imported>UpdateNerd: /* External links */

2025-06-20T05:49:41Z

External links

New page

{{short description|Species of edible fungus of the family Hydnaceae distributed in Europe}}
{{for|the other species named Hedgehog mushroom|Hericium erinaceus}}
{{featured article}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Hedgehog fungi2.jpg
| genus = Hydnum
| species = repandum
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] (1753)<ref name="Linnaeus 1753"/>
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="urlMycoBank: Hydnum repandum"/>
| synonyms =
* ''Hydnum flavidum'' [[Schaeff.]] (1774)<ref name="Schaeffer 1774"/>
* ''Hypothele repanda'' (L.) [[Jean-Jacques Paulet|Paulet]] (1812)
* ''Dentinum repandum'' (L.) [[Samuel Frederick Gray|Gray]] (1821)<ref name="Gray 1821"/>
* ''Tyrodon repandus'' (L.) [[P.Karst.]] (1881)<ref name="Karsten 1881"/>
* ''Sarcodon repandus'' (L.) [[Quél.]] (1886)<ref name="Quélet 1886"/>
}}
{{mycomorphbox
| name = ''Hydnum repandum''
| whichGills = decurrent
| capShape = depressed
| hymeniumType = teeth
| stipeCharacter = bare
| ecologicalType = mycorrhizal
| sporePrintColor = white
| sporePrintColor2 = cream
| howEdible = choice
}}

'''''Hydnum repandum''''', commonly known as the '''sweet tooth''', '''pig's trotter''',<ref name="Arora 1986"/> '''wood hedgehog''' or '''hedgehog mushroom''', is a [[basidiomycete]] fungus of the family [[Hydnaceae]]. First [[species description|described]] by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1753, it is the [[type species]] of the genus ''[[Hydnum]]''. The fungus produces [[fruit bodies]] (mushrooms) that are characterized by their [[Basidiospore|spore]]-bearing structures—in the form of spines rather than [[lamella (mycology)|gills]]—which hang down from the underside of the [[pileus (mycology)|cap]]. The cap is dry, colored yellow to light orange to brown, and often develops an irregular shape, especially when it has grown closely crowded with adjacent fruit bodies. The [[mushroom tissue]] is white with a pleasant odor and a spicy or bitter taste. All parts of the mushroom stain orange with age or when bruised.

A [[mycorrhiza]]l fungus, ''Hydnum repandum'' is broadly distributed in Europe<ref name="Swenie Baroni Matheny pp. 35–72">{{cite journal | last1=Swenie | first1=Rachel A. | last2=Baroni | first2=Timothy J. | last3=Matheny | first3=P. Brandon | title=Six new species and reports of Hydnum (Cantharellales) from eastern North America | journal=MycoKeys | publisher=Pensoft Publishers | date=2018-11-30 | issue=42 | issn=1314-4049 | doi=10.3897/mycokeys.42.27369 | pages=35–72| pmid=30564052 | pmc=6286385 | doi-access=free }}</ref> where it fruits singly or in close groups in [[coniferous]] or [[deciduous]] woodland.<ref name="Nature">{{cite journal | title=Multilocus phylogenetic analyses reveal unexpected abundant diversity and significant disjunct distribution pattern of the Hedgehog Mushrooms ( Hydnum L.) - Scientific Reports | journal=Scientific Reports | date=6 May 2016 | volume=6 | issue=1 | page=25586 | doi=10.1038/srep25586 | last1=Feng | first1=Bang | last2=Wang | first2=Xiang-Hua | last3=Ratkowsky | first3=David | last4=Gates | first4=Genevieve | last5=Lee | first5=Su See | last6=Grebenc | first6=Tine | last7=Yang | first7=Zhu L. | pmid=27151256 | pmc=4858670 | bibcode=2016NatSR...625586F }}</ref><ref name="Wildflowers, wild orchids, fungi, wildlife; nature books, reserves">{{cite web | title=Hydnum repandum, Wood Hedgehog mushroom | website=Wildflowers, wild orchids, fungi, wildlife; nature books, reserves | url=https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/hydnum-repandum.php | access-date=2019-11-18}}</ref> This is a choice [[edible mushroom|edible]] species, although mature specimens can develop a bitter taste. It has no poisonous lookalikes.

