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{{Short description|Total lunar eclipse of 21 January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox lunar eclipse
| type = total
| image = Total lunar eclipse on January 21, 2019 (45910439045) (cropped).jpg
| caption = Totality as viewed from [[Oria, Italy]], 5:43 UTC
| date = 21 January 2019
| gamma = 0.3684
| magnitude = 1.1966
| saros_ser = 134
| saros_no = 27 of 73
| totality = 61 minutes, 59 seconds
| partiality = 196 minutes, 45 seconds
| penumbral = 311 minutes, 30 seconds
| p1 = 2:36:30
| u1 = 3:33:54
| u2 = 4:41:17
| greatest = 5:12:16
| u3 = 5:43:16
| u4 = 6:50:39
| p4 = 7:48:00
| previous = July 2018
| next = July 2019
}}
A total [[lunar eclipse]] occurred at the Moon’s [[Lunar node|ascending node]] of orbit on Monday, 21 January 2019,<ref>{{cite web|title=January 20–21, 2019 Total Lunar Eclipse (Blood Moon)|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/lunar/2019-january-21|publisher=timeanddate|access-date=17 November 2024}}</ref> with an umbral [[Magnitude of eclipse|magnitude]] of 1.1966. A lunar eclipse occurs when the [[Moon]] moves into the [[Earth's shadow]], causing the Moon to be darkened. A total lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon's near side entirely passes into the Earth's umbral shadow. Unlike a [[solar eclipse]], which can only be viewed from a relatively small area of the world, a lunar eclipse may be viewed from anywhere on the [[night]] side of Earth. A total lunar eclipse can last up to nearly two hours, while a total solar eclipse lasts only a few minutes at any given place, because the Moon's [[Umbra, penumbra and antumbra|shadow]] is smaller. Occurring about 10 hours before [[Apsis|perigee]] (on 21 January 2019, at 15:00 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter was larger.<ref>{{cite web|title=Moon Distances for London, United Kingdom, England|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/moon/distance.html?year=2019&n=136|publisher=timeanddate|access-date=17 November 2024}}</ref>

Because the Moon was near its perigee on 21 January, it can be described as a "[[supermoon]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/science/super-blood-moon-eclipse-stuns-in-remarkable-pictures|title='Super blood Moon' eclipse stuns in remarkable pictures|first=James|last=Rogers|date=20 January 2019|website=Fox News}}</ref> As this supermoon was also a [[wolf moon]] (the first full moon in a calendar year), it was referred to as a "super blood wolf moon"; [[Lunar eclipse#Blood moon|blood]] refers to the typical red color of the Moon during a total lunar eclipse.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/jan/21/super-blood-wolf-moon-lunar-eclipse-stargazers-battle-cold-and-clouds|title=Super blood wolf moon: stargazers battle cold and clouds to view lunar eclipse|work=The Guardian|date=21 January 2019|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref> This was the last total [[lunar eclipse]] until [[May 2021 lunar eclipse|May 2021]]. This was a Super Full Moon because occurred less than a day before perigee and the Moon was less than exactly 360,000 km (223,694 mi).

The [[Griffith Observatory]] in [[Los Angeles, California]] captured video showing a [[meteoroid]] between the size of an acorn and tennis ball impacting the Moon during the eclipse.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.space.com/43075-blood-moon-2019-meteor-impact-video.html|title=Watch a Meteor Smack the Blood Moon in This Lunar Eclipse Video|publisher=Space.com|first=Meghan|last=Bartels|date=22 January 2019|access-date=22 January 2019}}</ref> The impact was observed during totality, at 4:41 UTC, on the left side of the Moon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/01/meteor-hit-the-moon-during-blood-moon-eclipse-heres-what-we-know/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123012059/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/01/meteor-hit-the-moon-during-blood-moon-eclipse-heres-what-we-know/|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 January 2019|title=A meteor hit the moon during the lunar eclipse. Here's what we know.|date=22 January 2019|website=Science & Innovation}}</ref> It is the only documented case of a lunar impact during a total lunar eclipse.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://kottke.org/19/01/video-a-meteorite-hit-the-moon-during-the-recent-eclipse|title=Video: A Meteorite Hit the Moon During the Recent Eclipse!|date=23 January 2019|website=Jason Kottke}}</ref>

== Appearance ==
This lunar eclipse took place in the constellation of [[Cancer (constellation)|Cancer]], just west of the [[Beehive Cluster]].

