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Moving Category:Economy of Bangalore to Category:Economy of Bengaluru per Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy

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{{short description|Aspects of Bengaluru's infrastructure}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
[[Bengaluru]] is the capital and the largest city of the [[India]]n [[States of India|state]] of [[Karnataka]]. It is India's [[List of most populous cities in India|third largest city]] and [[List of most populous metropolitan areas in India|fifth largest metropolitan area]]. Modern Bengaluru was founded in 1537 [[Common Era|CE]] by [[Kempe Gowda]], a [[vassal]] of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. Kempe Gowda built a mud [[fort]] in the vicinity of modern Bengaluru. By 1831, the city was incorporated into the [[British Raj]] with the establishment of the [[Bangalore Cantonment]]. The British returned dominion of the city to the [[Kingdom of Mysore|King of Mysore]], choosing however, to retain jurisdiction over the [[cantonment]]. Therefore, Bengaluru essentially became a [[Twin cities (geographical proximity)|twin city]], with civic and infrastructural developments of the cantonment conforming to European styles of planning.

For most of the period after Indian independence in 1947, Bengaluru was a [[Status of Indian cities|B-1 status city]], and was not considered to be one of India's "4 major [[Metropolitan cities of India|metropolitan cities]]". The growth of Information Technology in the city, which is the largest contributor to India's software exports, has led to a decadal growth that is second to only that of India's capital New Delhi. The city's roads, however, were not designed to accommodate the vehicular traffic, growing at an average of 8% annually, that prevails in Bengaluru. This leads to heavy [[Traffic Problems in Bengaluru|slow traffic and traffic jams in Bengaluru]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=16 January 2024 |title=More vehicles, not enough roads leave Bengaluru choking |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/more-vehicles-not-enough-roads-leave-bengaluru-choking-2850128 |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Particularly during the monsoon season, commute becomes a challenge. The crippling infrastructure and lack of a robust mass transit network have led to the city having one of the worst average commute times in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mulukutla |first=Pawan |date=2 August 2022 |title=Easing traffic woes in Bengaluru |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/easing-traffic-woes-in-bengaluru-1132186.html |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

==Early city planning and infrastructure==
[[Image:Bangalore1924 map.png|thumb|250px|A 1924 map of Bangalore showing the major roads and localities of the Bangalore ''pete'' and the [[Bangalore Cantonment]]. The Bangalore fort is located in the western part of the city.]]Within the fort built by Kempe Gowda I, the town was divided into ''pete''s or localities such as Chikpete, Dodpete and Balepete, with each area intended for different artisans and tradesman. Markets within the town were divided by the nature of the provisions supplied and services rendered – Aralpete, Akkipete, Ragipete, Balepete and Taragupete sold various provisions while Kumbarpete, Ganginarpete, Upparpete, Nagartharapete catered to services. The town within the fort had two main streets – Chikpete street and Dodpete street. Chikpete street ran east–west and Dodpete street ran north–south. Their intersection formed the heart of the town – Dodpete square. The town within the fort was cordoned by nine gates. The four main gates of the fort were [[Ulsoor|Halasuru]] (east), Sondekoppa (west), [[Yelahanka]] (north) and [[Anekal]] (south).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/18/stories/2002071800480200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030701030020/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/18/stories/2002071800480200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 July 2003 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=A grand dream |date=18 July 2002}}</ref> Kempe Gowda encouraged the construction of [[Hindu temple|temples]] and residential areas, known as ''agraharas'' within the town. Kempe Gowda I sanctioned the construction of lakes within the [[landlocked]] city, to provide for a source of water supply. The city's residential areas further developed under Kempe Gowda II, who built four towers to demarcate Bangalore's boundaries. These towers in the modern localities of [[Lal Bagh]], Kempambudhi [[water tank|Tank]], Ulsoor lake, and the vicinity of [[Ramana Maharshi]] Ashram.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/02/22/stories/2005022201010300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001002555/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/02/22/stories/2005022201010300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 October 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=keyword:heritage |date=22 February 2005}}</ref> In 1758, Bangalore was given as a ''jahagir'' to [[Hyder Ali|Haider Ali]], [[Commander-in-chief]] of the [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore army]]. Haider Ali built the Delhi and Mysore gates of the fort and further strengthened it with stone walls. The [[Lal Bagh]] [[botanical garden]] was established in the city during the reigns of Haider Ali and his son, [[Tipu Sultan]]. Captured by the British after the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] in 1799, Bangalore fell into the dominion of the [[British Raj]]. The [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]] of Mysore, [[Poornaiah]], contributed to the development of Bangalore's infrastructure between 1799 and 1811 CE. He renovated the temple inside the fort and built a [[choultry]] for travellers in Tulasi Thota. The British moved their [[garrison]] from [[Srirangapatna]] to Bangalore in 1831, establishing the [[Bangalore Cantonment]]. The officer in charge of the city was known as ''[[Huzoor]] Shirastedar''. [[Mark Cubbon (army officer)|Sir Mark Cubbon]], [[commissioner]] of the city from 1834 to 1861, was responsible for introducing [[Kannada]] as the official language and for sanctioning the construction of roads and bridges, as well as setting up the [[telegraph]] system in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/08/08/stories/2002080800520200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030701114437/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/08/08/stories/2002080800520200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 July 2003 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Modernity arrives |date=8 August 2002}}</ref>

