imported>Chess enjoyer: /* 2005–2019 */ Retargeted link from broken anchor.

2025-11-29T00:02:49Z

2005–2019: Retargeted link from broken anchor.

imported>GHcool: restored and clarified

2025-06-28T20:50:03Z

restored and clarified

← Previous revision		Revision as of 20:50, 28 June 2025
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Short description\|none}}		{{Short description\|none}}
	{{pp-extended\|small=yes}}		{{pp-extended\|small=yes}}
	{{use dmy dates \|date=~~May 2024~~}}		{{use dmy dates \|date=June 2025}}
	[[File:Map of Israel, neighbours and occupied territories-V3-en.png\|thumb\|The region today: [[Israel]], the [[West Bank]], the [[Gaza Strip]] and the [[Golan Heights]]]]		[[File:Map of Israel, neighbours and occupied territories-V3-en.png\|thumb\|The region today: [[Israel]], the [[West Bank]], the [[Gaza Strip]] and the [[Golan Heights]]]]
	The '''history of the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]''' traces back to the late 19th century when [[Zionists]] sought to establish a [[homeland for the Jewish people]] in [[History of Palestine#Ottoman period\|Ottoman-controlled Palestine]], a region roughly corresponding to the [[Land of Israel]] in Jewish tradition.<ref>{{cite book\|last=Safrai\|first=Zeʾev\|chapter=The Land in Rabbinic Literature\|date=2018-05-02\|url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789004334823/BP000013.xml\|title=Seeking out the Land: Land of Israel Traditions in Ancient Jewish, Christian and Samaritan Literature (200 BCE - 400 CE)\|pages=76–203 \|access-date=23 May 2024\|publisher=Brill\|language=en\|isbn=978-90-04-33482-3 \|quote=The preoccupation of rabbinic literature in all its forms with the Land of Israel is without question intensive and constant. It is no wonder that this literature offers historians of the Land of Israel a wealth of information for the clarification of a wide variety of topics.\|doi=10.1163/9789004334823_005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Biger\|first=Gideon\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wUqRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA60\|title=The Boundaries of Modern Palestine, 1840–1947\|year=2004\|publisher=Routledge\|isbn=978-1-135-76652-8\|language=en\|quote=Unlike the earlier literature that dealt with Palestine's delimitation, the boundaries were not presented according to their historical traditional meaning, but according to the boundaries of the Jewish Eretz Israel that was about to be established there. This approach characterizes all the Zionist publications at the time ... when they came to indicate borders, they preferred the realistic condition and strategic economic needs over an unrealistic dream based on the historic past.' This meant that planners envisaged a future Palestine that controlled all [[River Jordan\|the Jordan]]'s sources, the southern part of the [[Litani River\|Litanni river]] in Lebanon, the large cultivatable area east of the Jordan, including the Houran and Gil'ad wheat zone, Mt Hermon, the [[Yarmouk River\|Yarmuk]] and [[Yabbok\|Yabok]] rivers, the [[Hijaz Railway]] ...\|pages=58–63}}</ref>{{sfn\|Motyl\|2001\|p=604}}<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Herzl\|first1=Theodor \|author-link1=Theodor Herzl\|translator=Sylvie d'Avigdor\|title=Der Judenstaat \|trans-title=The Jewish state\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3f4RFWkMeWoC \|access-date=September 28, 2010\|edition=republication\|year=1988 \|orig-year=1896\|publisher=[[Dover Publications\|Courier Dover]]\|location=New York\|isbn=978-0-486-25849-2\|page=40\|chapter=Biography, by Alex Bein \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3f4RFWkMeWoC&pg=PA40 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101195701/http://books.google.com/books?id=3f4RFWkMeWoC \|archive-date=January 1, 2014 \|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Balfour Declaration of 1917]], issued by the British government, endorsed the idea of a Jewish homeland in Palestine, which led to an influx of Jewish immigrants to the region. Following [[World War II]] and [[the Holocaust]], international pressure mounted for the establishment of a [[Jewish state]] in Palestine, leading to the [[Israeli Declaration of Independence\|creation of Israel in 1948]].		The '''history of the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]''' traces back to the late 19th century when [[Zionists]] sought to establish a [[homeland for the Jewish people]] in [[History of Palestine#Ottoman period\|Ottoman-controlled Palestine]], a region roughly corresponding to the [[Land of Israel]] in Jewish tradition.