Developer Network\|publisher=Microsoft\|access-date=April 10, 2018\|date=July 14, 2000\|quote=[S]ince the 1996 introduction of JScript version 1.0 ... we've been seeing a steady increase in the usage of JScript on the server—particularly in Active Server Pages (ASP)\|archive-date=November 10, 2017\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110201649/https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms974588.aspx\|url-status=live}}</ref> but they were small niches.<ref name="2009server" /> Server-side usage eventually started to grow in the late 2000s, with the creation of [[Node.js]] and [[List of server-side JavaScript implementations\|other approaches]].<ref name="2009server">{{cite web \|url=https://readwrite.com/2009/12/17/server-side_javascript_back_with_a_vengeance/ \|title=Server-Side JavaScript, Back with a Vengeance \|date=December 17, 2009 \|website=readwrite.com \|access-date=July 16, 2016 \|author=Mahemoff, Michael \|archive-date=June 17, 2016 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617030219/https://readwrite.com/2009/12/17/server-side_javascript_back_with_a_vengeance/ \|url-status=usurped }}</ref>

	[[Electron (software framework)\|Electron]], [[Apache Cordova\|Cordova]], [[React Native]], and other [[application framework]]s have been used to create many applications with behavior implemented in JavaScript. Other non-browser applications include [[Adobe Acrobat]] support for scripting [[PDF]] documents<ref>{{cite web \|date=2009-08-07 \|title=JavaScript for Acrobat \|url=https://www.adobe.com/devnet/acrobat/javascript.html \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090807065130/https://www.adobe.com/devnet/acrobat/javascript.html \|archive-date=August 7, 2009 \|access-date=August 18, 2009 \|website=adobe.com}}</ref> and [[GNOME Shell]] extensions written in JavaScript.<ref>{{cite web \|last=treitter \|date=2013-02-02 \|title=Answering the question: "How do I develop an app for GNOME?" \|url=https://treitter.livejournal.com/14871.html \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130211032900/https://treitter.livejournal.com/14871.html \|archive-date=2013-02-11 \|access-date=2013-02-07 \|website=livejournal.com}}</ref>		[[Electron (software framework)\|Electron]], [[Apache Cordova\|Cordova]], [[React Native]], and other [[application framework]]s have been used to create many applications with behavior implemented in JavaScript. Other non-browser applications include [[Adobe Acrobat]] support for scripting [[PDF]] documents<ref>{{cite web \|date=2009-08-07 \|title=JavaScript for Acrobat \|url=https://www.adobe.com/devnet/acrobat/javascript.html \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090807065130/https://www.adobe.com/devnet/acrobat/javascript.html \|archive-date=August 7, 2009 \|access-date=August 18, 2009 \|website=adobe.com}}</ref> and [[GNOME Shell]] extensions written in JavaScript.<ref>{{cite web \|last=treitter \|date=2013-02-02 \|title=Answering the question: "How do I develop an app for GNOME?" \|url=https://treitter.livejournal.com/14871.html \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130211032900/https://treitter.livejournal.com/14871.html \|archive-date=2013-02-11 \|access-date=2013-02-07 \|website=livejournal.com}}</ref>
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	* Both unary operators (<code>+</code>, <code>-</code>) always cast the operand to a number. However, <code>+</code> always casts to <code>Number</code> ([[Double-precision floating-point format\|binary64]]) while <code>-</code> preserves <code>BigInt</code> ([[Arbitrary-precision arithmetic\|integer]])<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://github.com/tc39/proposal-bigint/blob/master/ADVANCED.md#dont-break-asmjs \| title=Proposal-bigint/ADVANCED.md at master · tc39/Proposal-bigint \| website=[[GitHub]] }}</ref>		* Both unary operators (<code>+</code>, <code>-</code>) always cast the operand to a number. However, <code>+</code> always casts to <code>Number</code> ([[Double-precision floating-point format\|binary64]]) while <code>-</code> preserves <code>BigInt</code> ([[Arbitrary-precision arithmetic\|integer]])<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://github.com/tc39/proposal-bigint/blob/master/ADVANCED.md#dont-break-asmjs \| title=Proposal-bigint/ADVANCED.md at master · tc39/Proposal-bigint \| website=[[GitHub]] }}</ref>

	Values are cast to strings ~~like the following~~:<ref name="casting_rules" />		Values are cast to strings as follows:<ref name="casting_rules" />

	* Strings are left as-is		* Strings are left as-is

imported>Largoplazo: Reverted 1 edit by Heyitsmekalhan (talk): Don't begin a sentence with a numeral.

2025-11-10T08:27:57Z

Reverted 1 edit by Heyitsmekalhan (talk): Don't begin a sentence with a numeral.

