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2025-11-18T01:44:45Z

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imported>Linguoboy: /* Ethnicity and culture */

2025-06-18T16:20:23Z

Ethnicity and culture

← Previous revision		Revision as of 16:20, 18 June 2025
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	==Etymology==		==Etymology==
	{{See also\|Zabag kingdom\|Al-Wakwak\|Jawi}}		{{See also\|Zabag kingdom\|Al-Wakwak\|Jawi (disambiguation){{!}}Jawi}}

	The origins of the name "Java" are not clear. The island could possibly have been named after the [[Foxtail millet\|''jáwa-wut'']] plant, which was said to be common in the island during the time, and that prior to Indianization the island had different names.<ref>Raffles, Thomas E.: ''[[The History of Java (1817 book)\|History of Java]]''. Oxford University Press, 1965, p. 2.</ref> There are other possible sources: the word ''jaú'' and its variations mean "beyond" or "distant".<ref name="Raffles, Thomas E. 1965. Page 3">Raffles, Thomas E.: ''[[The History of Java (1817 book)\|History of Java]]''. Oxford University Press, 1965, p. 3.</ref> And, in [[Sanskrit]] ''yava'' means barley, a plant for which the island was famous.<ref name="Raffles, Thomas E. 1965. Page 3"/> "Yavadvipa" is mentioned in [[India]]'s earliest epic, the [[Ramayana]]. [[Sugriva]], the chief of [[Rama]]'s army, dispatched his men to Yavadvipa, the island of Java, in search of [[Sita]].<ref>{{Cite book \|url={{GBurl\|id=9ic4BjWFmNIC\|p=465}} \|title=History Of Ancient India (portraits Of A Nation), 1/e \|date=January 30, 2010 \|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd \|isbn=9788120749108 \|via=Google Books}}</ref> It was hence referred to in India by the Sanskrit name "yāvaka dvīpa" (dvīpa = island). Java is mentioned in the ancient [[Tamil language\|Tamil]] text ''[[Manimekalai]]'' by [[Chithalai Chathanar]] which states that Java had a kingdom with a capital called Nagapuram.<ref>Hindu culture in ancient India by Sekharipuram Vaidyanatha Viswanatha, p. 177.</ref><ref>Tamil Literature by M. S. Purnalingam Pillai, p. 46.</ref><ref>The Tamils Eighteen Hundred Years Ago by V. Kanakasabhai, p. 11.</ref> Another source states that the word "Java" is derived from a [[Proto-Austronesian]] root word, meaning "home".<ref>Hatley, R., Schiller, J., Lucas, A., Martin-Schiller, B., (1984). "Mapping cultural regions of Java" in: Other Javas away from the kraton. pp. 1–32.</ref> The great island of Iabadiu or Jabadiu was mentioned in [[Ptolemy]]'s ''[[Geography (Ptolemy)\|Geographia]]'' composed around 150 CE in the [[Roman Empire]]. ''Iabadiu'' is said to mean "barley island", to be rich in gold, and have a silver town called Argyra at the west end. The name indicates Java<ref name ="AncientGeo">{{cite book \|title=History of Ancient Geography \|author=J. Oliver Thomson \|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] \|year=2013 \|isbn=9781107689923 \|url={{GBurl\|id=GpP0wKQ1lksC}} \|pages=316–317}}</ref> and seems to be derived from the Sanskrit name Java-dvipa (Yavadvipa).		The origins of the name "Java" are not clear. The island could possibly have been named after the [[Foxtail millet\|''jáwa-wut'']] plant, which was said to be common in the island during the time, and that prior to Indianization the island had different names.<ref>Raffles, Thomas E.: ''[[The History of Java (1817 book)\|History of Java]]''. Oxford University Press, 1965, p. 2.</ref> There are other possible sources: the word ''jaú'' and its variations mean "beyond" or "distant".<ref name="Raffles, Thomas E. 1965. Page 3">Raffles, Thomas E.: ''[[The History of Java (1817 book)\|History of Java]]''. Oxford University Press, 1965, p. 3.</ref> And, in [[Sanskrit]] ''yava'' means barley, a plant for which the island was famous.<ref name="Raffles, Thomas E. 1965. Page 3"/> "Yavadvipa" is mentioned in [[India]]'s earliest epic, the [[Ramayana]]. [[Sugriva]], the chief of [[Rama]]'s army, dispatched his men to Yavadvipa, the island of Java, in search of [[Sita]].<ref>{{Cite book \|url={{GBurl\|id=9ic4BjWFmNIC\|p=465}} \|title=History Of Ancient India (portraits Of A Nation), 1/e \|date=January 30, 2010 \|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd \|isbn=9788120749108 \|via=Google Books}}</ref> It was hence referred to in India by the Sanskrit name "yāvaka dvīpa" (dvīpa = island). Java is mentioned in the ancient [[Tamil language\|Tamil]] text ''[[Manimekalai]]'' by [[Chithalai Chathanar]] which states that Java had a kingdom with a capital called Nagapuram.<ref>Hindu culture in ancient India by Sekharipuram Vaidyanatha Viswanatha, p. 177.</ref><ref>Tamil Literature by M. S. Purnalingam Pillai, p. 46.</ref><ref>The Tamils Eighteen Hundred Years Ago by V. Kanakasabhai, p. 11.</ref> Another source states that the word "Java" is derived from a [[Proto-Austronesian]] root word, meaning "home".<ref>Hatley, R., Schiller, J., Lucas, A., Martin-Schiller, B., (1984). "Mapping cultural regions of Java" in: Other Javas away from the kraton. pp. 1–32.</ref> The great island of Iabadiu or Jabadiu was mentioned in [[Ptolemy]]'s ''[[Geography (Ptolemy)\|Geographia]]'' composed around 150 CE in the [[Roman Empire]]. ''Iabadiu'' is said to mean "barley island", to be rich in gold, and have a silver town called Argyra at the west end. The name indicates Java<ref name ="AncientGeo">{{cite book \|title=History of Ancient Geography \|author=J. Oliver Thomson \|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] \|year=2013 \|isbn=9781107689923 \|url={{GBurl\|id=GpP0wKQ1lksC}} \|pages=316–317}}</ref> and seems to be derived from the Sanskrit name Java-dvipa (Yavadvipa).
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	Java's major role during the early part of the colonial period was as a producer of rice. In spice-producing islands like [[Banda Islands\|Banda]], rice was regularly imported from Java, to supply the deficiency in means of subsistence.<ref>{{cite book \|last=St. John \|first=Horace Stebbing Roscoe \|title=The Indian Archipelago: its history and present state, Volume 1 \|publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans \|year=1853 \|page=[https://archive.org/details/indianarchipela02johngoog/page/n183 137] \|url=https://archive.org/details/indianarchipela02johngoog}}</ref>		Java's major role during the early part of the colonial period was as a producer of rice. In spice-producing islands like [[Banda Islands\|Banda]], rice was regularly imported from Java, to supply the deficiency in means of subsistence.<ref>{{cite book \|last=St. John \|first=Horace Stebbing Roscoe \|title=The Indian Archipelago: its history and present state, Volume 1 \|publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans \|year=1853 \|page=[https://archive.org/details/indianarchipela02johngoog/page/n183 137] \|url=https://archive.org/details/indianarchipela02johngoog}}</ref>