[[File:January 2019 lunar eclipse animation.gif|480px]]

== Visibility ==
The eclipse was completely visible over [[North America|North]] and [[South America]] and [[western Europe]], seen rising over the central [[Pacific Ocean]], and setting over [[Africa]], most of [[Europe]], and the [[Middle East]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Total Lunar Eclipse of 2019 Jan 21|url=https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEplot/LEplot2001/LE2019Jan21T.pdf|publisher=NASA|access-date=17 November 2024}}</ref>

{| class=wikitable
|[[File:Lunar eclipse from moon-2019Jan21.png|315px]] [[File:Lunar eclipse chart close-2019Jan21.png|315px]]
|- align=center
|[[File:Visibility Lunar Eclipse 2019-01-21.png|640px]] Visibility map
|}

== Timing ==
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Lunar eclipse contact diagram.svg
| width1 = 250
| image2 = Lunar eclipse chart close-2019Jan21.png
| width2 = 155
| footer = Contact points relative to Earth's umbral and penumbral shadows, here with the Moon near its [[descending node]] (left), and the hourly motion for the January 2019 lunar eclipse (right)
}}

{{Total lunar eclipse contacts}}
The penumbral phases of the eclipse changes the appearance of the Moon only slightly and is generally not noticeable.<ref>{{cite web|last=Espenak|first=Fred|title=Lunar Eclipses for Beginners|url=http://www.mreclipse.com/Special/LEprimer.html|publisher=MrEclipse|access-date=7 April 2014}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Local times of contacts
|- valign=top
! colspan=2 rowspan=3| Time zone adjustments from [[UTC]]
!colspan=5|Americas||colspan=3|Atlantic||colspan=4|European/African
|- valign=top
! [[UTC−08:00|-8h]]
! [[UTC−07:00|-7h]]
! [[UTC−06:00|-6h]]
! [[UTC−05:00|-5h]]
! [[UTC−04:00|-4h]]
! [[UTC−03:00|-3h]]
! [[UTC−02:00|-2h]]
! [[UTC−01:00|-1h]]
! [[UTC±00:00|0h]]
! [[UTC+01:00|+1h]]
! [[UTC+02:00|+2h]]
! [[UTC+03:00|+3h]]
|- valign=top
! [[Pacific Standard Time|PST]]
! [[Mountain Standard Time|MST]]
! [[Central Time Zone (North America)|CST]]
! [[Eastern Standard Time (North America)|EST]]
! [[Atlantic Standard Time|AST]]
!
!
!
! [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] [[Western European Time|WET]]
! [[Western European Summer Time|WEST]] [[Central European Time|CET]] [[British Summer Time|BST]]
! [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] [[Eastern European Time|EET]] [[Kaliningrad Time|MSK−1]]
! [[Further-eastern European Time|FET]] [[Moscow Time|MSK]] [[East Africa Time|EAT]]
|- align=center
!colspan=2|Event
|colspan=6|Evening 20 January||colspan=6 BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"|Morning 21 January
|- align=center
!P1
! Penumbral begins*
| 6:37 pm
| 7:37 pm
| 8:37 pm
| 9:37 pm
| 10:37 pm
| 11:37 pm
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 12:37 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 1:37 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 2:37 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 3:37 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 4:37 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 5:37 am
|- align=center
!U1
! Partial begins
| 7:34 pm
| 8:34 pm
| 9:34 pm
| 10:34 pm
| 11:34 pm
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 12:34 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 1:34 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 2:34 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 3:34 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 4:34 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 5:34 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 6:34 am
|- align=center
!U2
! Total begins
| 8:41 pm
| 9:41 pm
| 10:41 pm
| 11:41 pm
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 12:41 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 1:41 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 2:41 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 3:41 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 4:41 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 5:41 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 6:41 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 7:41 am
|- align=center
!
! Mid-eclipse
| 9:12 pm
| 10:12 pm
| 11:12 pm
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 12:12 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 1:12 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 2:12 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 3:12 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 4:12 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 5:12 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 6:12 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 7:12 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 8:12 am
|- align=center
!U3
! Total ends
| 9:43 pm
| 10:43 pm
| 11:43 pm
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 12:43 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 1:43 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 2:43 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 3:43 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 4:43 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 5:43 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 6:43 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 7:43 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 8:43 am
|- align=center
!U4
! Partial ends
| 10:51 pm
| 11:51 pm
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 12:51 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 1:51 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 2:51 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 3:51 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 4:51 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 5:51 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 6:51 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 7:51 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 8:51 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 9:51 am
|- align=center
!P4
! Penumbral ends*
| 11:48 pm
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 12:48 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 1:48 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 2:48 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 3:48 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 4:48 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 5:48 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 6:48 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 7:48 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 8:48 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 9:48 am
| BGCOLOR="#e0e0f0"| 10:48 am
|}