<ref>{{cite book\|last=Safrai\|first=Zeʾev\|chapter=The Land in Rabbinic Literature\|date=2018-05-02\|url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789004334823/BP000013.xml\|title=Seeking out the Land: Land of Israel Traditions in Ancient Jewish, Christian and Samaritan Literature (200 BCE - 400 CE)\|pages=76–203 \|access-date=23 May 2024\|publisher=Brill\|language=en\|isbn=978-90-04-33482-3 \|quote=The preoccupation of rabbinic literature in all its forms with the Land of Israel is without question intensive and constant. It is no wonder that this literature offers historians of the Land of Israel a wealth of information for the clarification of a wide variety of topics.\|doi=10.1163/9789004334823_005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Biger\|first=Gideon\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wUqRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA60\|title=The Boundaries of Modern Palestine, 1840–1947\|year=2004\|publisher=Routledge\|isbn=978-1-135-76652-8\|language=en\|quote=Unlike the earlier literature that dealt with Palestine's delimitation, the boundaries were not presented according to their historical traditional meaning, but according to the boundaries of the Jewish Eretz Israel that was about to be established there. This approach characterizes all the Zionist publications at the time ... when they came to indicate borders, they preferred the realistic condition and strategic economic needs over an unrealistic dream based on the historic past.' This meant that planners envisaged a future Palestine that controlled all [[River Jordan\|the Jordan]]'s sources, the southern part of the [[Litani River\|Litanni river]] in Lebanon, the large cultivatable area east of the Jordan, including the Houran and Gil'ad wheat zone, Mt Hermon, the [[Yarmouk River\|Yarmuk]] and [[Yabbok\|Yabok]] rivers, the [[Hijaz Railway]] ...\|pages=58–63}}</ref>{{sfn\|Motyl\|2001\|p=604}}<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Herzl\|first1=Theodor \|author-link1=Theodor Herzl\|translator=Sylvie d'Avigdor\|title=Der Judenstaat \|trans-title=The Jewish state\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3f4RFWkMeWoC \|access-date=September 28, 2010\|edition=republication\|year=1988 \|orig-year=1896\|publisher=[[Dover Publications\|Courier Dover]]\|location=New York\|isbn=978-0-486-25849-2\|page=40\|chapter=Biography, by Alex Bein \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3f4RFWkMeWoC&pg=PA40 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101195701/http://books.google.com/books?id=3f4RFWkMeWoC \|archive-date=January 1, 2014 \|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Balfour Declaration of 1917]], issued by the British government, endorsed the idea of a Jewish homeland in Palestine, which led to an influx of Jewish immigrants to the region. Following [[World War II]] and [[the Holocaust]], international pressure mounted for the establishment of a [[Jewish state]] in Palestine, leading to the [[Israeli Declaration of Independence\|creation of Israel in 1948]].
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	The establishment of Israel, and the [[1948 Palestine war\|war that followed and preceded it]], led to the [[1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight\|displacement of hundreds of thousands of Palestinians]] who became [[Palestinian refugees\|refugees]], sparking a decades-long conflict between [[Israel]] and the [[Palestinian people]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/israeli-palestinian-conflict \|title=Israeli-Palestinian Conflict \|website=Global Conflict Tracker \|access-date=23 May 2024}}</ref> The Palestinians seek to establish their own independent state in at least one part of historic Palestine. Israeli defense of its own borders, control over the [[West Bank]], the Egyptian-Israeli [[blockade of the Gaza Strip]], and Palestinian internal politics currently make the Palestinians' goal out of reach.		The establishment of Israel, and the [[1948 Palestine war\|war that followed and preceded it]], led to the [[1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight\|displacement of hundreds of thousands of Palestinians]] who became [[Palestinian refugees\|refugees]], sparking a decades-long conflict between [[Israel]] and the [[Palestinian people]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/israeli-palestinian-conflict \|title=Israeli-Palestinian Conflict \|website=Global Conflict Tracker \|access-date=23 May 2024}}</ref> The Palestinians seek to establish their own independent state in at least one part of historic Palestine. Israeli defense of its own borders, control over the [[West Bank]], the Egyptian-Israeli [[blockade of the Gaza Strip]], and Palestinian internal politics currently make the Palestinians' goal out of reach.