The [[South Parade, Bangalore|South Parade]], today known as [[MG Road, Bangalore|M.G. Road]], became a fashionable area with bars, and restaurants. In his book ''Bangalore: Scenes from an Indian City'', M. N. Srinivas opines that the reasons leading to the haphazard development of narrow, winding roads around the civilian areas around the cantonment was because the British chose to ignore the development of these areas, which were normally reserved for non-European labourers. The first railway lines between Bangalore and [[Jolarpet]] were laid in 1864 under the directives of Cubbon. His successor, [[Lewin Bentham Bowring]] (1862–1870) established the first organised law enforcement units in the city as well the [[sanitary sewer|sewerage]] system and the department of [[Census|Survey and Settlement]]. In 1862, the ''Town Municipality of Bangalore'' was constituted under [[Act of Parliament|Act]] No. XXVI of 1850. The municipality board, comprising two European officials, four local officials and two non-officials met biweekly to discuss matters on the city's [[sanitation]] and improvement. The jurisdiction of the municipality included Balepet, Manavarthpet and Halsurpet. The first project of the municipality was the construction of a [[moat]] around the [[Defensive wall|ramparts]] of the old Bangalore fort. In 1866, the municipality installed [[kerosene]] [[street lamp|lamps]] on principal streets. A parallel municipality was established in the Bangalore Cantonment in 1862 with [[Indian Rupee|Rs.]] 37,509. The jurisdiction of the cantonment municipality included the [[Ulsoor]] division, Southern division, East General [[Bazaar]] division, West General Bazaar division, Cleveland Town division and High Ground division. Though the Bangalore town and the Cantonment had separate municipal bodies, they both reported to the President of Bangalore Town Municipality. Despite the establishment of municipal bodies, civic infrastructure in the city did not see considerable improvement. Uncovered drains, some between {{convert|10|ft|m}} deep by {{convert|6|ft|m}} wide, were common in the town. Contractors of the municipality subordinated farmers for the removal of filth in the cantonment, which they in turn, used as [[manure]]. The efficacy of this agreement was minimal during agricultural seasons. Contractors engaged in building construction employing more than 10 labourers, were required to maintain a [[latrine]] for their use and clean it daily.