	[[File:The British Occupation of Java SE6050.jpg\|thumb\|left\|British Occupation of Java; men of the Bengal Sappers and Miners burn houses in the village of Bekasi as a reprisal for the murder of five members of the Royal Air Force and twenty Maharatta riflemen whose Dakota transport aircraft crash-landed near the village.]]

	During the [[Napoleonic wars]] in Europe, the [[Netherlands]] fell to [[France]], as did its colony in the [[East Indies]]. During the short-lived [[Herman Willem Daendels\|Daendels]] administration, as French proxy rule on Java, the construction of the [[Great Post Road]] was commenced in 1808. The road, spanning from [[Anyer]] in Western Java to Panarukan in East Java, served as a military supply route and was used in defending Java from British invasion.<ref>{{cite book \|title=Ekspedisi Anjer-Panaroekan, Laporan Jurnalistik Kompas \|publisher=Pnerbit Buku Kompas, PT Kompas Media Nusantara, Jakarta Indonesia \|date=November 2008 \|pages=1–2 \|isbn=978-979-709-391-4}}</ref> In 1811, Java was [[Invasion of Java (1811)\|captured by the British]], becoming a possession of the [[British Empire]], and Sir [[Stamford Raffles]] was appointed as the island's governor. In 1816, under the governorship of [[John Fendall Jr.\|John Fendall]], Java was returned to the Dutch as per the terms of the [[Treaty of Paris (1814)\|Treaty of Paris]].<ref>{{cite book \|last=Atkins \|first=James \|title=The Coins And Tokens of the Possessions And Colonies of the British Empire \|url=https://archive.org/details/coinstokensofpos1889jame \|year=1889<!-- \|location=Quaritch, Bernard--> \|location=London \|page=[https://archive.org/details/coinstokensofpos1889jame/page/213 213] \|publisher=Bernard Quaritch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Hannigan \|first=Tim \|title=Raffles and the British invasion of Java \|publisher=Singapore: Monsoon Books Pte Ltd. \|year=2012 \|isbn=978-981-4358-85-9 \|edition=4th \|pages=229}}</ref>		During the [[Napoleonic wars]] in Europe, the [[Netherlands]] fell to [[France]], as did its colony in the [[East Indies]]. During the short-lived [[Herman Willem Daendels\|Daendels]] administration, as French proxy rule on Java, the construction of the [[Great Post Road]] was commenced in 1808. The road, spanning from [[Anyer]] in Western Java to Panarukan in East Java, served as a military supply route and was used in defending Java from British invasion.<ref>{{cite book \|title=Ekspedisi Anjer-Panaroekan, Laporan Jurnalistik Kompas \|publisher=Pnerbit Buku Kompas, PT Kompas Media Nusantara, Jakarta Indonesia \|date=November 2008 \|pages=1–2 \|isbn=978-979-709-391-4}}</ref> In 1811, Java was [[Invasion of Java (1811)\|captured by the British]], becoming a possession of the [[British Empire]], and Sir [[Stamford Raffles]] was appointed as the island's governor. In 1816, under the governorship of [[John Fendall Jr.\|John Fendall]], Java was returned to the Dutch as per the terms of the [[Treaty of Paris (1814)\|Treaty of Paris]].<ref>{{cite book \|last=Atkins \|first=James \|title=The Coins And Tokens of the Possessions And Colonies of the British Empire \|url=https://archive.org/details/coinstokensofpos1889jame \|year=1889<!-- \|location=Quaritch, Bernard--> \|location=London \|page=[https://archive.org/details/coinstokensofpos1889jame/page/213 213] \|publisher=Bernard Quaritch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Hannigan \|first=Tim \|title=Raffles and the British invasion of Java \|publisher=Singapore: Monsoon Books Pte Ltd. \|year=2012 \|isbn=978-981-4358-85-9 \|edition=4th \|pages=229}}</ref>