	Numerous [[Israeli–Palestinian peace process\|peace negotiations]] have taken place over the years, but a long-term peace agreement has not been reached. The conflict has been marked by violence, including [[Palestinian political violence]] and military operations by Israel. The [[United States]] and other countries have played a key role in attempting to broker peace, but many obstacles remain, including the issue of [[Israeli settlements]] in the West Bank, the [[status of Jerusalem]], and the ultimate fate of Palestinian refugees.		Numerous [[Israeli–Palestinian peace process\|peace negotiations]] have taken place over the years, but a long-term peace agreement has not been reached. The conflict has been marked by violence, including [[Palestinian political violence]] and military operations by Israel into the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The [[United States]] and other countries have played a key role in attempting to broker peace, but many obstacles remain, including the issue of [[Israeli settlements]] in the West Bank, the [[status of Jerusalem]], and the ultimate fate of Palestinian refugees.

	==Background==		==Background==
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	Violence was ongoing during almost the entire period from 1950 through 1967. It includes attacks on civilians in Israel carried out by the Jordanian Army, such as the [[Ramat Rachel shooting attack\|Ramat Rachel archaeologists shooting attack]], mass-casualty attacks on Israeli civilians carried out by Palestinian militants then usually called [[Palestinian fedayeen\|fedayeen]], include the [[Yehud attack]], the [[Ma'ale Akrabim massacre]], the Beit Oved attack, the [[Shafir shooting attack]], the 1956 Eilat bus ambush, the [[Ein Ofarim killings]], and the [[Negev desert road ambush]]; major Israeli attacks include the [[1952 Beit Jala raid\|Beit Jalla]], the [[Qibya massacre]], the [[Nahalin\|Nahalin reprisal raid]], and the [[Jordan–Israel Mixed Armistice Commission#Rantis and Falameh reprisal raid\|Rantis and Falameh reprisal raids]]. The [[Lavon Affair]] led to a deeper distrust of Jews in Egypt, from whose community key agents in the operation had been recruited, and as a result Egypt retaliated against its Jewish community.{{citation needed\|date=October 2014}} After Israel's raid on an Egyptian military outpost in Gaza in February 1955 killed 37 Egyptian soldiers the Egyptian government began to actively sponsor, train, and arm the Palestinian volunteers from Gaza as [[fedayeen]] units which committed raids into Israel.<ref>{{cite journal \|quote=Records... confirm that until the Gaza raid the Egyptian military authorities had a firm and consistent policy of curbing infiltration...into Israel, and that it was only in the aftermath of the raid that a new policy got underway of organizing the fedayeen and turning them into an official instrument of warfare against Israel. \|last=Shlaim \|first=Avi \|title=Conflicting Approaches to Israel's Relations with the Arabs: Ben Gurion and Sharett, 1953-1956 \|journal=Middle East Journal \|volume=37 \|issue=2 \|date=1983 \|pages=188–189 \|jstor=4326561 \|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4326561}}</ref>		Violence was ongoing during almost the entire period from 1950 through 1967. It includes attacks on civilians in Israel carried out by the Jordanian Army, such as the [[Ramat Rachel shooting attack\|Ramat Rachel archaeologists shooting attack]], mass-casualty attacks on Israeli civilians carried out by Palestinian militants then usually called [[Palestinian fedayeen\|fedayeen]], include the [[Yehud attack]], the [[Ma'ale Akrabim massacre]], the Beit Oved attack, the [[Shafir shooting attack]], the 1956 Eilat bus ambush, the [[Ein Ofarim killings]], and the [[Negev desert road ambush]]; major Israeli attacks include the [[1952 Beit Jala raid\|Beit Jalla]], the [[Qibya massacre]], the [[Nahalin\|Nahalin reprisal raid]], and the [[Jordan–Israel Mixed Armistice Commission#Rantis and Falameh reprisal raid\|Rantis and Falameh reprisal raids]]. The [[Lavon Affair]] led to a deeper distrust of Jews in Egypt, from whose community key agents in the operation had been recruited, and as a result Egypt retaliated against its Jewish community.{{citation needed\|date=October 2014}} After Israel's raid on an Egyptian military outpost in Gaza in February 1955 killed 37 Egyptian soldiers the Egyptian government began to actively sponsor, train, and arm the Palestinian volunteers from Gaza as [[fedayeen]] units which committed raids into Israel.<ref>{{cite journal \|quote=Records... confirm that until the Gaza raid the Egyptian military authorities had a firm and consistent policy of curbing infiltration...into Israel, and that it was only in the aftermath of the raid that a new policy got underway of organizing the fedayeen and turning them into an official instrument of warfare against Israel. \|last=Shlaim \|first=Avi \|title=Conflicting Approaches to Israel's Relations with the Arabs: Ben Gurion and Sharett, 1953-1956 \|journal=Middle East Journal \|volume=37 \|issue=2 \|date=1983 \|pages=188–189 \|jstor=4326561 \|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4326561}}</ref>