The [[bubonic plague]] of 1897–98 had a dramatic effect on the improvements of sanitation and health facilities. Telephone lines were laid to help coordinate anti-plague operations. To prevent the spread of the epidemic, several unsanitary houses were demolished, and with a lack of manpower to accomplish the demolitions, [[convict]]s from the Central [[Prison|Jail]] were requisitioned.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2005/06/14/stories/2005061400900300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060919095147/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2005/06/14/stories/2005061400900300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 September 2006 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Metro Plus Bangalore / Heritage : Fear of the plague |date=14 June 2005}}</ref> In 1892, the Western extension was formed in the city and sites measuring {{convert|30|ft|m|abbr=on}}. by {{convert|108|ft|m|abbr=on}}. were sold, by community. This extension was later named Chamarajendrapet. A similar extension was formed in the north of the city, called Sheshadripuram, after Diwam [[Sheshadri Iyer]]. The relieve the city of congestion, two new extensions, [[Malleswaram]] and [[Basavanagudi]] were formed. New roads were constructed linking the new localities and [[ward (politics)|wards]] of the city during this time. The [[Avenue (landscape)|Avenue]] Road, so called because of being lined by trees on either side, was the commercial hub of the city. The B.V.K. [[Iyengar]] Road was constructed as a direct tributary of the Mysore Road. The [[silver jubilee]] park near K.R. Market was laid to commemorate the silver jubilee of the accession of the king of Mysore, [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV]] in 1927. The road on one side of the park was named Silver Jubilee road and Narasimharaja Road on the other. [[Anand Rao]] [[Roundabout|Circle]] was laid in honour of the Mysore Diwan, while [[Sajjan Rao]] Circle was named after a philanthropist. In August 1948, the [[Governor General of India]], C. Rajagopalachari inaugurated the [[Jayanagar, Bangalore|Jayanagar]] extension, named after the last ruler of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]], Jayachamrajendra [[Wodeyar]]. On 3 July 1949, the industrial suburb of the city was inaugurated by the [[Maharajah]] of Mysore and was named [[Rajajinagar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2005/06/28/stories/2005062800890300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060920102031/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2005/06/28/stories/2005062800890300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2006-09-20 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2005-06-28 |title=Metro Plus Bangalore / Heritage : Making of city's wards }}</ref> In 1905, Bangalore became the first city in India to be electrified, powered by the [[hydroelectric]] plant in [[Shivanasamudra]].{{Citation needed|reason=reliable source needed for the whole sentence|date=April 2014}}

==Development after independence==
{{See also|Visvesvaraya Centre}}
[[Image:Bangalore LadyCurzonHospital.jpg|thumb|250px|The Lady Curzon Hospital, now known as Bowring and Lady Curzon Hospital was established in 1864 and named after the first [[Viceroy]] of India, [[Lord Curzon]].]] After [[Partition of India|Indian independence]] in 1947, the two municipalities of the cantonment and Bangalore town were united under the Bangalore Municipal Corporation Act LXIX (1949) to form a single municipality for the city – the [[Bangalore Mahanagara Palike|Bangalore City Corporation]] (BCC). The new corporation consisted of 50 wards and 75 councillors. The first elections to the BCC under adult [[Suffrage|franchise]] were held in December 1950, with [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]] candidate R. Anantharaman elected as first mayor of independent Bangalore. The needs of a growing city led to the rapid growth of civic bodies in the city. The BDA Act of 1976 reconstituted and reorganised the City Improvement Trust Board to form the [[Bangalore Development Authority]] (BDA), whose objective was to ensure proper planning and development of the [[metropolitan area]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2006/01/03/stories/2006010300390300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060818183417/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2006/01/03/stories/2006010300390300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2006-08-18 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2006-01-03 |title=Metro Plus Bangalore / Heritage : Burgeoning Bangalore }}</ref> Bangalore's city layout today has various types of "growth poles",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/Utility/transport/pdf/203.pdf |title=Microsoft Word – tempans.doc }}</ref> consisting of Markets – [[Krishnarajendra Wodeyar|K.R. Market]], [[Malleshwaram]], Magadi Road, [[Ulsoor]] and others, Commercial Centres – [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]] [[Bazaar]], MG Road, Brigade Road, Commercial streets among others, Industrial layouts – [[Electronics City]], [[Bharat Electronics Limited]] layout and HAL Layout, and other socio-economic precursors – Hospitals ([http://www.mallyahospital.net/about-us.html Mallya], Bowring and Lady Curson, Vanivilas) and areas of religious and ethnic concentration.

