imported>1234qwer1234qwer4: /* Parallel computing */ only linked later

2024-04-20T18:05:29Z

Parallel computing: only linked later

New page

{{For|the implementation of Python under the .NET Framework|IronPython}}
{{Short description|Advanced interactive shell for Python}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox software
| name = IPython
| title =
| logo = IPython Logo.png
| logo size = 220px
| logo alt =
| logo caption =
| screenshot = IPython-6.x-screenshot-osx.png
| screenshot size = 220px
| screenshot alt = Screenshot of IPython 6.x on Mac OS, showing the computation of a fourier transform using numpy.
| caption = IPython Shell
| collapsible =
| author = [[Fernando Pérez (software developer)|Fernando Perez]]<ref name=history>{{cite web|url=http://blog.fperez.org/2012/01/ipython-notebook-historical.html|title=The IPython notebook: a historical retrospective|date=8 January 2012|publisher=Fernando Perez Blog}}</ref>
| developer = Brian E. Granger, Min Ragan-Kelley, Paul Ivanov, Thomas Kluyver, Matthias Bussonnier
| released = {{Start date and age|2001|df=yes}}<ref name=history />
| discontinued =
| latest_release_version = {{wikidata|property|reference|edit|Q2659957|P348}}
| latest_release_date = {{start date and age|{{wikidata|qualifier|Q2659957|P348|P577}}}}
| latest preview version =
| latest preview date =
| programming language = [[Python (programming language)|Python]], [[JavaScript]], [[Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]], [[HTML]]
| operating system = [[Cross-platform]]
| platform =
| size =
| language =
| language count = 
| language footnote =
| genre = [[Shell (computing)|Shell]]
| license = [[BSD license|BSD]]
| alexa =
| standard =
| AsOf =
}}
'''IPython''' (Interactive Python) is a [[Shell (computing)|command shell]] for interactive computing in multiple programming languages, originally developed for the [[Python (programming language)|Python programming language]], that offers [[Introspection (computer science)|introspection]], [[rich media]], shell syntax, [[tab completion]], and history. IPython provides the following features:

* Interactive shells (terminal and [[Qt (software)|Qt]]-based).
* A browser-based [[notebook interface]] with support for code, text, mathematical expressions, inline plots and other media.
* Support for interactive data visualization and use of GUI toolkits.
* Flexible, embeddable interpreters to load into one's own projects.
* Tools for [[parallel computing]].

IPython is a [[NumFOCUS]] fiscally sponsored project.<ref>{{cite web|title=NumFOCUS Sponsored Projects|url=https://numfocus.org/sponsored-projects|publisher=NumFOCUS|access-date=2021-10-25}}</ref>

== Parallel computing ==
[[File:IpythonArchitecture.png|thumbnail|Architectural View of IPython's parallel machinery]]
IPython is based on an architecture that provides parallel and distributed computing. IPython enables parallel applications to be developed, executed, debugged and monitored interactively, hence the I (Interactive) in IPython.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Helen|first1=Shen|title=Interactive notebooks: Sharing the code|journal=Nature|date=2014|volume=515|issue=7525|pages=151–152|doi=10.1038/515151a|pmid=25373681|bibcode=2014Natur.515..151S|doi-access=free}}</ref> This architecture abstracts out parallelism, enabling IPython to support many different styles of parallelism<ref>{{cite web|title=Using IPython for Parallel computing - IPython docs|url=https://ipython.org/ipython-doc/stable/parallel/parallel_intro.html}}</ref> including:

* Single program, multiple data ([[SPMD]]) parallelism
* Multiple program, multiple data ([[MPMD]]) parallelism
* Message passing using [[Message Passing Interface|MPI]]
* [[Task parallelism]]
* [[Data parallelism]]
* Combinations of these approaches
* Custom user defined approaches

With the release of IPython 4.0, the parallel computing capabilities were made optional and released under the [https://pypi.org/project/ipyparallel/ ipyparallel] python package. And most of the capabilities of ipyparallel are now covered by more mature libraries like [[Dask (software)|Dask]].