← Previous revision		Revision as of 08:27, 10 November 2025
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	'''JavaScript''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|dʒ\|ɑː\|v\|ə\|s\|k\|r\|ɪ\|p\|t\|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-JavaScript.wav}}~~), often abbreviated as '''JS''',~~ is a [[programming language]] and core technology of ~~the~~ [[World Wide Web]], alongside [[HTML]] and [[CSS]]. <!--don't add dating or decimals: it'll remain 99% indefinitely-->Ninety-nine percent of [[website]]s use JavaScript on the [[Client (computing)\|client]] side for [[Web page\|webpage]] behavior.<ref name="deployedstats">{{cite web \|title=Usage Statistics of JavaScript as Client-side Programming Language on Websites \|url=https://w3techs.com/technologies/details/cp-javascript \|access-date=2024-02-27 \|website=W3Techs }}</ref>		'''JavaScript''' ('''JS'''){{efn\|{{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|dʒ\|ɑː\|v\|ə\|s\|k\|r\|ɪ\|p\|t\|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-JavaScript.wav}}}} is a [[programming language]] and core technology of [[World Wide Web\|the Web]], alongside [[HTML]] and [[CSS]]. It was created by Brendan Eich in 1995.<ref name="origin"/> <!--don't add dating or decimals: it'll remain 99% indefinitely-->Ninety-nine percent of [[website]]s use JavaScript on the [[Client (computing)\|client]] side for [[Web page\|webpage]] behavior.<ref name="deployedstats">{{cite web \|title=Usage Statistics of JavaScript as Client-side Programming Language on Websites \|url=https://w3techs.com/technologies/details/cp-javascript \|access-date=2024-02-27 \|website=W3Techs }}</ref>

	[[Web browser]]s have a dedicated [[JavaScript engine]] that executes the client [[Source code\|code]]. These engines are also utilized in some [[Server (computing)\|servers]] and a variety of [[Application software\|apps]]. The most popular [[runtime system]] for non-browser usage is [[Node.js]].		[[Web browser]]s have a dedicated [[JavaScript engine]] that executes the client [[Source code\|code]]. These engines are also utilized in some [[Server (computing)\|servers]] and a variety of [[Application software\|apps]]. The most popular [[runtime system]] for non-browser usage is [[Node.js]].<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2025 \|url= https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2025/technology#1-web-frameworks-and-technologies \|access-date=2025-10-10 \|website=Stack Overflow \|language=en}}</ref>

	JavaScript is a [[High-level programming language\|high-level]], often [[Just-in-time compilation\|just-in-time–compiled]] language that conforms to the [[ECMAScript]] standard.<ref name="tc39">{{cite web\|title=ECMAScript 2020 Language Specification\|url=https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-overview\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508053013/https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-overview\|archive-date=2020-05-08\|access-date=2020-05-08}}</ref> It has [[dynamic typing]], [[Prototype-based programming\|prototype-based]] [[object-oriented programming\|object-orientation]], and [[first-class function]]s. It is [[Programming paradigm\|multi-paradigm]], supporting [[Event-driven programming\|event-driven]], [[functional programming\|functional]], and [[imperative programming\|imperative]] [[programming paradigm\|programming styles]]. It has [[application programming interface]]s (APIs) for working with text, dates, [[regular expression]]s, standard [[data structure]]s, and the [[Document Object Model]] (DOM).		JavaScript is a [[High-level programming language\|high-level]], often [[Just-in-time compilation\|just-in-time–compiled]] language that conforms to the [[ECMAScript]] standard.<ref name="tc39">{{cite web\|title=ECMAScript 2020 Language Specification\|url=https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-overview\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508053013/https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-overview\|archive-date=2020-05-08\|access-date=2020-05-08}}</ref> It has [[dynamic typing]], [[Prototype-based programming\|prototype-based]] [[object-oriented programming\|object-orientation]], and [[first-class function]]s. It is [[Programming paradigm\|multi-paradigm]], supporting [[Event-driven programming\|event-driven]], [[functional programming\|functional]], and [[imperative programming\|imperative]] [[programming paradigm\|programming styles]]. It has [[application programming interface]]s (APIs) for working with text, dates, [[regular expression]]s, standard [[data structure]]s, and the [[Document Object Model]] (DOM).
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	=== Growth and standardization ===		=== Growth and standardization ===
	{{Plain image with caption\|Logo of TC39.svg\|Logo ~~of Technical Committee 39 ("TC39"), the committee~~ of [[Ecma International]] ~~that~~ is responsible for maintaining the standard\|150px}}		{{Plain image with caption\|Logo of TC39.svg\|Logo of [[Ecma International]] Technical Committee 39 who is responsible for maintaining the standard\|150px}}
	During the period of [[Internet Explorer]] dominance in the early 2000s, client-side scripting was stagnant. This started to change in 2004, when the successor of Netscape, [[Mozilla]], released the [[Firefox]] browser. Firefox was well received by many, taking significant market share from Internet Explorer.<ref>{{cite news \|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4508897.stm \|title=The assault on software giant Microsoft \|last=Weber \|first=Tim \|date=May 9, 2005 \|work=[[BBC News]] \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925233936/https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4508897.stm \|archive-date=September 25, 2017}}</ref>		During the period of [[Internet Explorer]] dominance in the early 2000s, client-side scripting was stagnant. This started to change in 2004, when the successor of Netscape, [[Mozilla]], released the [[Firefox]] browser. Firefox was well received by many, taking significant market share from Internet Explorer.<ref>{{cite news \|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4508897.stm \|title=The assault on software giant Microsoft \|last=Weber \|first=Tim \|date=May 9, 2005 \|work=[[BBC News]] \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925233936/https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4508897.stm \|archive-date=September 25, 2017}}</ref>