The [[Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board]] (BWSSB) was constituted in 1968<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071019014042/http://indiagovernance.gov.in/GKC/GKC_WebUI/Portal/TaxonomyShowCase/ShowCaseStudy.aspx?CSID=366&tid=351 "e-Governance in Bangalore Water Supply & Sewerage Board", India Governance Knowledge Center, accessed August 11, 2007]</ref> to supply water to the city and to provide for the disposal of [[sewage]]. The [[Karnataka Electricity Board]] (KEB) was formed in 1957. Losses in revenues through the mid-1980s and 1990s prompted the Karnataka Legislature to pass the Karnataka Electricity Reforms Act in 1999, which corporatised the KEB into the [[KPTCL|Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited]] (KPTCL), with the distribution of [[Bangalore division]] vested with the [[KPTCL|Bangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited]] (BESCOM), which caters to 2.1 million customers in the Bangalore metropolitan area. To cater to the electricity needs of a growing population, BESCOM has sought to commission 11 additional 66/11 [[volt|kV]] substations. Over 4,000 distribution [[transformer]] centres were added. One survey indicates that 94% of citizens were satisfied with BESCOM's performance. However, Bangalore continues to experience residential and industrial power outages ("load shedding") for as long as 2 to 4 hours a day, while its contemporaries such as [[Chennai]] and [[Hyderabad]] remain largely free of such outages.<ref>{{cite web|author=Raggi Mudde |url=http://www.karnataka.com/tourism/bangalore/comparison.shtml |title=Bangalore Vs other southern Indian Cities |publisher=Karnataka.com |date=29 September 2007}}</ref>

The [[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation]] (BMTC) was separated from the parent [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation]] through private sector investment,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSARREGTOPTRANSPORT/Resources/UrbanTransportSectorStrategyNote.pdf |title=Urban Transport in Bangalore And Chennai }}</ref> first making a profit of Rs. 267 million (US$5.6 million in 2001–2002. As of 2001, the company operated close to 3000 regular and ''Pushpak'' busses and services 2.8 million customers daily. The [[Bangalore Agenda Task Force]] (BATF), a private-public partnership enterprise, was established during the [[S. M. Krishna]] administration to coordinate civic improvement and development activities with the BDA and BMP. The BATF, along with other civic bodies identified ten junctions and roads for upgrade and improvement, including the [[Bannerghatta Road|Bannerghatta]] ring road junction, [[toll gate]] junction and the [[HAL Airport|Airport]] Inner Ring Road Junction.

Under the leadership of Sir [[Mirza Ismail]], Diwan of Mysore, the [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL), a public sector undertaking was established in Bangalore for the purposes of research and development of [[fighter aircraft]] in the 1940s. The HAL operated an airport for test-flights. The [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation]] (DGCA) obtained a small piece of land, known as ''Civil [[Enclave]]'' for the construction of a civil airport terminal in the HAL airport for handling peak-hour traffic of 300 passengers. By 1991, peak-hour traffic to Bangalore had increased to 1,800 passengers, making HAL the fourth busiest airport in the country by 2004.<ref>[http://www.airportsindia.org.in/aai/news/traffic-trends.xls] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324175253/http://www.airportsindia.org.in/aai/news/traffic-trends.xls|date=24 March 2006}}</ref> When a tender was issued in 1991 by the [[Government of Karnataka]] for the construction of the [[Bangalore International Airport Limited|Bangalore International Airport]], HAL decided to discontinue civil aviation service.<ref name=hal>[http://expressindia.com/fe/daily/19980717/19855344p.html Victim of Politics]. The Indian Express. 2006. The Indian Express Group. 17 Jul. 1998</ref> This led to a prolonged three way tussle for operational ownership between the HAL, the Government of Karnataka. Construction of the Bangalore International Airport (BIAL) was repeatedly delayed due to a lack of agreement between successive administrations and the private consortium over operational ownership of the international airport and the status of HAL airport upon the completion of construction of the international airport.<ref name=hal/> Clearance for the construction of the US$288 million airport was eventually granted in June 2004. The major stakeholders of this project include [[Siemens AG|Siemens]], [[Zurich Airport]], [[Larsen & Toubro]] consortium, Airports Authority of India and Karnataka State Investment and Industrial Development Corporation. Construction work on the airport began in March 2005.