	In 1967, after years of Egyptian-aided Palestinian fedayeen attacks stemming from the [[Gaza Strip]], the Egyptian expulsion of [[United Nations Emergency Force\|UNEF]], Egypt's amassing of an increased number of troops in the [[Sinai Peninsula]], and several other threatening gestures from other neighboring Arab nations, Israel launched a [[preemptive strike]] ~~against~~ Egypt. The strike and the operations that followed became known as the [[Six-Day War]]. At the end of the Six-Day War, Israel had captured, among other territories, the [[Gaza Strip]] from Egypt and the [[West Bank]] from Jordan (including [[East Jerusalem]]). Shortly after Israel seized control over Jerusalem, Israel asserted sovereignty over the entire city of [[Jerusalem]] and the Palestinian residents of East Jerusalem were given a permanent resident status in Israel. The status of the city as Israel's capital and the occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip created a new set of contentious issues in the conflict. This meant that Israel controlled the entire former British mandate of Palestine that under the Balfour Declaration was supposed to allow a Jewish state within its borders. Following the Six-Day War, the [[United Nations Security Council]] issued [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 242\|a resolution]] with a clause affirming "the necessity ... for achieving a just settlement of the refugee problem," referring to the [[Palestinian refugee]] problem.<ref>Sela, ed. (2002). Sela, Avraham. "Arab-Israel Peacemaking". p. 127.</ref>		In 1967, after years of Egyptian-aided Palestinian fedayeen attacks stemming from the [[Gaza Strip]], the Egyptian expulsion of [[United Nations Emergency Force\|UNEF]], Egypt's amassing of an increased number of troops in the [[Sinai Peninsula]], and several other threatening gestures from other neighboring Arab nations, Israel launched a strike against Egypt that they described as a [[preemptive strike\|preemptive]] move to prevent an anticipated invasion by Egypt.<ref name="BBC Panorama">{{Cite news \|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/panorama/hi/front_page/newsid_7875000/7875655.stm \|title=BBC Panorama \|work=[[BBC News]] \|date=6 February 2009 \|access-date=1 February 2012 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512172600/http://news.bbc.co.uk/panorama/hi/front_page/newsid_7875000/7875655.stm \|archive-date=12 May 2011}}</ref> The strike and the operations that followed became known as the [[Six-Day War]]. At the end of the Six-Day War, Israel had captured, among other territories, the [[Gaza Strip]] from Egypt and the [[West Bank]] from Jordan (including [[East Jerusalem]]). Shortly after Israel seized control over Jerusalem, Israel asserted sovereignty over the entire city of [[Jerusalem]] and the Palestinian residents of East Jerusalem were given a permanent resident status in Israel. The status of the city as Israel's capital and the occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip created a new set of contentious issues in the conflict. This meant that Israel controlled the entire former British mandate of Palestine that under the Balfour Declaration was supposed to allow a Jewish state within its borders. Following the Six-Day War, the [[United Nations Security Council]] issued [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 242\|a resolution]] with a clause affirming "the necessity ... for achieving a just settlement of the refugee problem," referring to the [[Palestinian refugee]] problem.<ref>Sela, ed. (2002). Sela, Avraham. "Arab-Israel Peacemaking". p. 127.</ref>

	At the end of August 1967, Arab leaders met in Khartoum in response to the war, to discuss the Arab position toward Israel. They reached consensus that there should be no recognition, no peace, and no negotiations with the State of Israel, the so-called "three no's". ~~[56]~~		At the end of August 1967, Arab leaders [[Khartoum Resolution\|met in Khartoum]] in response to the war, to discuss the Arab position toward Israel. They reached consensus that there should be no recognition, no peace, and no negotiations with the State of Israel, the so-called "three no's".<ref name="SIS: President Mubarak Interview with Israeli TV">{{cite web\|url=http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Politics/Presidency/President/Interview/000001/0401050300000000000154.htm \|title=President Mubarak Interview with Israeli TV \|access-date=4 March 2007 \|date=15 February 2006 \|publisher=Egyptian State Information Service \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928001621/http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Politics/Presidency/President/Interview/000001/0401050300000000000154.htm \|archive-date=28 September 2007}}</ref>

	Following years of attacks by the Palestinian [[fedayeen]], the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO) was established in 1964. Its goal was the liberation of Palestine through armed struggle.<ref>Sela, ed. (2002). Sela, Avraham. "Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)". pp. 58–121.</ref> The original PLO Charter stated the desire for a Palestinian state established within the entirety of the borders of the [[Mandatory Palestine\|British mandate]] prior to the 1948 war (i.e. the current boundaries of the State of Israel) and said it is a "national duty ... to purge the Zionist presence from Palestine."<ref>Quoted in Sela (2002).</ref> It also called for a [[right of return]] and [[self-determination]] for Palestinians.		Following years of attacks by the Palestinian [[fedayeen]], the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO) was established in 1964. Its goal was the liberation of Palestine through armed struggle.<ref>Sela, ed. (2002). Sela, Avraham. "Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)". pp. 58–121.</ref> The original PLO Charter stated the desire for a Palestinian state established within the entirety of the borders of the [[Mandatory Palestine\|British mandate]] prior to the 1948 war (i.e. the current boundaries of the State of Israel) and said it is a "national duty ... to purge the Zionist presence from Palestine."<ref>Quoted in Sela (2002).</ref> It also called for a [[right of return]] and [[self-determination]] for Palestinians.

