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In the theory of [[special function]]s in [[mathematics]], the '''Horn functions''' (named for [[Jakob Horn]]) are the 34 distinct convergent [[hypergeometric series]] of order two (i.e. having two independent variables), enumerated by {{harvtxt|Horn|1931}} (corrected by {{harvtxt|Borngässer|1933}}). They are listed in {{harv|Erdélyi|Magnus|Oberhettinger|Tricomi|1953|loc=section 5.7.1}}. B. C. Carlson<ref>[http://dlmf.nist.gov/about/bio/BCCarlson 'Profile: Bille C. Carlson' in ''Digital Library of Mathematical Functions''. National Institute of Standards and Technology.]</ref> revealed a problem with the Horn function classification scheme.<ref>
{{cite journal|author=Carlson, B. C.|title=The need for a new classification of double hypergeometric series|journal=Proc. Amer. Math. Soc.|year=1976|volume=56|pages=221–224|mr=0402138|doi=10.1090/s0002-9939-1976-0402138-8|doi-access=free}}</ref>
The total 34 Horn functions can be further categorised into 14 complete hypergeometric functions and 20 confluent hypergeometric functions. The complete functions, with their domain of convergence, are:
* <math>
F_1(\alpha;\beta,\beta';\gamma;z,w)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty}\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{(\alpha)_{m+n}(\beta)_m(\beta')_n}{(\gamma)_{m+n}}\frac{z^mw^n}{m!n!}/;|z|<1\land|w|<1
</math>
* <math>
F_2(\alpha;\beta,\beta';\gamma,\gamma';z,w)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty}\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{(\alpha)_{m+n}(\beta)_m(\beta')_n}{(\gamma)_m(\gamma')_n}\frac{z^mw^n}{m!n!}/;|z|+|w|<1
</math>
* <math>
F_3(\alpha,\alpha';\beta,\beta';\gamma;z,w)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty}\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{(\alpha)_m(\alpha')_n(\beta)_m(\beta')_n}{(\gamma)_{m+n}}\frac{z^mw^n}{m!n!}/;|z|<1\land|w|<1
</math>
* <math>
F_4(\alpha;\beta;\gamma,\gamma';z,w)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty}\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{(\alpha)_{m+n}(\beta)_{m+n}}{(\gamma)_m(\gamma')_n}\frac{z^mw^n}{m!n!}/;\sqrt{|z|}+\sqrt{|w|}<1
</math>
* <math>
G_1(\alpha;\beta,\beta';z,w)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty}\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}(\alpha)_{m+n}(\beta)_{n-m}(\beta')_{m-n}\frac{z^mw^n}{m!n!}/;|z|+|w|<1
</math>
* <math>
G_2(\alpha,\alpha';\beta,\beta';z,w)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty}\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}(\alpha)_m(\alpha')_n(\beta)_{n-m}(\beta')_{m-n}\frac{z^mw^n}{m!n!}/;|z|<1\land|w|<1
</math>
* <math>
G_3(\alpha,\alpha';z,w)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty}\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}(\alpha)_{2n-m}(\alpha')_{2m-n}\frac{z^mw^n}{m!n!}/;27|z|^2|w|^2+18|z||w|\pm4(|z|-|w|)<1
</math>
* <math>
H_1(\alpha;\beta;\gamma;\delta;z,w)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty}\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{(\alpha)_{m-n}(\beta)_{m+n}(\gamma)_n}{(\delta)_m}\frac{z^mw^n}{m!n!}/;4|z||w|+2|w|-|w|^2<1
</math>
* <math>
H_2(\alpha;\beta;\gamma;\delta;\epsilon;z,w)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty}\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{(\alpha)_{m-n}(\beta)_m(\gamma)_n(\delta)_n}{(\delta)_m}\frac{z^mw^n}{m!n!}/;1/|w|-|z|<1