== Taxonomy ==
First officially [[species description|described]] by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in his 1753 ''[[Species Plantarum]]'', ''Hydnum repandum'' was [[sanctioned name|sanctioned]] by Swedish mycologist [[Elias Fries]] in 1821.<ref name="Fries 1821"/> The species has been shuffled among several genera: ''Hypothele'' by French naturalist [[Jean-Jacques Paulet]] in 1812; ''Dentinum'' by British botanist [[Samuel Frederick Gray]] in 1821; ''Tyrodon'' by Finnish mycologist [[Petter Karsten]] in 1881; ''[[Sarcodon]]'' by French naturalist [[Lucien Quélet]] in 1886.<ref name="urlMycoBank: Hydnum repandum"/> After a 1977 [[binomial nomenclature|nomenclatural]] proposal by American mycologist [[Ron Petersen|Ronald H. Petersen]]<ref name="Petersen 1977"/> was accepted, ''Hydnum repandum'' became the official [[type species]] of the genus ''Hydnum''. Previously, supporting arguments for making ''H. repandum'' the type were made by Dutch taxonomist [[Marinus Anton Donk]] (1958)<ref name="Donk 1958"/> and Petersen (1973),<ref name="Petersen 1973"/> while Czech mycologist [[Zdeněk Pouzar]] (1958)<ref name="Pouzar 1958"/> and Canadian mycologist [[Kenneth A. Harrison|Kenneth Harrison]] (1971) thought that ''[[Sarcodon imbricatus|H. imbricatum]]'' should be the type.<ref name="Harrison 1971"/>

Several [[form (botany)|forms]] and [[variety (botany)|varieties]] of ''H. repandum'' have been described. Forms ''albidum'' and ''rufescens'', found in Russia, were published by T.L. Nikolajeva in 1961;<ref name="Nikolajeva 1961"/> the latter [[taxon]] is [[synonym (biology)|synonymous]] with ''[[Hydnum rufescens|H. rufescens]]''.<ref name="urlMycoBank: Hydnum repandum f. rufescens "/> Form ''amarum'', published from Slovenia by Zlata Stropnik, Bogdan Tratnik and Garbrijel Seljak in 1988,<ref name="Stropnik 1988"/> is illegitimate as per article 36.1 of the [[International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants]], as it was not given a sufficiently comprehensive description. French botanist [[Jean-Baptiste Barla]] described ''H. repandum'' var. ''rufescens'' in 1859.<ref name="Barla 1859"/> English naturalist [[Carleton Rea]] described the white-fruit bodied version as a variety—''H. repandum'' var. ''album''—in 1922.<ref name="Rea 1922"/>

[[Molecular phylogenetics|Molecular]] studies have shown that the current [[species concept]] for ''H. repandum'' needed revision as there was a poor overlap between [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] and molecular species concepts. A 2009 [[phylogenetic]] analysis of European specimens, based on [[internal transcribed spacer]] and 5.8S DNA sequences, indicated that ''H. repandum'' specimens form two distinct [[clade]]s, whose only consistent morphological distinction is cap size. These genetic differences foreshadowed the presence of undescribed [[cryptic species]], and that the taxon may currently be undergoing intensive [[speciation]].<ref name="Grebenc 2009"/> A comprehensive genetic study published in 2016 of members of the genus worldwide found that there are at least four species in the broad concept of ''H. repandum'': two species from southern China, one from Europe and eastern North America, and ''H. repandum'' itself from Europe and northern (and alpine southwestern) China and Japan. Although it is missing from Central America, genetic material has been recovered from Venezuela from the tree ''[[Pakaraimaea|Pakaraimaea dipterocarpacea]]'', suggesting it somehow migrated there and had changed hosts.<ref name=feng16/>

The [[botanical name|specific epithet]] ''repandum'' means "bent back", referring to the wavy cap margin. The varietal epithet ''album'' means "white as an egg".<ref name="Roody 2003"/> ''Hydnum repandum'' has been given several [[common name|vernacular names]]: "sweet tooth",<ref name="Phillips 2005"/> "yellow tooth fungus",<ref name="Schalkwijk-Barendsen 1991"/> "wood urchin",<ref name="Pegler 1997"/> "spreading hedgehog",<ref name="McKnight 1987"/> "hedgehog mushroom", or "pig's trotter".<ref name="Arora 1986"/> The variety ''album'' is known as "white wood".<ref name="Roody 2003"/>