IPython frequently draws from SciPy stack<ref name="scipystack">{{cite web|url=http://www.scipy.org/install.html|title=SciPy Stack}}</ref> libraries like [[NumPy]] and [[SciPy]], often installed alongside one of many Scientific Python distributions.<ref name="scipystack" /> IPython provides integration with some libraries of the [[SciPy]] stack, notably [[matplotlib]], producing inline graphs when used with the [[Jupyter]] notebook. Python libraries can implement IPython specific hooks to customize rich object display. [[SymPy]] for example implements rendering of mathematical expressions as rendered [[LaTeX]] when used within IPython context, and [[Pandas (software)|Pandas]] dataframe use an HTML representation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://docs.sympy.org/1.1/tutorial/printing.html#setting-up-pretty-printing|title=Printing — SymPy 1.1 documentation|website=docs.sympy.org|access-date=2018-04-11}}</ref>

== Other features ==
IPython allows non-blocking interaction with [[Tkinter]], [[PyGTK]], [[PyQt]]/[[PySide]] and [[wxPython]] (the standard Python shell only allows interaction with Tkinter). IPython can interactively manage parallel [[Computer cluster|computing clusters]] using asynchronous status callbacks and/or [[Message Passing Interface|MPI]]. IPython can also be used as a system shell replacement.<ref name="McKinney">{{cite book|chapter-url=http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920023784.do|last=McKinney|first=Wes|title=Python for Data Analysis|chapter=Chapter 3|year=2012|isbn=978-1-449-31979-3}}</ref> Its default behavior is largely similar to [[Unix shell]]s, but it allows customization and the flexibility of executing code in a live Python environment.

== End of Python 2 support ==
IPython 5.x (Long Time Support) series is the last version of IPython to support Python 2. The IPython project pledged to not support Python 2 beyond 2020<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://blog.jupyter.org/release-of-ipython-5-0-8ce60b8d2e8e|title=Release of IPython 5.0 – Jupyter Blog|date=2016-07-08|work=Jupyter Blog|access-date=2018-04-11}}</ref> by being one of the first projects to join the [http://python3statement.org/ Python 3 Statement], the 6.x series is only compatible with Python 3 and above. It is still possible though to run an IPython kernel and a Jupyter Notebook server on different Python versions allowing users to still access Python 2 on newer version of Jupyter.

== Project Jupyter ==
{{Main|Project Jupyter}}
{{Third-party|section|date=October 2016}}
[[File:IPython-notebook.png|thumb|Old IPython Notebook interface]]

In 2014, IPython creator [[Fernando Pérez (software developer)|Fernando Pérez]] announced a spin-off project from IPython called [[Project Jupyter]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://speakerdeck.com/fperez/project-jupyter|title=Project Jupyter // Speaker Deck}}</ref> IPython continued to exist as a Python shell and kernel for Jupyter, but the [[Notebook interface|notebook]] interface and other language-agnostic parts of IPython were moved under the Jupyter name.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/ipython/ipython|title=The Notebook, Qt console and a number of other pieces are now parts of Jupyter|website=[[GitHub]] |date=17 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://blog.jupyter.org/the-big-split-9d7b88a031a7|title=The Big Split™|date=28 August 2017}}</ref> Jupyter is language agnostic and its name is a reference to core programming languages supported by Jupyter, which are [[Julia (programming language)|Julia]], [[Python (programming language)|Python]], and [[R (programming language)|R]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://github.com/jupyter/design/wiki/Jupyter-Logo|title=Jupyter Logo · jupyter/Design Wiki|website=[[GitHub]] }}</ref>

Jupyter [[Notebook interface|Notebook]] (formerly IPython Notebook) is a [[Rich Internet Application|web-based interactive]] computational environment for creating, executing, and visualizing Jupyter notebooks. It is similar to the notebook interface of other programs such as [[Maple (software)|Maple]], [[Wolfram Mathematica|Mathematica]], and [[SageMath]], a computational interface style that originated with Mathematica in the 1980s.<ref name="Somers2018">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/04/the-scientific-paper-is-obsolete/556676/|title=The Scientific Paper Is Obsolete|last=Somers|first=James|work=The Atlantic|access-date=2018-04-10|language=en-US}}</ref> It supports execution environments (aka kernels) in dozens of languages. By default Jupyter Notebook ships with the IPython kernel, but there are over 100 Jupyter kernels as of May 2018.