</math>
* <math>
H_3(\alpha;\beta;\gamma;z,w)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty}\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{(\alpha)_{2m+n}(\beta)_n}{(\gamma)_{m+n}}\frac{z^mw^n}{m!n!}/;|z|+|w|^2-|w|<0
</math>
* <math>
H_4(\alpha;\beta;\gamma;\delta;z,w)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty}\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{(\alpha)_{2m+n}(\beta)_n}{(\gamma)_m(\delta)_n}\frac{z^mw^n}{m!n!}/;4|z|+2|w|-|w|^2<1
</math>
* <math>
H_5(\alpha;\beta;\gamma;z,w)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty}\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{(\alpha)_{2m+n}(\beta)_{n-m}}{(\gamma)_n}\frac{z^mw^n}{m!n!}/;16|z|^2-36|z||w|\pm(8|z|-|w|+27|z||w|^2)<-1
</math>
* <math>
H_6(\alpha;\beta;\gamma;z,w)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty}\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}(\alpha)_{2m-n}(\beta)_{n-m}(\gamma)_n\frac{z^mw^n}{m!n!}/;|z||w|^2+|w|<1
</math>
* <math>
H_7(\alpha;\beta;\gamma;\delta;z,w)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty}\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{(\alpha)_{2m-n}(\beta)_n(\gamma)_n}{(\delta)_m}\frac{z^mw^n}{m!n!}/;4|z|+2/|s|-1/|s|^2<1
</math>
while the confluent functions include:
* <math>\Phi_{1}\left(\alpha;\beta;\gamma;x, y\right)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(\alpha)_{m+n}(\beta)_{m}}{(\gamma)_{m+n}} \frac{x^{m} y^{n}}{m ! n !}</math>
* <math>\Phi_{2}\left(\beta,\beta';\gamma;x, y\right)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(\beta)_{m}(\beta')_{n}}{(\gamma)_{m+n}} \frac{x^{m} y^{n}}{m ! n !}</math>
* <math>\Phi_{3}\left(\beta;\gamma;x, y\right)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(\beta)_{m}}{(\gamma)_{m+n}} \frac{x^{m} y^{n}}{m ! n !}</math>
* <math>\Psi_{1}\left(\alpha;\beta;\gamma,\gamma';x, y\right)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(\alpha)_{m+n}(\beta)_{m}}{(\gamma)_{m}(\gamma')_{n}} \frac{x^{m} y^{n}}{m ! n !}</math>
* <math>\Psi_{2}\left(\alpha;\gamma,\gamma';x, y\right)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(\alpha)_{m+n}}{(\gamma)_{m}(\gamma')_{n}} \frac{x^{m} y^{n}}{m ! n !}</math>
* <math>\Xi_{1}\left(\alpha,\alpha';\beta;\gamma;x, y\right)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(\alpha)_{m}(\alpha')_{n}(\beta)_m}{(\gamma)_{m+n}(\gamma')_{n}} \frac{x^{m} y^{n}}{m ! n !}</math>
* <math>\Xi_{2}\left(\alpha;\beta;\gamma;x, y\right)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(\alpha)_{m}(\alpha)_{m}}{(\gamma)_{m+n}} \frac{x^{m} y^{n}}{m ! n !}</math>
* <math>\Gamma_{1}\left(\alpha;\beta,\beta';x, y\right)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} (\alpha)_m (\beta)_{n-m}(\beta')_{m-n}\frac{x^{m} y^{n}}{m ! n !}</math>
* <math>\Gamma_{2}\left(\beta,\beta';x, y\right)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty}(\beta)_{n-m}(\beta')_{m-n}\frac{x^{m} y^{n}}{m ! n !}</math>
* <math>H_{1}\left(\alpha;\beta;\delta ;x, y\right)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(\alpha)_{m-n}(\beta)_{m+n}}{(\delta)_m} \frac{x^{m} y^{n}}{m ! n !}</math>
* <math>H_{2}\left(\alpha;\beta;\gamma;\delta;x, y\right)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(\alpha)_{m-n}(\beta)_{m}(\gamma)_n}{(\delta)_m} \frac{x^{m} y^{n}}{m ! n !}</math>