== Description ==
[[File:Hydnum repandum 78164.jpg|left|thumb|Detail of the spines]]

The orange-, yellow- or tan-colored [[Pileus (mycology)|pileus]] (cap) is up to {{convert|17|cm|frac=2}} wide, although specimens measuring {{convert|25|cm|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} have been documented. It is generally somewhat irregular in shape (possibly being convex or concave at maturity), with a wavy margin that is rolled inward when young.<ref name="Arora 1986"/> Caps grow in a distorted shape when [[fruit bodies]] are closely clustered.<ref name="Laessoe 2002"/> The cap surface is generally dry and smooth, although mature specimens may show cracking.<ref name="Arora 1986"/> Viewed from above, the caps of mature specimens resemble somewhat those of chanterelles.<ref name="urlHydnum"/> The [[trama (mycology)|flesh]] is thick, white, firm, brittle, and bruises yellow to orange-brown. The underside is densely covered with small, slender whitish spines measuring {{convert|2–7|mm|frac=16|abbr=on}} long.<ref name="Arora 1986"/> These spines sometimes run down at least one side of the [[stipe (mycology)|stipe]].<ref name="Pegler 1997"/> The stipe, typically {{convert|3–10|cm|frac=2|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|1–3|cm|frac=4|abbr=on}} thick, is either white or the same color as the cap, and is sometimes off-center.<ref name="Arora 1986"/> It is easy to overlook the mushrooms when they are situated amongst [[agaric|gilled mushrooms]] and [[bolete]]s, because the cap and stipe are fairly nondescript and the mushrooms must be turned over to reveal their spines.<ref name="Abel 1993"/> The pure white variety of this species, ''H. repandum'' var. ''album'', is smaller than the main variety, with a cap measuring {{convert|2–7|cm|frac=2|abbr=on}} wide and a stipe that is {{convert|1–3|cm|frac=4|abbr=on}} long.<ref name="Roody 2003"/>

The [[spore print]] is pale [[cream (colour)|cream]]. The [[basidiospore]]s are smooth, thin-walled and [[hyaline]] (translucent), roughly spherical to broadly egg-shaped, and measure 5.5–7.5 by 4.5–5.5 [[μm]]. They usually contain a single, large [[refractive]] oil droplet. The [[basidia]] (spore-bearing cells) are club-shaped, four-spored, and measure 30–45 by 6–10 μm. The [[cap cuticle]] is a trichodermium (where the outermost [[hypha]]e emerge roughly parallel, like hairs, perpendicular to the cap surface) of narrow, club-shaped cells that are 2.5–4 μm wide. Underneath this tissue is the subhymenial layer of interwoven hyphae measuring 10–20 μm in diameter. The spine tissue is made of narrow (2–5 μm diameter), thin-walled hyphae with [[clamp connection]]s.<ref name="Pegler 1997"/>

[[File:Hrepandummkt.jpg|thumb|upright|At a market in Finland]]
=== Chemistry ===
Both ''H. repandum'' and the variety ''album'' contain the [[epoxide|diepoxide]] compound [[repandiol]] (2''R'',3''R'',8''R'',9''R'')-4,6-decadiyne-2,3:8,9-diepoxy-1,10-diol), which is under laboratory research to determine its possible effects.<ref name="Takahashi 1992" /> The [[volatile organic compound]]s responsible for the fruity aroma of the mushroom include eight-[[carbon]] derivatives, such as [[1-octen-3-ol]], (''E'')-2-octenol, and (''E'')-[[1,3-octadiene]].<ref name="Fons 2003" />

European studies conducted after the 1986 [[Chernobyl disaster]] showed that the fruit bodies have a high rate of [[bioaccumulation|accumulation]] of the radioactive isotope [[caesium]].<ref name="Stachowiak 2012" />