imported>Huldra: direct link

2025-05-03T21:07:50Z

direct link

Show changes

← Previous revision		Revision as of 20:50, 28 June 2025
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Short description\|none}}		{{Short description\|none}}
	{{pp-extended\|small=yes}}		{{pp-extended\|small=yes}}
	{{use dmy dates \|date=~~May 2024~~}}		{{use dmy dates \|date=June 2025}}
	[[File:Map of Israel, neighbours and occupied territories-V3-en.png\|thumb\|The region today: [[Israel]], the [[West Bank]], the [[Gaza Strip]] and the [[Golan Heights]]]]		[[File:Map of Israel, neighbours and occupied territories-V3-en.png\|thumb\|The region today: [[Israel]], the [[West Bank]], the [[Gaza Strip]] and the [[Golan Heights]]]]
	The '''history of the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]''' traces back to the late 19th century when [[Zionists]] sought to establish a [[homeland for the Jewish people]] in [[History of Palestine#Ottoman period\|Ottoman-controlled Palestine]], a region roughly corresponding to the [[Land of Israel]] in Jewish tradition.<ref>{{cite book\|last=Safrai\|first=Zeʾev\|chapter=The Land in Rabbinic Literature\|date=2018-05-02\|url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789004334823/BP000013.xml\|title=Seeking out the Land: Land of Israel Traditions in Ancient Jewish, Christian and Samaritan Literature (200 BCE - 400 CE)\|pages=76–203 \|access-date=23 May 2024\|publisher=Brill\|language=en\|isbn=978-90-04-33482-3 \|quote=The preoccupation of rabbinic literature in all its forms with the Land of Israel is without question intensive and constant. It is no wonder that this literature offers historians of the Land of Israel a wealth of information for the clarification of a wide variety of topics.\|doi=10.1163/9789004334823_005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Biger\|first=Gideon\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wUqRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA60\|title=The Boundaries of Modern Palestine, 1840–1947\|year=2004\|publisher=Routledge\|isbn=978-1-135-76652-8\|language=en\|quote=Unlike the earlier literature that dealt with Palestine's delimitation, the boundaries were not presented according to their historical traditional meaning, but according to the boundaries of the Jewish Eretz Israel that was about to be established there. This approach characterizes all the Zionist publications at the time ... when they came to indicate borders, they preferred the realistic condition and strategic economic needs over an unrealistic dream based on the historic past.' This meant that planners envisaged a future Palestine that controlled all [[River Jordan\|the Jordan]]'s sources, the southern part of the [[Litani River\|Litanni river]] in Lebanon, the large cultivatable area east of the Jordan, including the Houran and Gil'ad wheat zone, Mt Hermon, the [[Yarmouk River\|Yarmuk]] and [[Yabbok\|Yabok]] rivers, the [[Hijaz Railway]] ...\|pages=58–63}}</ref>{{sfn\|Motyl\|2001\|p=604}}<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Herzl\|first1=Theodor \|author-link1=Theodor Herzl\|translator=Sylvie d'Avigdor\|title=Der Judenstaat \|trans-title=The Jewish state\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3f4RFWkMeWoC \|access-date=September 28, 2010\|edition=republication\|year=1988 \|orig-year=1896\|publisher=[[Dover Publications\|Courier Dover]]\|location=New York\|isbn=978-0-486-25849-2\|page=40\|chapter=Biography, by Alex Bein \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3f4RFWkMeWoC&pg=PA40 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101195701/http://books.google.com/books?id=3f4RFWkMeWoC \|archive-date=January 1, 2014 \|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Balfour Declaration of 1917]], issued by the British government, endorsed the idea of a Jewish homeland in Palestine, which led to an influx of Jewish immigrants to the region. Following [[World War II]] and [[the Holocaust]], international pressure mounted for the establishment of a [[Jewish state]] in Palestine, leading to the [[Israeli Declaration of Independence\|creation of Israel in 1948]].		The '''history of the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]''' traces back to the late 19th century when [[Zionists]] sought to establish a [[homeland for the Jewish people]] in [[History of Palestine#Ottoman period\|Ottoman-controlled Palestine]], a region roughly corresponding to the [[Land of Israel]] in Jewish tradition.