http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=IsothrixIsothrix - Revision history2026-05-12T15:52:34ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.43.1http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=Isothrix&diff=3193080&oldid=previmported>Dimadick: /* References */2025-05-28T07:52:09Z<p><span class="autocomment">References</span></p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Short description|Genus of mammals belonging to the spiny rat family of rodents}}<br />
{{automatic taxobox<br />
| fossil_range = [[Pleistocene]] - Recent<br />
| image = Isothrix bistriata 74499273 (cropped).jpg<br />
| image_caption = ''[[Isothrix bistriata]]''<br />
| display_parents = 2<br />
| taxon = Isothrix<br />
| authority = [[Johann Andreas Wagner|Wagner]], 1845<br />
| type_species = ''[[Isothrix bistriata]]''<br />
| type_species_authority = [[Johann Andreas Wagner|Wagner]], 1845<br />
| subdivision_ranks = Species<br />
| subdivision =<br />
''[[Isothrix barbarabrownae|I. barbarabrownae]]''<br><br />
''[[Isothrix bistriata|I. bistriata]]''<br><br />
''[[Isothrix negrensis|I. negrensis]]''<br><br />
''[[Isothrix pagurus|I. pagurus]]''<br><br />
''[[Isothrix sinnamariensis|I. sinnamariensis]]''<br />
| synonyms =<br />
''Lasiuromys'' <small>Deville, 1852</small><br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''toros''' or '''brush-tailed rats''', genus '''''Isothrix''''', are a group of [[Echimyidae|spiny rat]]s<ref>{{MSW3|id=13400433}}</ref> found in [[tropical]] [[South America]], particularly in the [[Amazon Basin]].<ref name="Nowak1999">Nowak, Ronald M. 1999. ''Walker's Mammals of the World'', 6th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1936 pp.&nbsp;{{ISBN|0-8018-5789-9}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
Toros look like large [[rat]]s with soft fur on the body and long [[guard hair]]s on the scaly tail.<ref name="Emmons2005">Emmons, L.H. 2005. A Revision of the Genera of Arboreal Echimyidae (Rodentia: Echimyidae, Echimyinae), With Descriptions of Two New Genera. pp.&nbsp;247–310 in Lacey, E.A. & Myers, P. 2005. Mammalian Diversification: From Chromosomes to Phylogeography (A Celebration of the Career of James L. Patton). University of California Publications in Zoology.</ref> Head and body is 18-27.5&nbsp;cm and tail is 17–30&nbsp;cm.<ref name="Nowak1999"/> Weight is 320-570&nbsp;grams.<br />
<br />
==Natural history==<br />
These animals appear to be [[arboreal]], based on the shape of their hind feet.<ref name="Nowak1999"/> They are thought to spend the day in holes in the ground near trees.<br />
<br />
==Systematics==<br />
The etymology of the genus name ''Isothrix'' corresponds to the two [[ancient greek]] words {{wikt-lang|grc|ἴσος}} ({{grc-transl|ἴσος}}), meaning "of equal length", and {{wikt-lang|grc|θρίξ}}, {{wikt-lang|grc|τρίχα|τριχός}} ({{grc-transl|θρίξ, τριχός}}), meaning "hair".<ref name="BaillyBook">{{Cite book |title=Abrégé du dictionnaire grec français |last=Bailly |first=Anatole |date=1981-01-01 |publisher=Hachette |isbn=978-2010035289 |location=Paris |oclc=461974285 }}</ref><ref name="BaillyWeb">{{Cite web |url=http://www.tabularium.be/bailly/ |title=Greek-french dictionary online |last=Bailly |first=Anatole |website=www.tabularium.be |access-date=December 23, 2017}}</ref> The etymology of the genus name [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]] ''Lasiuromys'' corresponds to the three [[ancient greek]] words {{wikt-lang|grc|λάσιος}} ({{grc-transl|λάσιος}}), meaning "furry, with tufted hair", {{wikt-lang|grc|οὐρά}} ({{grc-transl|οὐρά}}), meaning "animal tail", and {{wikt-lang|grc|μῦς}} ({{grc-transl|μῦς}}), meaning "mouse, rat".<ref name="BaillyBook"/><ref name="BaillyWeb"/><br />
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There are currently five [[species]] recognized in the [[genus]] ''Isothrix'':<ref name="MSW3_Isothrix">{{MSW3 Hystricognathi | id = 13400433 | page = | heading = Genus ''Isothrix'' }}</ref><br />