=== Similar species ===
North American lookalikes include the white hedgehog (''[[Hydnum albidum]]'') and the giant hedgehog (''[[Hydnum albomagnum|H. albomagnum]]''). ''H. albidum'' has a white to pale yellowish grey fruit body that bruises yellow to orange. ''H. albomagnum'' is large and paler than ''H. repandum''.<ref name="Roberts 2011" /> ''[[Hydnum umbilicatum]]'' is smaller, with caps measuring {{convert|3–5|cm|frac=2|abbr=on}} in diameter, and thinner stipes that are {{convert|0.5–1|cm|frac=4|abbr=on}} wide.<ref name="Davis 2012" /> Its caps are umbilicate (with a navel-like cavity), sometimes with a hole in the center of the cap,<ref name="Laessoe 2002" /> unlike the flattened or slightly depressed caps of ''H. repandum''.<ref name="Roody 2003" /> Microscopically, ''H. umbilicatum'' has spores that are larger and more elliptical than those of ''H. repandum'', measuring 7.5–9 by 6–7.5 μm.<ref name="urlHydnum" /> A European lookalike, ''[[Hydnum rufescens|H. rufescens]]'', is also smaller than ''H. repandum'', and has a deeper [[apricot (color)|apricot]] to orange color.<ref name="Sterry 2009" /> ''[[Hydnum ellipsosporum]]'', described as a new species from Germany in 2004, differs from ''H. repandum'' by the shape and length of its spores, which are [[ellipsoid]] and measure 9–11 by 6–7.5 μm. Compared to ''H. repandum'', it has smaller fruit bodies, with cap diameters ranging from {{convert|3 to 5|cm|frac=2|abbr=on}} wide.<ref name="Ostrow 2004" />

== Habitat and distribution ==
[[File:Hydnum repandum semmelstoppelpilz.jpg|thumb|Collection from [[Eggingen]], Germany]]

''H. repandum'' is a [[mycorrhiza]]l fungus.<ref name="Laessoe 2002"/> The fruit bodies grow singly, scattered, or in groups on the ground or in [[leaf litter]] in both [[conifer]]ous and [[deciduous forest]]s.<ref name="Arora 1986"/><ref name="Sterry 2009"/> They can also grow in [[fairy ring]]s.<ref name="Dickinson 1982"/> Fruiting occurs from summer to autumn.<ref name="Phillips 2005"/> The species is widely distributed in Europe,<ref name="Swenie Baroni Matheny pp. 35–72"/> and is one of the most common of the tooth fungi.<ref name="Arora 1986"/> In Europe, it has been listed as a [[vulnerable species]] in the [[Red Data List]]s of the [[Netherlands]], [[Belgium]], and [[Germany]]; [[Sweden]] lists it as being of [[Least Concern]].<ref name="Arnolds 2010"/> ''H. repandum'' does not occur in Canada, but two related species do: ''[[Hydnum washingtonianum|H. washingtonianum]]'' and ''[[Hydnum subolympicum|H. subolympicum]]''.<ref name="Niskanen Liimatainen Nuytinck Kirk 2018 pp. 890–918">{{cite journal | last1=Niskanen | first1=Tuula | last2=Liimatainen | first2=Kare | last3=Nuytinck | first3=Jorinde | last4=Kirk | first4=Paul | last5=Ibarguren | first5=Ibai Olariaga | last6=Garibay-Orijel | first6=Roberto | last7=Norvell | first7=Lorelei | last8=Huhtinen | first8=Seppo | last9=Kytövuori | first9=Ilkka | last10=Ruotsalainen | first10=Juhani | last11=Niemelä | first11=Tuomo | last12=Ammirati | first12=Joseph F. | last13=Tedersoo | first13=Leho | title=Identifying and naming the currently known diversity of the genus ''Hydnum'', with an emphasis on European and North American taxa | journal=Mycologia | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=110 | issue=5 | date=2018-09-03 | issn=0027-5514 | doi=10.1080/00275514.2018.1477004 | pages=890–918| pmid=30215579 }}</ref>