<ref>{{cite book\|last=Safrai\|first=Zeʾev\|chapter=The Land in Rabbinic Literature\|date=2018-05-02\|url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789004334823/BP000013.xml\|title=Seeking out the Land: Land of Israel Traditions in Ancient Jewish, Christian and Samaritan Literature (200 BCE - 400 CE)\|pages=76–203 \|access-date=23 May 2024\|publisher=Brill\|language=en\|isbn=978-90-04-33482-3 \|quote=The preoccupation of rabbinic literature in all its forms with the Land of Israel is without question intensive and constant. It is no wonder that this literature offers historians of the Land of Israel a wealth of information for the clarification of a wide variety of topics.\|doi=10.1163/9789004334823_005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Biger\|first=Gideon\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wUqRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA60\|title=The Boundaries of Modern Palestine, 1840–1947\|year=2004\|publisher=Routledge\|isbn=978-1-135-76652-8\|language=en\|quote=Unlike the earlier literature that dealt with Palestine's delimitation, the boundaries were not presented according to their historical traditional meaning, but according to the boundaries of the Jewish Eretz Israel that was about to be established there. This approach characterizes all the Zionist publications at the time ... when they came to indicate borders, they preferred the realistic condition and strategic economic needs over an unrealistic dream based on the historic past.' This meant that planners envisaged a future Palestine that controlled all [[River Jordan\|the Jordan]]'s sources, the southern part of the [[Litani River\|Litanni river]] in Lebanon, the large cultivatable area east of the Jordan, including the Houran and Gil'ad wheat zone, Mt Hermon, the [[Yarmouk River\|Yarmuk]] and [[Yabbok\|Yabok]] rivers, the [[Hijaz Railway]] ...\|pages=58–63}}</ref>{{sfn\|Motyl\|2001\|p=604}}<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Herzl\|first1=Theodor \|author-link1=Theodor Herzl\|translator=Sylvie d'Avigdor\|title=Der Judenstaat \|trans-title=The Jewish state\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3f4RFWkMeWoC \|access-date=September 28, 2010\|edition=republication\|year=1988 \|orig-year=1896\|publisher=[[Dover Publications\|Courier Dover]]\|location=New York\|isbn=978-0-486-25849-2\|page=40\|chapter=Biography, by Alex Bein \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3f4RFWkMeWoC&pg=PA40 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101195701/http://books.google.com/books?id=3f4RFWkMeWoC \|archive-date=January 1, 2014 \|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Balfour Declaration of 1917]], issued by the British government, endorsed the idea of a Jewish homeland in Palestine, which led to an influx of Jewish immigrants to the region. Following [[World War II]] and [[the Holocaust]], international pressure mounted for the establishment of a [[Jewish state]] in Palestine, leading to the [[Israeli Declaration of Independence\|creation of Israel in 1948]].
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	The establishment of Israel, and the [[1948 Palestine war\|war that followed and preceded it]], led to the [[1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight\|displacement of hundreds of thousands of Palestinians]] who became [[Palestinian refugees\|refugees]], sparking a decades-long conflict between [[Israel]] and the [[Palestinian people]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/israeli-palestinian-conflict \|title=Israeli-Palestinian Conflict \|website=Global Conflict Tracker \|access-date=23 May 2024}}</ref> The Palestinians seek to establish their own independent state in at least one part of historic Palestine. Israeli defense of its own borders, control over the [[West Bank]], the Egyptian-Israeli [[blockade of the Gaza Strip]], and Palestinian internal politics currently make the Palestinians' goal out of reach.		The establishment of Israel, and the [[1948 Palestine war\|war that followed and preceded it]], led to the [[1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight\|displacement of hundreds of thousands of Palestinians]] who became [[Palestinian refugees\|refugees]], sparking a decades-long conflict between [[Israel]] and the [[Palestinian people]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/israeli-palestinian-conflict \|title=Israeli-Palestinian Conflict \|website=Global Conflict Tracker \|access-date=23 May 2024}}</ref> The Palestinians seek to establish their own independent state in at least one part of historic Palestine. Israeli defense of its own borders, control over the [[West Bank]], the Egyptian-Israeli [[blockade of the Gaza Strip]], and Palestinian internal politics currently make the Palestinians' goal out of reach.