== Gallery ==


=== America ===
<gallery>
File:Early eclipse (39857345073).jpg|[[Austin, Texas]], 3:57 UTC
File:Total lunar eclipse (45907515845).jpg|[[Seattle, Washington]], 4:27 UTC
File:January 20, 2019 eclipse from Lindsborg.jpg|[[Lindsborg, Kansas]], 4:40 UTC
File:Eclipse Lunar Total - 21.01.2019 - IV.jpg|[[Buenos Aires, Argentina]], 4:40 UTC
File:2019-01-20 Lunar eclipse from San Diego.jpg|[[San Diego, California]], 4:41 UTC
File:Blood Moon (39857716053).jpg|[[Tres Piedras, New Mexico]], 4:42 UTC
File:Eclipse lunar 20 de Enero 2019.jpg|[[Chihuahua City, Mexico]], 4:44 UTC
File:Lunar eclipse 2019 at 02.08 in Chapel Hill, NC, USA.jpg|[[Chapel Hill, North Carolina]], 5:02 UTC
File:2019-01-20-Total lunar eclipse.jpg|[[Denver, Colorado]], 5:03 UTC
File:Lunar eclipse 2019.jpg|Totality in [[Coralville, Iowa]], 5:07 UTC (23:07 Local Time)
File:Lunar Eclipse January 20-21, 2019 (32956601858).jpg|[[Macon, Georgia]], 5:18 UTC
File:Total lunar eclipse January 21 2019.jpg|[[Whitpain Township, Pennsylvania]], 5:26 UTC
File:Super Blood Wolf Moon (46777972522).jpg|[[New York City, New York]], 5:37 UTC
File:Animation of the 21-01-2019 lunar eclipse, photographed using a Smartphone.gif|Animation from [[Taubaté|Taubaté, Brazil]]
File:The January 20, 2019 total lunar eclipse at totality, seen from Victoria, Canada. (46098085654).jpg|From [[Victoria, Canada]] at totality
</gallery>

=== Europe ===
<gallery>
File:Lunar eclipse of 2019 January 21 in Moscow (6.49 local time).jpg|Partial from [[Moscow, Russia]], 3:49 UTC
File:Lunar Eclipse January 21, 2019 - Лунное затмение 21 января 2019.jpg|[[Estonia]], 4:41 UTC
File:Blood Mood 21 Jan 2019 (39864351153).jpg|Järna, [[Sweden]], 4:48 UTC
File:2019.01.21 Eclipse 2 (46100418124).jpg|[[Finland]], 6:02 UTC
File:Total_Lunar_Eclipse_2019-01-21.jpg|[[Sandl]], Austria
</gallery>

== Impact sighted ==

[[Live streaming|Livestreams]] detected a flash of light while viewing the eclipse. It was "likely caused by the crash of a tiny, fast-moving [[meteoroid]] left behind by a [[comet]]."<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/23/science/lunar-eclipse-meteor-moon.html|title=During the Lunar Eclipse, Something Slammed Into the Moon|last=Andrews|first=Robin George|date=2019-01-23|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-01-23|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Originally thinking it was [[Noise (electronics)|electronic noise]] from the camera, astronomers and [[Citizen science|citizen scientists]] shared the visual phenomenon with each other to identify it.<ref name=":0" />

When totality was just beginning at 4:41 UT, the tiny speck of light blinked south of a nearly 55-mile-wide crater in the western part of the moon.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/01/meteor-hit-the-moon-during-blood-moon-eclipse-heres-what-we-know/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123012059/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/01/meteor-hit-the-moon-during-blood-moon-eclipse-heres-what-we-know/|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 January 2019|title=A meteor hit the moon during the lunar eclipse. Here's what we know.|date=2019-01-22|access-date=2019-01-24}}</ref>