== Uses ==
{{nutritionalvalue
| name=''Hydnum repandum'', dried<ref name="Ayaz 2011">Nutritional values are based on [[food chemistry|chemical analysis]] of specimens collected from the
East [[Black Sea region]] in Turkey. Source: {{cite journal |vauthors=Ayaz FA, Torun H, Özel A, Col M, Duran C, Sesli E, Colak A |year=2011 |title=Nutritional value of edible wild mushrooms collected from Black Sea region (Turkey) |journal=Turkish Journal of Biochemistry |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=213–21 |url=http://www.turkjbiochem.com/2011/213-221.pdf |access-date=2013-09-09 |archive-date=2017-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811022211/http://turkjbiochem.com/2011/213-221.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| kJ=1431
| protein=19.7 g
| fat=4.3 g
| carbs=56.1 g
| iron_mg=38
| calcium_mg=600
| magnesium_mg=230
| manganese_mg=23.2
| sodium_mg =31.9
| copper_mg=38.9
| potassium_mg=2.89
| vitC_mg=1.1
| zinc_mg=5.72
| source_usda=1
}}
=== Nutrition ===
Dried ''H. repandum'' is 56% [[carbohydrate]]s, 4% [[fat]], and 20% [[protein]]. In a 100 gram reference amount, several [[mineral (nutrient)|dietary minerals]] are high in content, especially [[copper]] and [[manganese]]. Major [[fatty acid]]s include [[palmitic acid|palmitate]] (16%), [[stearic acid]] (1%), [[oleic acid]] (26%), [[linoleic acid]] (48%), and [[linolenic acid]] (20%). [[plant sterol|Mycosterol]] is present.<ref name="Kalač 2009"/>

===Culinary===

''H. repandum'' is considered to be a good [[edible mushroom]], having a sweet, nutty taste and a crunchy texture. Some consider it to be the culinary equivalent of the [[chanterelle]].<ref name="Ammirati 1987"/> Author Michael Kuo rates it as "great", noting that there are no [[mushroom poisoning|poisonous]] lookalikes and that ''H. repandum'' mushrooms are unlikely to be infested with maggots.

Delicately brushing the cap and stipe of specimens immediately after harvest will help prevent soil from getting lodged between the teeth. ''H. repandum'' mushrooms can be cooked by [[pickling]],<ref name="Mabey 2007"/> [[simmering]] in milk or [[stock (food)|stock]], and [[sautéeing]], which creates a "tender, meaty texture and a mild flavor."<ref name="Kuo 2007"/> The mushroom tissue absorbs liquids well and assumes the flavors of added ingredients.<ref name="Kuo 2007"/> The firm texture of the cooked mushroom makes it suitable for freezing. Its natural flavor is reportedly similar to the peppery taste of [[watercress]],<ref name="Abel 1993"/> or [[oyster]]s.<ref name="Sept 2006"/> Older specimens may have a bitter taste, but boiling can remove the bitterness.<ref name="Mabey 2007"/> Specimens found under conifers can taste "unpleasantly strong".<ref name="Courtecuisse 1999"/> The form ''amarum'', locally common in Slovakia, is reportedly inedible because its fruit body has a bitter taste at all developmental stages.<ref name="Stropnik 1988"/>

''Hydnum repandum'' is frequently sold with chanterelles in Italy, and in France, it is one of the officially recognized edible species sold in markets.<ref name="Dickinson 1982"/> In Europe, it is usually sold under its French name ''pied-de-mouton'' (sheep's foot).<ref name="Roberts 2011"/> ''H. repandum'' mushrooms are also used as a food source by the [[red squirrel]] (''Sciurus vulgaris'').<ref name="Grönwall 1984"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=

<ref name="Abel 1993">{{cite book |vauthors=Abel D, Horn B, Kay R |title=A Guide to Kansas Mushrooms |publisher=University Press of Kansas |location=Lawrence, Kansas |year=1993 |pages=203–04 |isbn=978-0-7006-0571-2}}</ref>

<ref name="Ammirati 1987">{{cite book |vauthors=Ammirati JF, McKenny M, Stuntz DE |title=The New Savory Wild Mushroom |publisher=University of Washington Press |location=Seattle, Washington |year=1987 |page=173 |isbn=978-0-295-96480-5}}</ref>

<ref name="Arnolds 2010">{{cite journal |author=Arnolds E. |title=The fate of hydnoid fungi in The Netherlands and Northwestern Europe |journal=Fungal Ecology |year=2010 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=81–88 |doi=10.1016/j.funeco.2009.05.005|bibcode=2010FunE....3...81A }}</ref>

<ref name="Arora 1986">{{cite book |author=Arora D. |author-link=David Arora |title=Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi |url=https://archive.org/details/arora-david-mushrooms-demystified-a-comprehensive-guide-to-the-fleshy-fungi-ten-speed-press-1986/page/618/mode/2up |publisher=[[Ten Speed Press]] |isbn=978-0-89815-170-1 |location=Berkeley, California |year=1986 |orig-date=1979 |edition=2nd |pages=618–19}}</ref>