	Numerous [[Israeli–Palestinian peace process\|peace negotiations]] have taken place over the years, but a long-term peace agreement has not been reached. The conflict has been marked by violence, including [[Palestinian political violence]] and military operations by Israel. The [[United States]] and other countries have played a key role in attempting to broker peace, but many obstacles remain, including the issue of [[Israeli settlements]] in the West Bank, the [[status of Jerusalem]], and the ultimate fate of Palestinian refugees.		Numerous [[Israeli–Palestinian peace process\|peace negotiations]] have taken place over the years, but a long-term peace agreement has not been reached. The conflict has been marked by violence, including [[Palestinian political violence]] and military operations by Israel into the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The [[United States]] and other countries have played a key role in attempting to broker peace, but many obstacles remain, including the issue of [[Israeli settlements]] in the West Bank, the [[status of Jerusalem]], and the ultimate fate of Palestinian refugees.

	==Background==		==Background==
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	Violence was ongoing during almost the entire period from 1950 through 1967. It includes attacks on civilians in Israel carried out by the Jordanian Army, such as the [[Ramat Rachel shooting attack\|Ramat Rachel archaeologists shooting attack]], mass-casualty attacks on Israeli civilians carried out by Palestinian militants then usually called [[Palestinian fedayeen\|fedayeen]], include the [[Yehud attack]], the [[Ma'ale Akrabim massacre]], the Beit Oved attack, the [[Shafir shooting attack]], the 1956 Eilat bus ambush, the [[Ein Ofarim killings]], and the [[Negev desert road ambush]]; major Israeli attacks include the [[1952 Beit Jala raid\|Beit Jalla]], the [[Qibya massacre]], the [[Nahalin\|Nahalin reprisal raid]], and the [[Jordan–Israel Mixed Armistice Commission#Rantis and Falameh reprisal raid\|Rantis and Falameh reprisal raids]]. The [[Lavon Affair]] led to a deeper distrust of Jews in Egypt, from whose community key agents in the operation had been recruited, and as a result Egypt retaliated against its Jewish community.{{citation needed\|date=October 2014}} After Israel's raid on an Egyptian military outpost in Gaza in February 1955 killed 37 Egyptian soldiers the Egyptian government began to actively sponsor, train, and arm the Palestinian volunteers from Gaza as [[fedayeen]] units which committed raids into Israel.<ref>{{cite journal \|quote=Records... confirm that until the Gaza raid the Egyptian military authorities had a firm and consistent policy of curbing infiltration...into Israel, and that it was only in the aftermath of the raid that a new policy got underway of organizing the fedayeen and turning them into an official instrument of warfare against Israel. \|last=Shlaim \|first=Avi \|title=Conflicting Approaches to Israel's Relations with the Arabs: Ben Gurion and Sharett, 1953-1956 \|journal=Middle East Journal \|volume=37 \|issue=2 \|date=1983 \|pages=188–189 \|jstor=4326561 \|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4326561}}</ref>		Violence was ongoing during almost the entire period from 1950 through 1967. It includes attacks on civilians in Israel carried out by the Jordanian Army, such as the [[Ramat Rachel shooting attack\|Ramat Rachel archaeologists shooting attack]], mass-casualty attacks on Israeli civilians carried out by Palestinian militants then usually called [[Palestinian fedayeen\|fedayeen]], include the [[Yehud attack]], the [[Ma'ale Akrabim massacre]], the Beit Oved attack, the [[Shafir shooting attack]], the 1956 Eilat bus ambush, the [[Ein Ofarim killings]], and the [[Negev desert road ambush]]; major Israeli attacks include the [[1952 Beit Jala raid\|Beit Jalla]], the [[Qibya massacre]], the [[Nahalin\|Nahalin reprisal raid]], and the [[Jordan–Israel Mixed Armistice Commission#Rantis and Falameh reprisal raid\|Rantis and Falameh reprisal raids]]. The [[Lavon Affair]] led to a deeper distrust of Jews in Egypt, from whose community key agents in the operation had been recruited, and as a result Egypt retaliated against its Jewish community.{{citation needed\|date=October 2014}} After Israel's raid on an Egyptian military outpost in Gaza in February 1955 killed 37 Egyptian soldiers the Egyptian government began to actively sponsor, train, and arm the Palestinian volunteers from Gaza as [[fedayeen]] units which committed raids into Israel.<ref>{{cite journal \|quote=Records... confirm that until the Gaza raid the Egyptian military authorities had a firm and consistent policy of curbing infiltration...into Israel, and that it was only in the aftermath of the raid that a new policy got underway of organizing the fedayeen and turning them into an official instrument of warfare against Israel. \|last=Shlaim \|first=Avi \|title=Conflicting Approaches to Israel's Relations with the Arabs: Ben Gurion and Sharett, 1953-1956 \|journal=Middle East Journal \|volume=37 \|issue=2 \|date=1983 \|pages=188–189 \|jstor=4326561 \|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4326561}}</ref>