== In the media ==
IPython has been mentioned in the popular computing press and other popular media,<ref name="press2">{{cite web|title=Introducing IPython|date=12 September 2005|last=Koziol|first=Conrad|publisher=NewsForge|url=http://archive09.linux.com/feature/47635|access-date=14 June 2012|archive-date=7 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607065802/http://archive09.linux.com/feature/47635|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Somers2018/> and it has a presence at scientific conferences.<ref name="press1">{{cite web|url=https://ipython.org/presentation.html|title=IPython Presentations}}</ref> For scientific and engineering work, it is often presented as a companion tool to [[matplotlib]].<ref name="cise">{{cite journal |last1=Pérez |first1=Fernando |last2=Granger |first2=Brian E. |title=IPython: A System for Interactive Scientific Computing |journal=Computing in Science & Engineering |volume=9 |pages=21–29 |number=3 |year=2007 |url=http://fperez.org/papers/ipython07_pe-gr_cise.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100602042637/http://fperez.org/papers/ipython07_pe-gr_cise.pdf |archive-date= 2 June 2010 |access-date= 30 July 2015|doi=10.1109/MCSE.2007.53 |bibcode=2007CSE.....9c..21P |s2cid=16637923 }}</ref>

== Grants and awards ==
Beginning 1 January 2013, the [[Alfred P. Sloan Foundation]] announced that it would support IPython development for two years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mail.scipy.org/pipermail/ipython-dev/2012-December/010799.html|title=Announcement in scipy mailing list|access-date=12 December 2012|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305020306/https://mail.scipy.org/pipermail/ipython-dev/2012-December/010799.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 23 March 2013, [[Fernando Pérez (software developer)|Fernando Perez]] was awarded the Free Software Foundation [[Free Software Award for Projects of Social Benefit#Advancement of Free Software award|Advancement of Free Software award]] for IPython.

In August 2013, [[Microsoft]] made a donation of $100,000 to sponsor IPython's continued development.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ipython.org/microsoft-donation-2013.html|title=IPython Announcement}}</ref>

In January 2014, it won the [[Jolt Awards|Jolt Productivity Award]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drdobbs.com/joltawards/jolt-awards-coding-tools/240165725?pgno=5|title=Jolt Productivity Award write-up in Dr. Dobb's}}</ref> from [[Dr. Dobb's]] in the category of coding tools. In July 2015, the project won a funding of $6 million from Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Alfred P. Sloan Foundation and Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.moore.org/newsroom/press-releases/2015/07/07/$6m-for-uc-berkeley-and-cal-poly-to-expand-and-enhance-open-source-software-for-scientific-computing-and-data-science|title = $6M for UC Berkeley and Cal Poly to expand and enhance open-source software for scientific computing and data science|access-date = 13 August 2015}}</ref>

In May 2018, it was awarded the 2017 ACM Software System Award.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://awards.acm.org/software-system|title=Recent Software System Award News}}</ref> It is the largest team to have won the award.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://blog.jupyter.org/jupyter-receives-the-acm-software-system-award-d433b0dfe3a2|title=Jupyter receives the ACM Software System Award}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Free and open-source software|Computer programming}}
* [[Python (programming language)]]
* [[Electronic lab notebook]]
* [[SageMath]]
* [[Project Jupyter]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website}}
* [https://github.com/ipython/ipython/blob/01bd59ec7c184171df0cb0d933c5672e8c20b67e/IPython/core/magics/pylab.py#L37-L100 Inline graphs]
* [https://jupyter.org/ Project Jupyter]

[[Category:Command shells]]
[[Category:Free mathematics software]]
[[Category:Free software programmed in Python]]
[[Category:Notebook interface]]
[[Category:Python (programming language) development tools]]
[[Category:Software using the BSD license]]

IPython - Revision history

imported>1234qwer1234qwer4: /* Parallel computing */ only linked later