<ref name="Barla 1859">{{cite book |author=Barla J-B. |title=Les Champignons de la Province de Nice |year=1859 |publisher=Canis Frères |location=Nice, France |page=81 |language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Courtecuisse 1999">{{cite book |author= Courtecuisse R. |title=Mushrooms of Britain and Europe |year=1999 |series=Collins Wildlife Trust guides |publisher=Harpercollins |location=London |page= 325|isbn=978-0-00-220012-7}}</ref>

<ref name="Davis 2012">{{cite book |vauthors=Davis RM, Sommer R, Menge JA |title=Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America |year=2012 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley, California |isbn=978-0-520-95360-4 |page=283}}</ref>

<ref name="Dickinson 1982">{{cite book |title=VNR Color Dictionary of Mushrooms |vauthors=Dickinson C, Lucas J |year=1982 |publisher=Van Nostrand Reinhold |location=New York, New York |isbn=978-0-442-21998-7 |page=46}}</ref>

<ref name="Donk 1958">{{cite journal |author=Donk MA. |title=Typification of the name ''Hydnum'' (Fungi) |journal=Taxon |year=1958 |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=96–97 |jstor=1217430 |doi=10.2307/1217430}}</ref>

<ref name=feng16>{{cite journal | title=Multilocus phylogenetic analyses reveal unexpected abundant diversity and significant disjunct distribution pattern of the Hedgehog Mushrooms (''Hydnum'' L.) | journal=Scientific Reports | volume=6 | at =25586 | vauthors=Feng B, Wang XH, Ratkowsky D, Gates G, Lee SS, Grebenc T, Yang ZL | doi=10.1038/srep25586 | pmid=27151256 | pmc=4858670 | year=2016| bibcode=2016NatSR...625586F }}</ref>

<ref name="Fons 2003">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fons F, Rapior S, Eyssartier G, Bessiere JM |title=Les substances volatiles dans les genres ''Cantharellus'', ''Craterellus'' et ''Hydnum'' |trans-title=Volatile compounds in the ''Cantharellus'', ''Craterellus'' and ''Hydnum'' genera |journal=Cryptogamie. Mycologie |year=2003 |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=367–76 |language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Fries 1821">{{cite book |author=Fries EM. |title=Systema Mycologicum |publisher=Ex Officina Berlingiana |location=Lundin, Sweden |volume=1 |year=1821 |page=397 |language=la |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4338537}}</ref>

<ref name="Gray 1821">{{cite book |author=Gray SF. |title=A Natural Arrangement of British Plants |year=1821 |volume=1 |publisher=Baldwin, Cradock and Joy |location=London, UK |page=650 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30087352}}</ref>

<ref name="Grebenc 2009">{{cite journal |vauthors=Grebenc T, Martín MP, Kraigher H |title=Ribosomal ITS diversity among the European species of the genus ''Hydnum'' (Hydnaceae) |journal=Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid |year=2009 |volume=66 |issue=S1 |pages=121–32 |doi=10.3989/ajbm.2221|citeseerx=10.1.1.626.4325 }}</ref>

<ref name="Grönwall 1984">{{cite journal |vauthors=Grönwall O, Pehrson Å |title=Nutrient content in fungi as a primary food of the red squirrel ''Sciurus vulgaris'' L |journal=Oecologia |year=1984 |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=230–31 |doi=10.1007/BF00376875|pmid=28312343 |bibcode=1984Oecol..64..230G |s2cid=28125328 }}</ref>

<ref name="Harrison 1971">{{cite journal |author=Harrison KA. |title=''Dentinum'' SF Gray or ''Hydnum'' L ex Fries |journal=Mycologia |year=1971 |volume=63 |issue=5 |pages=1067–69 |doi=10.2307/3757911 |jstor=3757911 }}</ref>

<ref name="Kalač 2009">{{cite journal |author=Kalač P. |title=Chemical composition and nutritional value of European species of wild growing mushrooms: A review |journal=Food Chemistry |year=2009 |volume=113 |issue=1 |pages=9–16 |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.07.077}}</ref>

<ref name="Karsten 1881">{{cite journal |author=Karsten PA. |title=Enumeratio Hydnearum Fr. Fennicarum, systemate novo dispositarum |journal=Revue Mycologique Toulouse |year=1881 |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=19–21 |language=la |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11599314}}</ref>