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	[[File:Ramayana Java.jpg\|thumb\|right\|[[Lakshmana]], [[Rama]] and [[Sita\|Shinta]] in [[Ramayana]] ballet at [[Prambanan]], Java]]		[[File:Ramayana Java.jpg\|thumb\|right\|[[Lakshmana]], [[Rama]] and [[Sita\|Shinta]] in [[Ramayana]] ballet at [[Prambanan]], Java]]

	Despite its large population and in contrast to the other larger islands of Indonesia, Java is comparatively homogeneous in ethnic composition. Only two ethnic groups are native to the island—the [[Javanese people\|Javanese]] and [[Sundanese people\|Sundanese]]. A third group is the [[Madurese people\|Madurese]], who inhabit the island of [[Madura Island\|Madura]] off the northeast coast of Java, and have immigrated to [[East Java]] in large numbers since the 18th century.<ref name=Periplus58>{{cite book \|last=Hefner \|first=Robert \|title=Java \|publisher=Periplus Editions \|year=1997 \|location=Singapore \|page=58 \|isbn=978-962-593-244-6}}</ref> The Javanese comprise about two-thirds of the island's population, while the Sundanese and Madurese account for 38% and 10% respectively.<ref name=Periplus58/> The fourth group is the [[Betawi people]] ~~that~~ speak a dialect of [[Malay language\|Malay]]~~, they~~ are the descendants of the people living around [[Jakarta\|Batavia]] from around the 17th century. Betawis are [[creole people]], mostly descended from various Indonesian archipelago ethnic groups such as [[Ethnic Malay\|Malay]], [[Sundanese people\|Sundanese]], [[Javanese people\|Javanese]], [[Balinese people\|Balinese]], [[Minangkabau people\|Minang]], [[Bugis people\|Bugis]], [[Makassar people\|Makassar]], [[Ambonese people\|Ambonese]], mixed with foreign ethnic groups such as [[Portuguese people\|Portuguese]], [[Dutch people\|Dutch]], [[Arab]], [[Chinese people\|Chinese]] and [[Indian people\|Indian]] brought to or attracted to Batavia to meet labour needs. They have a culture and language distinct from the surrounding [[Sundanese people\|Sundanese]] and [[Javanese people\|Javanese]].{{cn\|date=December 2023}}		Despite its large population and in contrast to the other larger islands of Indonesia, Java is comparatively homogeneous in ethnic composition. Only two ethnic groups are native to the island—the [[Javanese people\|Javanese]] and [[Sundanese people\|Sundanese]]. A third group is the [[Madurese people\|Madurese]], who inhabit the island of [[Madura Island\|Madura]] off the northeast coast of Java and have immigrated to [[East Java]] in large numbers since the 18th century.<ref name=Periplus58>{{cite book \|last=Hefner \|first=Robert \|title=Java \|publisher=Periplus Editions \|year=1997 \|location=Singapore \|page=58 \|isbn=978-962-593-244-6}}</ref> The Javanese comprise about two-thirds of the island's population while the Sundanese and Madurese account for 38% and 10% respectively.<ref name=Periplus58/> The fourth group is the [[Betawi people]] who speak a dialect of [[Malay language\|Malay]]. They are the descendants of the people living around [[Jakarta\|Batavia]] from around the 17th century. Betawis are [[creole people]], mostly descended from various Indonesian archipelago ethnic groups such as [[Ethnic Malay\|Malay]], [[Sundanese people\|Sundanese]], [[Javanese people\|Javanese]], [[Balinese people\|Balinese]], [[Minangkabau people\|Minang]], [[Bugis people\|Bugis]], [[Makassar people\|Makassar]], [[Ambonese people\|Ambonese]], mixed with foreign ethnic groups such as [[Portuguese people\|Portuguese]], [[Dutch people\|Dutch]], [[Arab]], [[Chinese people\|Chinese]] and [[Indian people\|Indian]] brought to or attracted to Batavia to meet labour needs. They have a culture and language distinct from the surrounding [[Sundanese people\|Sundanese]] and [[Javanese people\|Javanese]].{{cn\|date=December 2023}}