Bangalore's road network exceeds 3,000 km (1,800 mi) and consists of [[ring road]]s, [[arterial road]]s, sub-arterial roads and residential streets. The city road network is mainly radial, converging in the centre. The main roads of Bangalore coming into the city include [[Bellary|Bellary Road]] in the north, [[Tumkur|Tumkur Road]] and [[Mysore|Mysore Road]] in the west, [[NH 209|Kanakpura Road]], [[Bannerghatta Road]] and [[Hosur Road]] in the south and [[HAL Airport|Airport Road]] and [[Chennai|Old Madras Road]] in the east.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.grsproadsafety.org/themes/default/pdfs/Roads%20and%20Traffic.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2006-03-12 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060903033147/http://www.grsproadsafety.org/themes/default/pdfs/Roads%20and%20Traffic.pdf |archivedate=3 September 2006 }}</ref> Many of Bangalore's erstwhile colonial and town streets were developed into commercial and entertainment areas after independence. The B.V.K Iyengar Road became the retail hub of Bangalore, while [[MG Road, Bangalore|MG Road]], [[Commercial Street (Bangalore)|Commercial Street]] and [[Brigade Road]] became important shopping, recreation and corporate areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hdl.handle.net/10919/9941 |title=Microsoft Word – SECTION IV-FINAL.doc |hdl=10919/9941 }}</ref> Consequently, traffic increased, especially on MG Road, which forms the main artery for the city's east–west traffic. But for MG Road, other roads in and around the erstwhile Parade Ground remain narrow, winding roads. Bangalore's vehicular traffic has increased manifold, with 1.6 million registered vehicles in the city – the second highest for an Indian city, after New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nctr.usf.edu/jpt/pdf/JPT%208-1%20Singh.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=15 March 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615101216/http://www.nctr.usf.edu/jpt/pdf/JPT%208-1%20Singh.pdf |archive-date=15 June 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The maintenance and construction of roads to address the growing traffic in the city has been a challenge to the BDA and the BMP. Development of the city road infrastructure has revolved around imposing one-way traffic in certain areas, improving traffic flow in [[junction (road)|junctions]], constructing ring roads, bridges, and other [[grade separator]]s. Six high volume junctions were identified for improvements, through a [[public-private partnership]] involving corporate sponsors and various state government agencies, such as the [[Siddapura, Bangalore|Siddapur Road]] and Hosur Road junction, sponsored by [[Infosys]] and the Airport Road and Intermediate Ring Road junction sponsored by the [[Tata Group|TATAs]]. Flyovers were constructed in the city to ease traffic congestion. Newer flyovers were planned for the city for 2006 and beyond<ref name=newflyovers>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120206205857/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-11-28/bangalore/27855987_1_traffic-police-flyovers-sirsi-circle Traffic police trash all proposed flyovers]. ''The Times of India''. 2006. Bennett Coleman and Co Ltd. 28 November 2005</ref> The construction of flyovers near the Domlur sector was delayed twice while the flyover near the Jayadeva Institute of Cardiology on [[Bannerghatta Road]] was also delayed.<ref name=courtbda>[http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jun232005/index213672005622.asp Court Raps BDA on flyover delays] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060317154149/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jun232005/index213672005622.asp |date=17 March 2006 }}. ''Deccan Herald''. 2006. The Printers (Mysore) Ltd. 22 June 2005</ref>