* <math>H_{3}\left(\alpha;\beta;\delta;x, y\right)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(\alpha)_{m-n}(\beta)_{m}}{(\delta)_{m}} \frac{x^{m} y^{n}}{m ! n !}</math>
* <math>H_{4}\left(\alpha;\gamma;\delta ;x, y\right)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(\alpha)_{m-n}(\gamma)_{n}}{(\delta)_n} \frac{x^{m} y^{n}}{m ! n !}</math>
* <math>H_{5}\left(\alpha;\delta;x, y\right)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(\alpha)_{m-n}}{(\delta)_m} \frac{x^{m} y^{n}}{m ! n !}</math>
* <math>H_{6}\left(\alpha;\gamma;x, y\right)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{(\alpha)_{2m+n}}{(\gamma)_{m+n}} \frac{x^{m} y^{n}}{m ! n !}</math>
* <math>H_{7}\left(\alpha;\gamma;\delta;x, y\right)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{(\alpha)_{2m+n}}{(\gamma)_m(\delta)_n} \frac{x^{m} y^{n}}{m ! n !}</math>
* <math>H_{8}\left(\alpha;\beta;x, y\right)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} (\alpha)_{2m-n}(\beta)_{n-m} \frac{x^{m} y^{n}}{m ! n !}</math>
* <math>H_{9}\left(\alpha;\beta;\delta;x, y\right)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(\alpha)_{2m-n}(\beta)_{n}}{(\delta)_m} \frac{x^{m} y^{n}}{m ! n !}</math>
* <math>H_{10}\left(\alpha;\delta;x, y\right)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{(\alpha)_{2m-n}}{(\delta)_{m}} \frac{x^{m} y^{n}}{m ! n !}</math>
* <math>H_{11}\left(\alpha;\beta;\gamma;\delta;x, y\right)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{(\alpha)_{m-n}(\beta)_n(\gamma)_n}{(\delta)_m} \frac{x^{m} y^{n}}{m ! n !}</math>
Notice that some of the complete and confluent functions share the same notation.

==References==
{{reflist}}
*{{Citation | last1=Borngässer | first1=Ludwig | title=Über hypergeometrische funkionen zweier Veränderlichen | publisher=Darmstadt | series=Dissertation | year=1933}}
*{{Citation | last1=Erdélyi | first1=Arthur | last2=Magnus | first2=Wilhelm | author2-link=Wilhelm Magnus | last3=Oberhettinger | first3=Fritz | last4=Tricomi | first4=Francesco G. | title=Higher transcendental functions. Vol I | publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York-Toronto-London | mr=0058756 | year=1953 | url=http://apps.nrbook.com/bateman/Vol1.pdf | access-date=2015-08-23 | archive-date=2011-08-11 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811153220/http://apps.nrbook.com/bateman/Vol1.pdf | url-status=dead }}
*{{Citation | last1=Horn | first1=J. | title=Hypergeometrische Funktionen zweier Veränderlichen | url=http://www.digizeitschriften.de/main/dms/img/?IDDOC=364781 | doi=10.1007/BF01455825 | year=1931 | journal= Mathematische Annalen | volume=105 | issue=1 | pages=381–407| s2cid=179177588 }}
* J. Horn [http://www.digizeitschriften.de/resolveppn/GDZPPN002278006 Math. Ann.] '''111''', 637 (1933)
*{{Citation | last1=Srivastava | first1=H. M. | last2=Karlsson | first2=Per W. | title=Multiple Gaussian hypergeometric series | publisher=Ellis Horwood Ltd. | location=Chichester | series=Ellis Horwood Series: Mathematics and its Applications | isbn=978-0-85312-602-7 |mr=834385 | year=1985}}

[[Category:Hypergeometric functions]]

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Horn function - Revision history

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