	The Javanese prose text [[Tantu Pagelaran]] ({{circa\|15th century}}) explained the mythical origin of the island and its volcanic nature.{{cn\|date=December 2023}}		The Javanese prose text [[Tantu Pagelaran]] ({{circa\|15th century}}) explained the mythical origin of the island and its volcanic nature.{{cn\|date=December 2023}}

	Four major cultural areas exist on the island: the central part of Java or [[Yogyakarta]] is the ~~Javanese people heartland and~~ the ~~north~~ coast of the ~~''pasisir'' region,~~ the [[Sundanese people\|Sunda]] lands ([[Sundanese language\|Sundanese]]: {{Sund\|ᮒᮒᮁ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ}}, ''Tatar'' ''Sunda'') in the western part of Java ~~and~~ [[Parahyangan]] as ~~the~~ heartland, the [[eastern salient of Java]] also known as [[Banyuwangi\|Blambangan]]. Madura makes up a fifth area having close cultural ties with coastal eastern Java.<ref name="Periplus58" /> The ''kejawen of Javanese'' culture is the island's most dominant. Java's remaining aristocracy is based here, and it is the region from where the majority of Indonesia's army, business, and political elite originate. Its language, arts, and etiquette are regarded as the island's most refined and exemplary.<ref name="Periplus58" /> The territory from [[Banyumas Regency\|Banyumas]] in the west through to [[Blitar]] in the east ~~and~~ encompasses Indonesia's most fertile and densely populated agricultural land.''<ref name="Periplus58" />''		Four major cultural areas exist on the island:

			# The heartland of the Javanese people in the central part of Java with [[Yogyakarta]] as its cultural center;
			# the [[Pasisir]] region (from {{Langx\|jv\|ꦥꦱꦶꦱꦶꦂ\|4=shore, coast}}) on the northern coast, home to the first Muslim sultanate in Indonesia;
			# the [[Sundanese people\|Sunda]] lands ([[Sundanese language\|Sundanese]]: {{Sund\|ᮒᮒᮁ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ}}, ''Tatar'' ''Sunda'') in the western part of Java with [[Parahyangan]] as their heartland;
			# the [[eastern salient of Java]], also known as [[Banyuwangi\|Blambangan]], consisting of the [[Blambangan Peninsula\|Blambangan Peninsual]] east of the Tengger Massif.