Some of the flyovers and one-ways mitigated the traffic situation moderately, however the volume of traffic continues to grow at an annual rate of between 7–10%. Roads near [[HAL Airport|Airport Road]] and the residential areas in [[Koramangala]] were dug up for renovation but have remained in this state for over two years.<ref name=flyoverdelay>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120206205902/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-06-05/bangalore/27863247_1_flyover-protest-traffic-jams Residents target delay in flyover]. ''The Times of India''. 2006. Bennett Coleman and Co Ltd. 5 June 2005</ref> The Outer Ring Road was initially constructed to ease truck congestion in the city, however the growth of suburbs reduced the positive impact of the ring road.<ref name=ringroad>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060629131729/http://www.hindu.com/2005/06/21/stories/2005062119600300.htm Peripheral Ring Road work may begin by December]. ''The Hindu''. 2006. 21 June 2005</ref> Bangalore Development Authority is laying additional lanes on many of the major roads around Bangalore. The Peripheral Ring Road, expected to be completed in 2007, is designed to be<ref name=peripheral2>[http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/dec142005/city19334820051213.asp Peripheral ring road to be thrown open next month?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060317154912/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/dec142005/city19334820051213.asp |date=17 March 2006 }}. ''Deccan Herald''. 2006. 13 December 2005</ref> concentric to the Outer Ring Road and covers 108.9 km. The [[Hosur]] Road, which connects Bangalore to the [[Electronics City]], is heavily congested and is part of the [[National Highway (India)|National Highway]] (NH7), therefore witnesses heavy truck traffic as well.<ref name=hosurroad>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120206205907/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-01-19/bangalore/27820369_1_silver-jubilee-expressway-work-state-for-road-transport Work on Bangalore-Hosur Road from Feb]. ''The Times of India''. 2006. Bennett Coleman and Co Ltd. 16 January 2006</ref>

Rapid population growth in Bangalore was brought about by the IT and other associated industries, leading to an increase in the vehicular population to about 1.5 million, with an annual growth rate of 7–10%.<ref name=trafficstat>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120206205911/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-08-13/bangalore/27222407_1_road-space-road-infrastructure-population Road yet to catch up with city]. ''The Times of India''. 2006. Bennett Coleman and Co Ltd. 13 August 2001</ref> Bangalore's infrastructural woes have led to protests by students and IT workers in the city.<ref name=protests>[https://web.archive.org/web/20051202132702/http://www1.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/cms.dll/articleshow?msid=873568 Bannerghatta Road drives IIM-B students to streets]''The Times of India''. 2004. Bennett Coleman and Co Ltd. 5 October 2004</ref> In July 2004 [[Wipro]]'s CEO [[Azim Premji]] threatened to pull his company out of the city unless there was a drastic improvement in infrastructure over the next few years, stating "We do not see the situation (state of Bangalore's infrastructure) improving in the near future".<ref name=wipro>[http://www.rediff.com/money/2004/jul/27wipro.htm Wipro threatens to quit Bangalore]. Rediff.com. 2006. Rediff.com India Limited. 27 July 2004</ref> Ideological clashes between the city's IT moguls, who demand addressing of the infrastructural problems of the city, and the successive state governments, whose electoral base is primarily rural Karnataka's agricultural workers, are common<ref name=murthysingh>[http://www.indianexpress.com/full_story.php?content_id=60231 Bangalore Crumbling]. ''The Indian Express''. 4 December 2004</ref> In 2005, however, the [[Government of India|Central]] and state governments allocated sizeable funding from their annual budgets towards the improvement of Bangalore's infrastructure.

==References and notes==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* {{Citation |title=Landscapes of Necessity. Envision a water resilient Hebbal Kempapura |date=January-April 2019 |url=https://issuu.com/nusdoa2020/docs/landscape_of_necessity_2019-1 |editor-last=Hye |editor-first=Hwang Yun |others=Authors of Work: Mitali Kumar, Elsa Sim Rui Jia, Dai Yuke, Yang Xiaowen, Tang Mengjiao Zhang Qinqin, Muhammad Rahmat Bin Khairudin, Isabel Villegas Molina, Chen Nan Manasi Venkatesh Prabhudesai, Chan Wing Fai, Liu Ye, Hou Yanru. Tutor: Hwang Yun Hye (NUS) |publisher=CASA Centre of Advanced Studies in Architecture, NUS School of Design and Environment, Department of Architecture, National University of Singapore |isbn=978-981-11-6460-6}}
{{Bangalore}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Infrastructure in Bangalore}}
[[Category:Economy of Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Infrastructure in India]]

Infrastructure in Bengaluru - Revision history

imported>JJMC89 bot III: Moving :Category:Economy of Bangalore to :Category:Economy of Bengaluru per Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy