imported>Citation bot: Add: s2cid. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Abductive | #UCB_webform 3311/3850

2023-03-15T10:39:49Z

Add: s2cid. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Abductive | #UCB_webform 3311/3850

New page

{{Short description|Theory of brain development}}
'''Interactive Specialization''' is a theory of brain development proposed by the British developmental cognitive neuroscientist [[Mark H. Johnson (professor)|Mark Johnson]], formerly head of the Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.cbcd.bbk.ac.uk/ | title=Home | Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development}}</ref> at [[Birkbeck, University of London]], London and who is now Head of Psychology at the University of Cambridge.

In his book ''Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience''
,<ref name="Johnson2005">{{cite book|last=Johnson|first=Mark|title=Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 2nd Ed.|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|location=Oxford|year=2005|isbn= 978-1-4051-2629-8}}</ref> Johnson contrasts two views of development. According to the first, the maturational hypothesis, the relationship between structure and function (i.e. which parts of the brain perform a particular task) is static, and specific cognitive skills come “on-line” as the cortical circuitry intrinsic to a particular task matures. Johnson likens this to a "mosaic" view of development.

According to the second, the Interactive Specialization (IS) <ref name="Johnson2005" />
<ref>{{cite journal|author=Johnson, M.H.|title=Functional brain development in infants: Elements of an interactive specialization framework|year=2000|journal=Child Development|issue=1
|pages=75–81|volume=71|doi=10.1111/1467-8624.00120|pmid=10836560}}</ref> hypothesis, development is
not a unidirectional maturational process, but rather a set of complex, dynamic and back-propagated interactions between genetics, brain, body and environment. Development is not a simple question of a brain being built according to a pre-specified genetic blueprint - rather, the components of the brain are interacting with each other constantly - even prenatally, when patterns of spontaneous firing of cells in the eyes (before they have opened) transmit signals that appear to help develop the layered structure of the [[lateral geniculate nucleus]]
.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=O'Leary D.D.M |author2=Nakagawa Y. |title=Patterning centers, regulatory genes and extrinsic mechanisms controlling arealization of the neocortex|year=2002|journal=Current Opinion in Neurobiology|issue=1
|pages=14–25|volume=12|doi=10.1016/S0959-4388(02)00285-4|pmid=11861160|s2cid=15149973 }}</ref>

The hypothesis has attracted increasing attention in recent years as a number of neuroimaging studies on younger children have provided data that appears to fit specific predictions made by Johnson's model
<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Redcay E. |author2=Haist F. |author3=Courchesne E. |title=Paper: Functional neuroimaging of speech perception during a pivotal period in language acquisition|year=2008|journal=Developmental Science|issue=2
|pages=237–252|volume=11|doi=10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00674.x|pmid=18333980}}</ref>
.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Amso D. |author2=Casey B.J. |title=Paper: Beyond what develops when: neuroimaging may inform how cognition changes with development|year=2006|journal=Current Directions in Psychological Science|issue=1
|pages=24–28|volume=15|doi=10.1111/j.0963-7214.2006.00400.x|s2cid=16622362 }}</ref>

==Influences==
In 1996, Johnson co-authored (with [[Jeffrey Elman]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20080307054027/http://www.psyc.bbk.ac.uk/research/DNL/personalpages/annette.html Annette Karmiloff-Smith], [[Elizabeth Bates]], Domenico Parisi, and Kim Plunkett), the book ''[[Rethinking Innateness]]''
<ref>{{cite book|last=Elman|first=Jeffrey|title=Rethinking Innateness: A Connectionist Perspective on Development|url=https://archive.org/details/rethinkinginnate00elma|url-access=registration|publisher=MIT Press|location=Cambridge, MA|year=1996|isbn= 978-0-262-55030-7|display-authors=etal}}</ref>
, which argues against a strong nativist (innate) view on development. Other key influences include Gilbert Gottlieb's theory of Probabilistic Epigenesis
,<ref>{{cite journal|author=Gottlieb, G., Lickliter, R.|title=FProbabilistic epigenesis|year=2007|journal=Developmental Science|issue=1
|pages=1–11|volume=10|pmid=17181692|doi=10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00556.x}}</ref> a framework that emphasizes the reciprocity and ubiquity of gene-environment interaction in the realization of all phenotypes, and work on developmental disorders by [[Annette Karmiloff-Smith]].

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Neuroscience]]
[[Category:Brain]]

Interactive specialization - Revision history

imported>Citation bot: Add: s2cid. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Abductive | #UCB_webform 3311/3850