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{{Short description|Variety of Asian rice}}
{{Globalize|date=February 2017}}
[[File:Short-grain rice (japonica).jpg|thumb|right|[[Grain]]s of japonica rice]]
[[File:Image-Rice japonica akituho.jpg|thumb|Japonica rice field in [[Japan]]]]

'''Japonica rice''' (''Oryza sativa'' subsp. ''japonica''), sometimes called '''sinica rice''', is one of the two major domestic types of [[Oryza sativa|Asian rice varieties]]. Japonica rice is extensively cultivated and consumed in [[East Asia]] and [[Italy]], whereas in most other regions [[indica rice]] is the dominant type of rice. Japonica rice originated from [[Central China]], where it was first domesticated along the [[Yangtze|Yangtze River basin]] approximately 9,500 to 6,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hirst|first=K. Kris|title=The Origins and History of Rice in China, India/Pakistan and Africa|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/origins-history-of-rice-in-china-170639|access-date=2020-08-02|website= [[ThoughtCo]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-05-02 |title=Rice's origins point to China, genome researchers conclude |url=https://source.wustl.edu/2011/05/rices-origins-point-to-china-genome-researchers-conclude/ |author-first1=James|author-last1=Devitt|access-date=2020-08-02 |website= |publisher=[[Washington University in St. Louis]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gross|first1=Briana L.|last2=Zhao|first2=Zhijun|date=2014-04-29|title=Archaeological and genetic insights into the origins of domesticated rice|journal= [[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |language=en|volume=111|issue=17|pages=6190–6197|doi=10.1073/pnas.1308942110|issn=0027-8424|pmid=24753573|pmc=4035933|bibcode=2014PNAS..111.6190G|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Classification ==
The subspecies ''japonica'' can be classified into three subgroups, 'temperate japonica', 'tropical japonica' (obsolete designations: 'javanica'; {{ill|Oryza sativa subsp. javanica{{!}}''Oryza sativa'' subsp. ''javanica''|ja|ジャバニカ米}}),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lod.nal.usda.gov/en/?k=rice&l=60&w=2545&n=1&s=5&t=2|title=javanica rice|publisher= [[International Rice Research Institute]] |access-date=27 December 2016}}</ref> and '[[Aromatic rice|aromatic]]'.<ref name="Garris Tai Coburn 2004">{{cite journal |last1=Garris |first1=Amanda J. |last2=Tai |first2=T. H. |last3=Coburn |first3=J. |last4=Kresovich |first4=S. |last5=McCouch |first5=S. |author5-link=Susan McCouch |year=2004 |title=Genetic structure and diversity in ''Oryza sativa'' L. |journal=[[Genetics (journal) |Genetics]] |pmid=15654106 |doi=10.1534/genetics.104.035642 |volume=169 |issue=3 |pages=1631–1638 |pmc=1449546}}</ref> Temperate japonica is cultivated in East Asia (China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam), while tropical japonica is in [[Indonesia]], [[Madagascar]], and also the [[Americas]] where it was brought to with slave trade.<ref>松尾弌之. (2009).“「アメリカ50州」の秘密 “ レッカ社 {{ISBN|4569673023}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Chapssal (glutinous rice).jpg|[[Glutinous rice|Glutinous]] japonica rice
File:Korean aromatic rice.png|[[Aromatic rice|Aromatic]] japonica rice
File:Black rice.jpg|[[Black rice|Black]] japonica rice
File:Green rice.jpg|Green japonica rice
</gallery>

== Characteristics ==
Japonica rice grains are rounder, thicker, and harder, compared to longer, thinner, and fluffier indica rice grains. Japonica rice is also stickier due to the higher content of [[amylopectin]], whereas indica rice starch consists of less amylopectin and more [[amylose]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.koreana.or.kr/user/0003/nd33713.do?View&boardNo=00000430|title=Endless Variations on Rice|last=Kim|first=Jin-young|date=4 November 2016|website= [[Koreana (magazine)|Koreana]] |publisher=[[Korea Foundation]]|access-date=27 December 2016}}</ref> Japonica rice plants are shorter than indica rice plants.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}

=== Genetics ===
Temperate japonica has a large amount of [[waxy protein]] and a low amount of [[non-waxy protein|the non-waxy type]].<ref name = "Proceedings-1990" />{{ RP | pages=12-13}} Non-waxy rice proteins are produced by four [[allele]]s, each producing one of four protein subtypes.<ref name = "Proceedings-1990" />{{ RP | pages=12-13}} Temperate japonica is the only source of Type III, shares Type IV with only ''[[Oryza sativa subsp. javanica|tropical japonica]]'' ("javanica"), and lacks Type I and Type II.<ref name = "Proceedings-1990" >
{{ Cite book
| date = 1991
| volume = 2
| location = [[Manila]], Philippines
| publisher = [[International Rice Research Institute]]
| title = Rice Genetics : Proceedings of the Second International Rice Genetics Symposium 14-18 May 1990
| series = Rice Genetics Collection
}}
</ref>{{ RP | pages=12-13}}

== Cultivars ==
* [[Arborio rice]]
* [[Bhutanese red rice]]
* [[Bomba rice]]
* [[Calrose rice]]
* [[Carnaroli]]
* [[Koshihikari]]
* [[Vialone Nano]]
* [[Yamada Nishiki]]

== See also ==
* [[Japanese rice]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Varieties of rice}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1147035}}

[[Category:Japonica rice| ]]
[[Category:Central China]]
[[Category:Crops originating from China]]
[[Category:Rice varieties]]

Japonica rice - Revision history

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