<ref name="Kuo 2007">{{cite book |author=Kuo M. |title=100 Edible Mushrooms |publisher=The University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor, Michigan |year=2007 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/100ediblemushroo00kuom/page/104 104–06] |isbn=978-0-472-03126-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/100ediblemushroo00kuom/page/104 }}</ref>

<ref name="Laessoe 2002">{{cite book |vauthors=Laessoe T, Lincoff G |year=2002 |title=Mushrooms |location=London |publisher=Dorling Kindersley Adult |edition=2nd |series=Smithsonian Handbooks |isbn=978-0-7894-8986-9 |page=238}}</ref>

<ref name="Linnaeus 1753">{{cite book |author=Linnaeus C. |title=Species Plantarum |year=1753 |volume=2 |location=Stockholm, Sweden |publisher=Impensis Laurentii Salvii |page=1178 |language=la |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/359199}}</ref>

<ref name="Mabey 2007">{{cite book |author=Mabey R. |title=Food for Free |publisher=Collins |location=London, UK | year=2007 |pages=196–97 |isbn=978-0-00-724768-4}}</ref>

<ref name="McKnight 1987">{{cite book |vauthors=McKnight VB, McKnight KH |title=A Field Guide to Mushrooms: North America |series=Peterson Field Guides |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=Boston, Massachusetts |year=1987 |page=90 |isbn=978-0-395-91090-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSdA3V7Z9WcC&pg=PA90}}</ref>

<ref name="Nikolajeva 1961">{{cite journal |author=Nikolajeva TL. |title=Flora plantarum cryptogamarum URSS. Fungi. Familia Hydnaceae |journal=Flora Plantarum Cryptogamarum URSS |year=1961 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=1–432 [306] }}</ref>

<ref name="Ostrow 2004">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ostrow H, Beenkin L |title=''Hydnum ellipsosporum'' spec. nov. (Basidiomycetes, Cantharellales) – ein Doppelganger von ''Hydnum rufescens'' Fr. |trans-title=''Hydnum ellipsosporum'' spec. nov (Basidiomycetes, Cantharellales) – a double of ''Hydnum rufescens'' Fr. |journal=Zeitschrift für Mykologie |year=2004 |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=137–56 |url=http://www.dgfm-ev.de/sites/default/files/ZM702137Ostrow.pdf |language=de |access-date=2015-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701205035/http://www.dgfm-ev.de/sites/default/files/ZM702137Ostrow.pdf |archive-date=2016-07-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="Pegler 1997">{{cite book |vauthors=Pegler DN, Roberts PJ, Spooner BM |title=British Chanterelles and Tooth Fungi |year=1997 |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens |location=Kew, UK |isbn=978-1-900347-15-0 |pages=40–41}}</ref>

<ref name="Petersen 1973">{{cite journal |author=Petersen RH. |title=The typification of ''Hydnum'' L. ex Fries |journal=Taxon |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=99–104 |jstor=1218039|year=1973 |doi=10.2307/1218039}}</ref>

<ref name="Petersen 1977">{{cite journal |author=Petersen RH. |title=The typification of ''Hydnum'' Linn. per Fries: Time for stability |journal=Taxon |year=1977 |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=144–46 |jstor=1220228 |doi=10.2307/1220228}}</ref>

<ref name="Phillips 2005">{{cite book |author=Phillips R. |title=Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America |publisher=Firefly Books |location=Buffalo, New York |year=2005 |page=320 |isbn=978-1-55407-115-9}}</ref>

<ref name="Pouzar 1958">{{cite journal |author=Pouzar Z. |title=Typification of the Genus ''Hydnum'' (Hymenomycetes) |journal=Taxon |year=1958 |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=79–80 |jstor=1217522 |doi=10.2307/1217522}}</ref>

<ref name="Quélet 1886">{{cite book |author=Quélet L. |title=Enchiridion Fungorum in Europa media et praesertim in Gallia Vigentium |publisher=Octave Dion |location=Paris |year=1886 |page=189 |language=la |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32653225}}</ref>

<ref name="Rea 1922">{{cite book |author=Rea C. |title=British Basidiomycetae: A Handbook to the Larger British Fungi |year=1922 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |page=630 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32190492}}</ref>