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	== Features ==		== Features ==
	The following features are common to all conforming ECMAScript implementations unless explicitly specified otherwise. The number of cited reserved words including keywords is ~~50-60~~ and varies depending on the implementation.		The following features are common to all conforming ECMAScript implementations unless explicitly specified otherwise. The number of cited reserved words including keywords is 50–60 and varies depending on the implementation.

	=== Imperative and structured ===		=== Imperative and structured ===
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	[[asm.js]] is a subset of JavaScript that served as the forerunner of WebAssembly.<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://asmjs.org/faq.html \| title=frequently asked questions \| publisher=asm.js \| access-date=April 13, 2014 \| archive-date=June 4, 2014 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140604012024/https://asmjs.org/faq.html \| url-status=live }}</ref>		[[asm.js]] is a subset of JavaScript that served as the forerunner of WebAssembly.<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://asmjs.org/faq.html \| title=frequently asked questions \| publisher=asm.js \| access-date=April 13, 2014 \| archive-date=June 4, 2014 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140604012024/https://asmjs.org/faq.html \| url-status=live }}</ref>

			== Notes ==
			{{notelist}}

	== References ==		== References ==
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	* {{cite book\|last=Flanagan\|first=David\|title=JavaScript: The Definitive Guide\|edition=7th\|location=Sebastopol, California\|publisher=O'Reilly\|year=2020\|isbn=978-1-491-95202-3}}		* {{cite book\|last=Flanagan\|first=David\|title=JavaScript: The Definitive Guide\|edition=7th\|location=Sebastopol, California\|publisher=O'Reilly\|year=2020\|isbn=978-1-491-95202-3}}
	* {{Cite book \|title=Eloquent JavaScript \|last=Haverbeke \|first=Marijn \|publisher=[[No Starch Press]] \|isbn=978-1-71850-411-0 \|edition=4th \|location=San Francisco \|publication-date=2024 \|url=https://eloquentjavascript.net/Eloquent_JavaScript.pdf \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312193854/https://eloquentjavascript.net/Eloquent_JavaScript.pdf \|archive-date=2025-03-12 \|url-status=live}}		* {{Cite book \|title=Eloquent JavaScript \|last=Haverbeke \|first=Marijn \|publisher=[[No Starch Press]] \|isbn=978-1-71850-411-0 \|edition=4th \|location=San Francisco \|publication-date=2024 \|url=https://eloquentjavascript.net/Eloquent_JavaScript.pdf \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312193854/https://eloquentjavascript.net/Eloquent_JavaScript.pdf \|archive-date=2025-03-12 \|url-status=live}}
	* {{cite book\|last=Zakas\|first=Nicholas\|title=Principles of Object-Oriented JavaScript\|edition=1st\|publisher=No Starch Press\|year=2014\|isbn=978-~~1593275402~~}}		* {{cite book\|last=Zakas\|first=Nicholas\|title=Principles of Object-Oriented JavaScript\|edition=1st\|publisher=No Starch Press\|year=2014\|isbn=978-1-59327-540-2}}

	== External links ==		== External links ==

imported>Grantbow: /* Features */ number of reserved words

2025-06-27T17:43:43Z

Features: number of reserved words

← Previous revision		Revision as of 17:43, 27 June 2025
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	== Features ==		== Features ==
	The following features are common to all conforming ECMAScript implementations unless explicitly specified otherwise.		The following features are common to all conforming ECMAScript implementations unless explicitly specified otherwise. The number of cited reserved words including keywords is 50-60 and varies depending on the implementation.

	=== Imperative and structured ===		=== Imperative and structured ===

imported>Jerryobject: /* External links */ WP:NAVBOX reorder more germane to top, relationships-context clarify.

2025-06-11T22:09:21Z

External links: WP:NAVBOX reorder more germane to top, relationships-context clarify.

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imported>DrOrinScrivello: /* Miscellaneous */ rm repetitive content

2025-05-30T18:13:50Z

Miscellaneous: rm repetitive content

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