	In 1967, after years of Egyptian-aided Palestinian fedayeen attacks stemming from the [[Gaza Strip]], the Egyptian expulsion of [[United Nations Emergency Force\|UNEF]], Egypt's amassing of an increased number of troops in the [[Sinai Peninsula]], and several other threatening gestures from other neighboring Arab nations, Israel launched a [[preemptive strike]] ~~against~~ Egypt. The strike and the operations that followed became known as the [[Six-Day War]]. At the end of the Six-Day War, Israel had captured, among other territories, the [[Gaza Strip]] from Egypt and the [[West Bank]] from Jordan (including [[East Jerusalem]]). Shortly after Israel seized control over Jerusalem, Israel asserted sovereignty over the entire city of [[Jerusalem]] and the Palestinian residents of East Jerusalem were given a permanent resident status in Israel. The status of the city as Israel's capital and the occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip created a new set of contentious issues in the conflict. This meant that Israel controlled the entire former British mandate of Palestine that under the Balfour Declaration was supposed to allow a Jewish state within its borders. Following the Six-Day War, the [[United Nations Security Council]] issued [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 242\|a resolution]] with a clause affirming "the necessity ... for achieving a just settlement of the refugee problem," referring to the [[Palestinian refugee]] problem.<ref>Sela, ed. (2002). Sela, Avraham. "Arab-Israel Peacemaking". p. 127.</ref>		In 1967, after years of Egyptian-aided Palestinian fedayeen attacks stemming from the [[Gaza Strip]], the Egyptian expulsion of [[United Nations Emergency Force\|UNEF]], Egypt's amassing of an increased number of troops in the [[Sinai Peninsula]], and several other threatening gestures from other neighboring Arab nations, Israel launched a strike against Egypt that they described as a [[preemptive strike\|preemptive]] move to prevent an anticipated invasion by Egypt.<ref name="BBC Panorama">{{Cite news \|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/panorama/hi/front_page/newsid_7875000/7875655.stm \|title=BBC Panorama \|work=[[BBC News]] \|date=6 February 2009 \|access-date=1 February 2012 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512172600/http://news.bbc.co.uk/panorama/hi/front_page/newsid_7875000/7875655.stm \|archive-date=12 May 2011}}</ref> The strike and the operations that followed became known as the [[Six-Day War]]. At the end of the Six-Day War, Israel had captured, among other territories, the [[Gaza Strip]] from Egypt and the [[West Bank]] from Jordan (including [[East Jerusalem]]). Shortly after Israel seized control over Jerusalem, Israel asserted sovereignty over the entire city of [[Jerusalem]] and the Palestinian residents of East Jerusalem were given a permanent resident status in Israel. The status of the city as Israel's capital and the occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip created a new set of contentious issues in the conflict. This meant that Israel controlled the entire former British mandate of Palestine that under the Balfour Declaration was supposed to allow a Jewish state within its borders. Following the Six-Day War, the [[United Nations Security Council]] issued [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 242\|a resolution]] with a clause affirming "the necessity ... for achieving a just settlement of the refugee problem," referring to the [[Palestinian refugee]] problem.<ref>Sela, ed. (2002). Sela, Avraham. "Arab-Israel Peacemaking". p. 127.</ref>

	At the end of August 1967, Arab leaders met in Khartoum in response to the war, to discuss the Arab position toward Israel. They reached consensus that there should be no recognition, no peace, and no negotiations with the State of Israel, the so-called "three no's". ~~[56]~~		At the end of August 1967, Arab leaders [[Khartoum Resolution\|met in Khartoum]] in response to the war, to discuss the Arab position toward Israel. They reached consensus that there should be no recognition, no peace, and no negotiations with the State of Israel, the so-called "three no's".<ref name="SIS: President Mubarak Interview with Israeli TV">{{cite web\|url=http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Politics/Presidency/President/Interview/000001/0401050300000000000154.htm \|title=President Mubarak Interview with Israeli TV \|access-date=4 March 2007 \|date=15 February 2006 \|publisher=Egyptian State Information Service \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928001621/http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Politics/Presidency/President/Interview/000001/0401050300000000000154.htm \|archive-date=28 September 2007}}</ref>

	Following years of attacks by the Palestinian [[fedayeen]], the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO) was established in 1964. Its goal was the liberation of Palestine through armed struggle.<ref>Sela, ed. (2002). Sela, Avraham. "Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)". pp. 58–121.</ref> The original PLO Charter stated the desire for a Palestinian state established within the entirety of the borders of the [[Mandatory Palestine\|British mandate]] prior to the 1948 war (i.e. the current boundaries of the State of Israel) and said it is a "national duty ... to purge the Zionist presence from Palestine."<ref>Quoted in Sela (2002).</ref> It also called for a [[right of return]] and [[self-determination]] for Palestinians.		Following years of attacks by the Palestinian [[fedayeen]], the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO) was established in 1964. Its goal was the liberation of Palestine through armed struggle.<ref>Sela, ed. (2002). Sela, Avraham. "Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)". pp. 58–121.</ref> The original PLO Charter stated the desire for a Palestinian state established within the entirety of the borders of the [[Mandatory Palestine\|British mandate]] prior to the 1948 war (i.e. the current boundaries of the State of Israel) and said it is a "national duty ... to purge the Zionist presence from Palestine."<ref>Quoted in Sela (2002).</ref> It also called for a [[right of return]] and [[self-determination]] for Palestinians.

History of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict - Revision history

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