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{{Short description|Archeological geographical area of the America's}}
{{more footnotes|date=July 2015}}
[[File:Chibcha lang.png|thumb|350px|Map of the Intermediate Area]]
The '''Intermediate Area''' is an [[Archeology|archaeological]] [[geographical area]] of [[the Americas]] that was defined in its clearest form by [[Gordon R. Willey]] in his 1971 book ''An Introduction to American Archaeology, Vol. 2: South America'' (Prentice Hall: Englewood Cliffs, NJ). It comprises the geographical region between [[Mesoamerica]] to the north and the Central [[Andes]] to the south, including portions of [[Honduras]] and [[Nicaragua]] and most of the territory of the republics of [[Costa Rica]], [[Panama]] and [[Colombia]]. As an archaeological concept, the Intermediate Area has always been somewhat poorly defined.

Because it was not home to ancient [[state societies]] but was predominated by early [[chiefdom]]s at the time of the [[Spanish conquest]], it was sometimes regarded as a kind of cultural backwater that contributed little to the emergence of [[Pre-Columbian]] civilization in the [[New World]]. However, recent archaeological research has demonstrated that this part of the Americas had some of the earliest agriculture, pottery, and metallurgy in the hemisphere.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Peregrine|first1=Peter N|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0525-9|title=Encyclopedia of Prehistory: Volume 5: Middle America|last2=Ember|first2=Melvin|date=2002|publisher=Springer US|isbn=978-1-4615-0525-9|location=Boston, MA|doi=10.1007/978-1-4615-0525-9|language=English|oclc=858882346}}</ref>

Given new findings, it is likely to have played a critical role in the transmission of culture both to and between neighboring regions to the north and south. Recently, concepts such as that of the [[Isthmo-Colombian Area]] have been offered as an alternative to the Intermediate Area with the intention of creating a neutral term.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author=Cooke, Richard |year=2001 |article=Gran Coclé| encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Prehistory|volume=5 : Middle America |editor2-first=Peter Neal|editor2-last=Peregrine|editor2-link=Peter N. Peregrine|editor1-first=Melvin|editor1-last=Ember|editor1-link=Melvin Ember|location=New York |publisher=[[Kluwer Academic]]/[[Plenum Publishers]], in conjunction with the [[Human Relations Area Files]] at Yale University |pages=239–256|isbn=0-306-46259-1 |oclc=84088734}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author=Corrales Ulloa, Francisco |year=2001 |article=Chiriqui| encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Prehistory|volume= 5 : Middle America |editor2-first=Peter Neal|editor2-last=Peregrine|editor2-link=Peter N. Peregrine|editor1-first=Melvin|editor1-last=Ember|editor1-link=Melvin Ember|location=New York |publisher=[[Kluwer Academic]]/[[Plenum Publishers]], in conjunction with the [[Human Relations Area Files]] at Yale University |pages=54–68|isbn=0-306-46259-1 |oclc=84088734}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author=Hoopes, John W. |year=2001a |article=Early Chibcha| encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Prehistory|volume=5 : Middle America |editor2-first=Peter Neal|editor2-last=Peregrine|editor2-link=Peter N. Peregrine|editor1-first=Melvin|editor1-last=Ember|editor1-link=Melvin Ember|location=New York |publisher=[[Kluwer Academic]]/[[Plenum Publishers]], in conjunction with the [[Human Relations Area Files]] at Yale University |pages=100–115|isbn=0-306-46259-1 |oclc=84088734}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author=Hoopes, John W. |year=2001b |article=Late Chibcha| encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Prehistory|volume=5 : Middle America |editor2-first=Peter Neal|editor2-last=Peregrine|editor2-link=Peter N. Peregrine|editor1-first=Melvin|editor1-last=Ember|editor1-link=Melvin Ember|location=New York |publisher=[[Kluwer Academic]]/[[Plenum Publishers]], in conjunction with the [[Human Relations Area Files]] at Yale University |pages=239–256|isbn=0-306-46259-1 |oclc=84088734}}
* {{cite book |author=Hoopes, John W. |author2=Oscar M. Fonseca Z. |year=2003 |chapter=Goldwork and Chibchan Identity: Endogenous Change and Diffuse Unity in the Isthmo-Colombian Area |chapter-url=http://www.humanas.unal.edu.co/colantropos/documentos/hoopes_oro.pdf |edition=online e-text reproduction |editor=Jeffrey Quilter |editor2=John W. Hoopes |title=Gold and Power in Ancient Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia: A Symposium at Dumbarton Oaks, 9 and 10 October 1999 |location=Washington, DC |publisher=[[Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection]] |pages=[https://archive.org/details/goldpowerinancie0000unse/page/49 49–90] |isbn=0-88402-294-3 |oclc=54110115 |url=https://archive.org/details/goldpowerinancie0000unse/page/49 }}
* {{cite book |author=Quilter, Jeffrey |year=2003 |chapter=Introduction: The Golden Bridge of the Daríen |chapter-url=http://www.doaks.org/publications/doaks_online_publications/GoldandPower/GoldandPower00.pdf |edition=online e-text reproduction |editor=Jeffrey Quilter |editor2=John W. Hoopes |title=Gold and Power in Ancient Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia: A Symposium at Dumbarton Oaks, 9 and 10 October 1999 |location=Washington, DC |publisher=[[Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection]] |pages=[https://archive.org/details/goldpowerinancie0000unse/page/n14 1]–14 |isbn=0-88402-294-3 |oclc=54110115 |url-status=dead |url=https://archive.org/details/goldpowerinancie0000unse |url-access=registration |access-date=18 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613062537/http://doaks.org/publications/doaks_online_publications/GoldandPower/GoldandPower00.pdf |archive-date=13 June 2010 }}

{{refend}}

[[Category:Archaeology in the Americas]]
[[Category:Pre-Columbian cultural areas]]

Intermediate Area - Revision history

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