* ''[[Isothrix barbarabrownae]]''<ref name = "New_Scientist">{{cite web| title = New squirrel-like rodent discovered in Peru | publisher = [[New Scientist]] | date = 2007-01-24 | url = https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn11022 | access-date = 2011-11-23}}</ref>- Barbara Brown's Brush-tailed Rat<br />
* ''[[Isothrix bistriata]]'' - Yellow-crowned brush-tailed rat<br />
* ''[[Isothrix negrensis]]'' - Rio Negro brush-tailed rat<br />
* ''[[Isothrix pagurus]]'' - Plain brush-tailed rat<br />
* ''[[Isothrix sinnamariensis]]'' - Sinnamary brush-tailed rat<br />
<br />
There does appear to be good support for the [[monophyly]] of three species found in this genus.<ref name="Emmons2005"/><br />
<br />
==Phylogeny==<br />
[[File:Echimyidae_phylogeny.jpg|thumb]]<br />
''Isothrix'' is a member of the [[Echimyini]] clade of [[arboreal]] Echimyidae rodents.<ref name="Fabre2016">{{Cite book|title=Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Vol 6. Lagomorphs and Rodents I|last1=Fabre|first1=Pierre-Henri|last2=Patton|first2=James L.|author2-link=James L. Patton|last3=Leite|first3=Yuri L. R.|year=2016|isbn=978-84-941892-3-4|editor-last1=Wilson|editor-first1=Don E.|editor-last2=Lacher|editor-first2=Thomas E. Jr|editor-last3=Mittermeier|editor-first3=Russell A.|publisher=Lynx Edicions|location=Barcelona|pages=552–641|chapter=Family Echimyidae (hutias, South American spiny-rats and coypu)|title-link=Handbook of the Mammals of the World}}</ref> Although tentatively considered an [[Echimyinae|echimyine]], it has been suggested that ''Isothrix'' may not be particularly closely related to other members of its subfamily.<ref name="Emmons2005"/> This is confirmed by molecular phylogenies in which ''Isothrix'' appears as a distant relative of the three clades of [[Echimyini]]: (i) ''Echimys'', ''Phyllomys'', ''Makalata'', ''Pattonomys'', and ''Toromys'' ; (ii) the bamboo rats ''Dactylomys'', ''Olallamys'', ''Kannabateomys'' together with ''Diplomys'' and ''Santamartamys'' ; and (iii) the arboreal eumysopines ''Mesomys'' and ''Lonchothrix''.<ref name="Fabre2017">{{Cite journal|last1=Fabre|first1=Pierre-Henri|last2=Upham|first2=Nathan S.|last3=Emmons|first3=Louise H.|author-link3=Louise H. Emmons|last4=Justy|first4=Fabienne|last5=Leite|first5=Yuri L. R.|last6=Loss|first6=Ana Carolina|last7=Orlando|first7=Ludovic|last8=Tilak|first8=Marie-Ka|last9=Patterson|first9=Bruce D.|last10=Douzery|first10=Emmanuel J. P.|date=2017-03-01|title=Mitogenomic Phylogeny, Diversification, and Biogeography of South American Spiny Rats|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=34|issue=3|pages=613–633|doi=10.1093/molbev/msw261|pmid=28025278|issn=0737-4038|doi-access=free|url=https://hal.umontpellier.fr/hal-03079822/file/msw261.pdf}}</ref><br />
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The taxon ''[[Callistomys pictus]]'' was previously member of the genus ''Isothrix'', but most authors considered it distinct enough to warrant a separate genus.<ref name="MSW3_Callistomys">{{MSW3 Hystricognathi | id = 13400423 | page = | heading = Genus ''Callistomys''}}</ref> This distinctness has been confirmed by DNA comparative studies in which ''Callistomys'' even appears to branch with members of a distinct tribe (i.e., [[Myocastorini]]) of the subfamily Echimyinae.<ref name="Loss2014"/><ref name="Fabre2016"/><ref name="Fabre2017"/> The arboreal genera of the subfamily Echimyinae therefore constitute a [[polyphyletic]] assemblage.<br />
<br />
{{cladogram<br />
|title=Genus-level cladogram of the Echimyini.<br />