<ref name="Roberts 2011">{{cite book |vauthors=Roberts P, Evans S |title=The Book of Fungi |year=2011 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago, Illinois |page=471 |isbn=978-0-226-72117-0}}</ref>

<ref name="Roody 2003">{{cite book |author=Roody WC |title=Mushrooms of West Virginia and the Central Appalachians |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |location=Lexington, Kentucky |year=2003 |page=398 |isbn=978-0-8131-9039-6}}</ref>

<ref name="Schaeffer 1774">{{cite book |author=Schaffer JC. |title=Fungorum qui in Bavaria et Palatinatu circa Ratisbonam nascuntur Icones |year=1774 |volume=4 | publisher=Apud J.J. Palmium |location=Regensburg, Germany |page=99, plate 318 |language=la |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3887581}}</ref>

<ref name="Schalkwijk-Barendsen 1991">{{cite book |author=Schalkwijk-Barendsen HME. |title=Mushrooms of Western Canada |publisher=Lone Pine Publishing |location=Edmonton, Canada |year=1991 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/mushroomsofweste0000scha/page/368 368–69] |isbn=978-0-919433-47-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/mushroomsofweste0000scha/page/368 }}</ref>

<ref name="Sept 2006">{{cite book |author=Sept JD. |title=Common Mushrooms of the Northwest: Alaska, Western Canada & the Northwestern United States |publisher=Calypso Publishing |location=Sechelt, British Columbia |year=2006 |page=67 |isbn=978-0-9739819-0-2}}</ref>

<ref name="Stachowiak 2012">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stachowiak B, Reguła J |title=Health-promoting potential of edible macromycetes under special consideration of polysaccharides: A review |journal=European Food Research and Technology |year=2012 |volume=234 |issue=3 |pages=369–80 |doi=10.1007/s00217-011-1656-9|s2cid=83986546 }}</ref>

<ref name="Sterry 2009">{{cite book |vauthors=Sterry P, Hughes B |title=Complete Guide to British Mushrooms and Toadstools |publisher=Collins |location=London, UK |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-00-723224-6 |page=300}}</ref>

<ref name="Stropnik 1988">{{cite book |vauthors=Stropnik Z, Tratnik B, Seljak G |title=Naše Gobje Bogastvo |year=1988 |publisher=Mladinska Knjiga |location=Ljubljana |language=sl}}</ref>

<ref name="Takahashi 1992">{{cite journal |vauthors=Takahashi A, Endo T, Nozoe S |title=Repandiol, a new cytotoxic diepoxide from the mushrooms ''Hydnum repandum'' and ''H. repandum'' var. ''album'' |journal=Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin |year=1992 |volume=40 |issue=12 |pages=3181–84 |pmid=1294319 |doi=10.1248/cpb.40.3181|doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="urlHydnum">{{cite web |author=Kuo M. |url=http://www.mushroomexpert.com/hydnum_repandum.html |title=''Hydnum repandum'' |publisher=MushroomExpert.Com |date=August 2003 |access-date=8 September 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="urlMycoBank: Hydnum repandum">{{cite web |title=''Hydnum repandum'' L. 1753 |url=http://www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?Table=Mycobank&Rec=73711&Fields=All |publisher=[[MycoBank]]. International Mycological Association |access-date=28 September 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="urlMycoBank: Hydnum repandum f. rufescens ">{{cite web |title=''Hydnum repandum'' f. ''rufescens'' (Pers.) Nikol., Flora plantarum cryptogamarum URSS. Fungi. Familia Hydnaceae, 6(2): 305, 1961 |url=http://www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?Table=Mycobank&Rec=103617&Fields=All |publisher=MycoBank. International Mycological Association |access-date=7 September 2013}}</ref>
}}

=== Cited literature ===
* {{cite book |author=Dugan FM |title=Conspectus of World Ethnomycology |year=2011 |publisher=American Phytopathological Society|location=St. Paul, Minnesota |isbn=978-0-89054-395-5}}

== External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|italic=on}}
* {{Wikispecies-inline}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q13684}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hydnum Repandum}}
[[Category:Edible fungi]]
[[Category:Fungi described in 1753]]
[[Category:Fungi of Europe]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Hydnum|repandum]]
[[Category:Fungi of North America]]
[[Category:Fungus species]]

Hydnum repandum - Revision history

imported>UpdateNerd: /* External links */