The location of the impact may be somewhere in the lunar highlands, south of [[Byrgius (crater)|Byrgius crater]], according to Justin Cowart, a graduate student in [[geosciences]] at [[Stony Brook University]] in [[New York (state)|New York]] who first saw the flash of light.<ref name=":0" />

"A meteoroid about this size hits the moon about once a week or so," said Cowart.<ref name=":1" />

This may be the first time that a collision, during a total lunar eclipse, was captured on video.<ref name=":0" />

"I have not heard of anyone seeing an impact like this during a lunar eclipse before," said [[Sara Russell]], a professor of [[planetary science]]s at the [[Natural History Museum, London|Natural History Museum]] in [[London]].<ref name=":0" />

People posted their images and video of a flicker of light as news spread quickly on [[social media]].<ref name=":1" />

Working overtime, co-director of the [[Moon Impacts Detection and Analysis System]], MIDAS, an astrophysicist at the [[University of Huelva]] in Spain, Jose Maria Madiedo, set up eight telescopes to watch for any impacts during the eclipse.<ref name=":1" />

"Something inside of me told me that this time would be the time," said Madiedo.<ref name=":1" />

A paper calculated a mass between 20 and 100 kilograms and diameter of 30 to 50 cm that may have caused a 7–15 meter crater located "inside a triangle with vertices in the [[Lagrange (crater)#Satellite craters|Lagrange H, K and X craters]]".<ref>{{cite journal | arxiv=1901.09573 | doi=10.1093/mnras/stz3531 | doi-access=free | title=Location, orbit, and energy of a meteoroid impacting the Moon during the lunar eclipse of 2019 January 21 | date=2020 | last1=Zuluaga | first1=J. I. | last2=Tangmatitham | first2=M. | last3=Cuartas-Restrepo | first3=P. | last4=Ospina | first4=J. | last5=Pichardo | first5=F. | last6=López | first6=S. A. | last7=Peña | first7=K. | last8=Gaviria-Posada | first8=J. M. | journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volume=492 | pages=1432–1449 }}</ref> Other astronomers estimated a 10-15 meter crater from a 45 kg asteroid moving 61,000 km/h.<ref>[https://ras.ac.uk/news-and-press/research-highlights/space-rock-hit-moon-61000-kilometres-hour The space rock that hit the Moon at 61,000 kilometres an hour | The Royal Astronomical Society]</ref>

== Eclipse details ==
Shown below is a table displaying details about this particular lunar eclipse. It describes various parameters pertaining to this eclipse.<ref>{{cite web|title=Total Lunar Eclipse of 2019 Jan 21|url=https://eclipsewise.com/lunar/LEprime/2001-2100/LE2019Jan21Tprime.html|publisher=EclipseWise.com|access-date=17 November 2024}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" align="{{{align|left}}}" style="margin:{{#ifeq:{{{align}}}|right|0 0 0.5em 1em|0 1em 0.5em 0}}"
|+21 January 2019 Lunar Eclipse Parameters
! Parameter
! Value
|-
| Penumbral Magnitude
| 2.16972
|-
| Umbral Magnitude
| 1.19657
|-
| Gamma
| 0.36842
|-
| Sun Right Ascension
| 20h12m17.2s
|-
| Sun Declination
| -19°57'48.1"
|-
| Sun Semi-Diameter
| 16'15.2"
|-
| Sun Equatorial Horizontal Parallax
| 08.9"
|-
| Moon Right Ascension
| 08h12m28.7s
|-
| Moon Declination
| +20°20'13.2"
|-
| Moon Semi-Diameter
| 16'42.1"
|-
| Moon Equatorial Horizontal Parallax
| 1°01'17.9"
|-
| ΔT
| 69.1 s
|}
{{clear}}

== Eclipse season ==
{{See also|Eclipse cycle}}
This eclipse is part of an [[eclipse season]], a period, roughly every six months, when eclipses occur. Only two (or occasionally three) eclipse seasons occur each year, and each season lasts about 35 days and repeats just short of six months (173 days) later; thus two full eclipse seasons always occur each year. Either two or three eclipses happen each eclipse season. In the sequence below, each eclipse is separated by a [[fortnight]].