			Madura makes up a fifth area having close cultural ties with coastal eastern Java.<ref name="Periplus58" />

			The ''kejawen of Javanese'' culture is the island's most dominant. Java's remaining aristocracy is based here, and it is the region from where the majority of Indonesia's army, business, and political elite originate. Its language, arts, and etiquette are regarded as the island's most refined and exemplary.<ref name="Periplus58" /> The territory from [[Banyumas Regency\|Banyumas]] in the west through to [[Blitar]] in the east encompasses Indonesia's most fertile and densely populated agricultural land.''<ref name="Periplus58" />''

	In the southwestern part of Central Java, which is usually named the [[Banyumas Regency\|Banyumasan]] region, a cultural mingling occurred; bringing together Javanese culture and Sundanese culture to create the [[Banyumasan language\|Banyumasan]] culture.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Java and Cambodia {{!}} Boundless Art History\|url=https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/java-and-cambodia/\|access-date=2020-10-21\|website=courses.lumenlearning.com}}</ref> In the central Javanese court cities of [[Yogyakarta (city)\|Yogyakarta]] and [[Surakarta]], contemporary kings trace their lineages back to the pre-colonial Islamic kingdoms that ruled the region, making those places especially strong repositories of classical Javanese culture. Classic arts of Java include [[gamelan]] music and [[wayang]] puppet shows.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Indonesia/Theatre-and-dance\|title=Theatre and dance\|publisher=[[Britannica]]\|access-date=27 June 2024}}</ref>		In the southwestern part of Central Java, which is usually named the [[Banyumas Regency\|Banyumasan]] region, a cultural mingling occurred, bringing together Javanese culture and Sundanese culture to create the [[Banyumasan language\|Banyumasan]] culture.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Java and Cambodia {{!}} Boundless Art History\|url=https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/java-and-cambodia/\|access-date=2020-10-21\|website=courses.lumenlearning.com}}</ref> In the central Javanese court cities of [[Yogyakarta (city)\|Yogyakarta]] and [[Surakarta]], contemporary kings trace their lineages back to the pre-colonial Islamic kingdoms that ruled the region, making those places especially strong repositories of classical Javanese culture. Classic arts of Java include [[gamelan]] music and [[wayang]] puppet shows.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Indonesia/Theatre-and-dance\|title=Theatre and dance\|publisher=[[Britannica]]\|access-date=27 June 2024}}</ref>

	Java was the site of many influential kingdoms in the Southeast Asian region,<ref>See Wallace Stevens's poem "[[Tea (poem)\|Tea]]" for an appreciative allusion to Javanese culture.</ref> and as a result, many literary works have been written by Javanese authors. These include ''[[Ken Arok]] and [[Ken Dedes]]'', the story of the orphan who usurped his king, and married the queen of the ancient Javanese kingdom; and translations of ''[[Ramayana]]'' and ''[[Mahabharata]]''. [[Pramoedya Ananta Toer]] is a famous contemporary Indonesian author, who has written many stories based on his own experiences of having grown up in Java, and takes many elements from Javanese folklore and historical legends.		Java was the site of many influential kingdoms in the Southeast Asian region,<ref>See Wallace Stevens's poem "[[Tea (poem)\|Tea]]" for an appreciative allusion to Javanese culture.</ref> and as a result, many literary works have been written by Javanese authors. These include ''[[Ken Arok]] and [[Ken Dedes]]'', the story of the orphan who usurped his king, and married the queen of the ancient Javanese kingdom; and translations of ''[[Ramayana]]'' and ''[[Mahabharata]]''. [[Pramoedya Ananta Toer]] is a famous contemporary Indonesian author who has written many stories based on his own experiences of having grown up in Java and takes many elements from Javanese folklore and historical legends.

	===Languages===		===Languages===
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	{{Pie chart		{{Pie chart
	\|thumb = right		\|thumb = right
	\|caption = Religion in Java (2023)<ref name="RELIGION">{{cite web\|url=https://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/\|publisher=[[Ministry of Religious Affairs (Indonesia)\|Ministry of Home Affairs]]\|date=31 December 2023\|access-date=11 March 2024\|language=id \|title=Visualisasi Data Kependudukan }}</ref>		\|caption = Religion in Java (2023)<ref name="RELIGION">{{cite web\|url=https://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/\|publisher=[[Ministry of Religious Affairs (Indonesia)\|Ministry of Home Affairs]]\|date=31 December 2023\|access-date=11 March 2024\|language=id\|title=Visualisasi Data Kependudukan\|archive-date=5 July 2022\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705211227/http://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/\|url-status=dead}}</ref>
	\|label1 = [[Islam]]		\|label1 = [[Islam]]
	\|value1 = 96.06		\|value1 = 96.06
	\|color1 = ~~DarkGreen~~		\|color1 = Green
	\|label2 = [[Protestantism]]		\|label2 = [[Protestantism]]
	\|value2 = 2.26		\|value2 = 2.26

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2025-05-25T19:23:36Z

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Java - Revision history

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imported>Ckfasdf: per MOS:INFOBOXFLAG; physical geographic articles – for .., islands, .. – should not have flag icons, Java is physical geographic article

imported>Linguoboy: /* Ethnicity and culture */

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