|caption=The cladogram has been reconstructed from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA characters.<ref name="Lara1996">{{Cite journal|last1=Lara|first1=Márcia C.|last2=Patton|first2=James L.|author-link2=James L. Patton|last3=da Silva|first3=Maria Nazareth F.|year=1996|title=The Simultaneous Diversification of South American Echimyid Rodents (Hystricognathi) Based on Complete Cytochrome ''b'' Sequences|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=5|issue=2|pages=403–413|doi=10.1006/mpev.1996.0035|pmid=8728398|bibcode=1996MolPE...5..403L }}</ref><ref name="Leite2002">{{Cite journal|last1=Leite|first1=Yuri L. R.|last2=Patton|first2=James L.|author-link2=James L. Patton|year=2002|title=Evolution of South American spiny rats (Rodentia, Echimyidae): the star-phylogeny hypothesis revisited|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=25|issue=3|pages=455–464|doi=10.1016/s1055-7903(02)00279-8|pmid=12450750 |bibcode=2002MolPE..25..455L }}</ref><ref name="Galewski2005">{{Cite journal|last1=Galewski|first1=Thomas|last2=Mauffrey|first2=Jean-François|last3=Leite|first3=Yuri L. R.|last4=Patton|first4=James L.|last5=Douzery|first5=Emmanuel J. P.|year=2005|title=Ecomorphological diversification among South American spiny rats (Rodentia; Echimyidae): a phylogenetic and chronological approach|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=34|issue=3|pages=601–615|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2004.11.015|pmid=15683932|bibcode=2005MolPE..34..601G }}</ref><ref name="Upham2012">{{Cite journal|last1=Upham|first1=Nathan S.|last2=Patterson|first2=Bruce D.|year=2012|title=Diversification and biogeography of the Neotropical caviomorph lineage Octodontoidea (Rodentia: Hystricognathi)|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=63|issue=2|pages=417–429|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2012.01.020|pmid=22327013|bibcode=2012MolPE..63..417U }}</ref><ref name="Fabre2013">{{Cite journal|last1=Fabre|first1=Pierre-Henri|last2=Galewski|first2=Thomas|last3=Tilak|first3=Marie-ka|last4=Douzery|first4=Emmanuel J. P.|date=2013-03-01|title=Diversification of South American spiny rats (Echimyidae): a multigene phylogenetic approach|journal=Zoologica Scripta|language=en|volume=42|issue=2|pages=117–134|doi=10.1111/j.1463-6409.2012.00572.x|issn=1463-6409}}</ref><ref name="Loss2014">{{Cite journal|last1=Loss|first1=Ana|last2=Moura|first2=Raquel T.|last3=Leite|first3=Yuri L. R.|date=2014|title=Unexpected phylogenetic relationships of the painted tree rat ''Callistomys pictus'' (Rodentia: Echimyidae)|url=http://www.naturezaonline.com.br/natureza/conteudo/pdf/05_LossACetal_132-136.pdf|journal=Natureza on Line|volume=12|pages=132–136|access-date=2017-12-22|archive-date=2021-06-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623231029/http://www.naturezaonline.com.br/natureza/conteudo/pdf/05_LossACetal_132-136.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Fabre2014">{{Cite journal|last1=Fabre|first1=Pierre-Henri|last2=Vilstrup|first2=Julia T.|last3=Raghavan|first3=Maanasa|last4=Der Sarkissian|first4=Clio|last5=Willerslev|first5=Eske|last6=Douzery|first6=Emmanuel J. P.|last7=Orlando|first7=Ludovic|date=2014-07-01|title=Rodents of the Caribbean: origin and diversification of hutias unravelled by next-generation museomics|journal=Biology Letters|language=en|volume=10|issue=7|pages=20140266|doi=10.1098/rsbl.2014.0266|pmid=25115033|issn=1744-9561|pmc=4126619}}</ref><ref name="Upham2015">{{Cite book|title=Biology of caviomorph rodents: diversity and evolution|last1=Upham|first1=Nathan S.|last2=Patterson|first2=Bruce D.|publisher=SAREM Series A, Mammalogical Research — Sociedad Argentina para el Estudio de los Mamíferos|year=2015|editor-last1=Vassallo|editor-first1=Aldo Ivan|location=Buenos Aires|pages=63–120|chapter=Evolution of Caviomorph rodents: a complete phylogeny and timetree for living genera|editor-last2=Antenucci|editor-first2=Daniel}}</ref><ref name="Fabre2016"/><ref name="Fabre2017"/><br />
|align=center<br />
|clades={{Cladogram of Echimyini genera}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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{{Echimyidae nav}}<br />
{{Taxonbar|from=Q911355}}<br />
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[[Category:Isothrix| ]]<br />
[[Category:Echimyini]]<br />
[[Category:Rodent genera]]<br />
[[Category:Taxa named by Johann Andreas Wagner]]</div>imported>Dimadick