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Eclipse season of January 2019
! [[Solar eclipse of January 6, 2019|January 6]] Descending node (new moon) !! 21 January Ascending node (full moon) 
|-
| [[File:SE2019Jan06P.png|200px]] || [[File:Lunar eclipse chart close-2019Jan21.png|200px]]
|- align=center
| [[Total eclipse#Types|Partial solar eclipse]] Solar Saros 122 || [[Lunar eclipse#Types of lunar eclipse|Total lunar eclipse]] Lunar Saros 134
|}

== Related eclipses ==
=== Eclipses in 2019 ===
* [[Solar eclipse of January 6, 2019|A partial solar eclipse on January 6]].
* '''A total lunar eclipse on 21 January.'''
* [[Solar eclipse of July 2, 2019|A total solar eclipse on July 2]].
* [[July 2019 lunar eclipse|A partial lunar eclipse on July 16]].
* [[Solar eclipse of December 26, 2019|An annular solar eclipse on December 26]].

=== Metonic ===
* Preceded by: [[April 2015 lunar eclipse|Lunar eclipse of April 4, 2015]]
* Followed by: [[November 2022 lunar eclipse|Lunar eclipse of November 8, 2022]]

=== Tzolkinex ===
* Preceded by: [[December 2011 lunar eclipse|Lunar eclipse of December 10, 2011]]
* Followed by: [[March 2026 lunar eclipse|Lunar eclipse of March 3, 2026]]

=== Half-Saros ===
* Preceded by: [[Solar eclipse of January 15, 2010]]
* Followed by: [[Solar eclipse of January 26, 2028]]

=== Tritos ===
* Preceded by: [[February 2008 lunar eclipse|Lunar eclipse of February 21, 2008]]
* Followed by: [[December 2029 lunar eclipse|Lunar eclipse of December 20, 2029]]

=== Lunar Saros 134 ===
* Preceded by: [[January 2001 lunar eclipse|Lunar eclipse of January 9, 2001]]
* Followed by: [[January 2037 lunar eclipse|Lunar eclipse of January 31, 2037]]

=== Inex ===
* Preceded by: [[February 1990 lunar eclipse|Lunar eclipse of February 9, 1990]]
* Followed by: [[January 2048 lunar eclipse|Lunar eclipse of January 1, 2048]]

=== Triad ===
* Preceded by: [[March 1932 lunar eclipse|Lunar eclipse of March 22, 1932]]
* Followed by: [[November 2105 lunar eclipse|Lunar eclipse of November 21, 2105]]

=== Lunar eclipses of 2016–2020 ===
{{Lunar eclipse set 2016-2020}}

=== Saros 134 ===
{{Lunar Saros series 134}}

=== Tritos series ===
{{Lunar Tritos series February 2008}}

=== Inex series ===
{{Lunar Inex series January 2019}}

=== Half-Saros cycle ===
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a [[Saros (astronomy)#Relationship between lunar and solar saros .28sar.29|half saros]]).<ref>Mathematical Astronomy Morsels, Jean Meeus, p.110, Chapter 18, ''The half-saros''</ref> This lunar eclipse is related to two annular solar eclipses of [[Solar Saros 141]].
{| class=wikitable
![[Solar eclipse of January 15, 2010|January 15, 2010]]
![[Solar eclipse of January 26, 2028|January 26, 2028]]
|-
|[[File:SE2010Jan15A.png|240px]]
|[[File:SE2028Jan26A.png|240px]]
|}

== See also ==
*[[List of lunar eclipses]] and [[List of 21st-century lunar eclipses]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{LEplot2001 link|2019|Jan|21|T}}
* [http://www.hermit.org/eclipse/2019-01-21/ Hermit eclipse: 2019-01-21]
* [https://www.skyandtelescope.com/observing/solar-and-lunar-eclipses-in-2019/ Eclipse information from skyandtelescope.com, including timing in different time zones]

{{Lunar eclipses}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lunar eclipse 2019-01}}
[[Category:21st-century lunar eclipses|2019-01]]
[[Category:2019 in science]]
[[Category:January 2019]]

January 2019 lunar eclipse - Revision history

imported>Dl2000: fix a ref