imported>Offa29: In the numerous accents of English with GOAT-fronting, "go" works as a rough approximation for [eu]. Reason for previous edit was: Many/most accents of English have a GOOSE vowel considerably more front than [u], except when followed by /l/.

2024-10-15T12:08:04Z

In the numerous accents of English with GOAT-fronting, "go" works as a rough approximation for [eu]. Reason for previous edit was: Many/most accents of English have a GOOSE vowel considerably more front than [u], except when followed by /l/.

New page

{{IPA key|H:IPA-EU}}
The charts below show the way in which the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] (IPA) represents [[Basque language]] pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see [[Template:IPA]] and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}.

See [[Basque dialects]] for a more thorough discussion of regional variation.

{|
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Consonant]]s
|-
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! English approximation
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|b}}</big>
| {{lang|eu|'''b'''at}}
| '''b'''est
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|β}}</big>
| {{lang|eu|ala'''b'''a}}<ref name=lenition>[[Lenition]] of {{IPA|/b d g/}} occurs in regular speech in most [[Southern Basque Country|Southern Basque dialects]]. {{Harvcoltxt|Hualde|1991|p=99-100}}.</ref>
| ''between'' ba'''b'''y ''and'' be'''v'''y
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|c}}</big>
| {{lang|eu|ku'''tt'''un}}
| s'''k'''ew
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|d̪|d}}</big>
| {{lang|eu|'''d'''oa}}
| '''d'''ead
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|ð}}</big>
| {{lang|eu|a'''d'''ar}}<ref name=lenition />
| '''th'''is
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|f}}</big>
| {{lang|eu|'''f'''oru}}
| '''f'''ace
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|ɡ}}</big>
| {{lang|eu|'''g'''auak}}
| '''g'''ot
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|ɣ}}</big>
| {{lang|eu|he'''g'''o}}<ref name=lenition />
| ''between'' '''g'''old ''and'' a'''h'''old
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|h}}</big>
| {{lang|eu|'''h'''amar}}<ref>Silent in [[Southern Basque Country|Southern Basque]] dialects.</ref>
| '''h'''ot
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|j}}</big>
| {{lang|eu|'''j'''akintsu}}<ref>The realisation of the [[grapheme]] ''j'' varies depending on dialect and can be {{IPA|[{{IPAlink|j}}, {{IPAlink|ʝ}}, {{IPAlink|ɟ}}, {{IPAlink|dʒ}}, {{IPAlink|ʒ}}, {{IPAlink|ʃ}}, {{IPAlink|χ}}]}}. The last, resembling [[Scottish English]] ''lo'''ch''''', is typical of [[Gipuzkoan dialect|Gipuzkoan]], and it has also become common in eastern varieties of [[Biscayan dialect|Biscayan]] and the Sakana variety of the [[Upper Navarrese dialect|Upper Navarrese]]. However, the standard pronunciation ruled by [[Euskaltzaindia]] is {{IPA|[j]}}, and is the one followed in this help.</ref>
| '''y'''ou
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|ɟ}}</big>
| {{lang|eu|on'''dd'''o}}
| ar'''g'''ue
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|k}}</big>
| {{lang|eu|'''k'''e}}
| s'''c'''an
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|l}}</big>
| {{lang|eu|'''l'''agun}}
| '''l'''ean
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|ʎ}}</big>
| {{lang|eu|za'''il'''enak}}
| mi'''lli'''on
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|m}}</big>
| {{lang|eu|'''m'''aixu}}
| '''m'''other
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|n}}</big>
| {{lang|eu|'''n'''aharo}}
| '''n'''eed
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|ɲ}}</big>
| {{lang|eu|ikurr'''in'''a}}, {{lang|eu|'''ñ'''aka}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Euskaltzaindia |first= |date= |title=Ñ Letra |url=https://www.euskaltzaindia.eus/index.php?option=com_ebe&view=bilaketa&Itemid=1161&task=bilaketa&lang=eu&id=1153 |access-date=4 January 2024}}</ref>
| ca'''ny'''on
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|p}}</big>
| {{lang|eu|'''p'''iztu}}
| s'''p'''ouse
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|r}}</big>
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|eu|u'''rr'''e}}<ref>The double ''rr'' is pronounced as a [[trill consonant|trill]] {{IPAblink|r}} in [[Southern Basque Country|Southern Basque]] dialects but is often a [[guttural R|guttural]] {{IPAblink|ʁ}} in [[French Basque Country|Northern Basque]] dialects, especially among younger speakers. {{Harvcoltxt|Trask|1978|p=77}} {{Harvcoltxt|Egurtzegi|Carignan|2020|pp=2794, 2800}}.</ref>
| ''[[Spanish language|Spanish]]'' {{lang|es|'''r'''ojo|i=no}}
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|ʁ}}</big>
| ''[[French language|French]]'' {{lang|fr|Pa'''r'''is|i=no}}
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|ɾ}}</big>
| {{lang|eu|zau'''r'''i}}
| ''[[American English]]'' a'''t'''om
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|s|s̻}}</big>
| {{lang|eu|'''z'''eru}}<ref name="sibilants"/>
| '''s'''ip<ref name="sibilants"/>
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|s|s̺}}</big>
| {{lang|eu|u'''s'''o}}
| ''between'' '''s'''ip ''and'' '''sh'''ip (''retracted''), ''[[European Spanish]]'' {{lang|es|ho'''s'''tia|i=no}}<ref name="sibilants">Basque contrasts two consonants that sound similar to the {{IPA|/s/}} of Englishː {{IPA|/s̻/}}, which is [[laminal consonant|laminal]], and {{IPA|/s̺/}}, which is [[apical consonant|apical]]. {{IPA|/ts̻/}} and {{IPA|/ts̺/}} are contrasted the same way. The contrast between {{IPA|/s̻, ts̻/}}, {{IPA|/s̺, ts̺/}} and {{IPA|/ʃ, tʃ/}} is similar to the contrast between {{IPA|/s, ts/}}, {{IPA|/ʂ, tʂ/}} and {{IPA|/ɕ, tɕ/}} in [[Polish language|Polish]].</ref>
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|ʃ}}</big>
| {{lang|eu|'''x'''ehe}}
| '''sh'''ip<ref name="sibilants"/>
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|t̪|t}}</big>
| {{lang|eu|'''t'''alde}}
| s'''t'''and
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|ts|ts̻}}</big>
| {{lang|eu|ai'''tz'''in}}
| ca'''ts''', pi'''zz'''a<ref name="sibilants"/>
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|ts|ts̺}}</big>
| {{lang|eu|urre'''ts'''u}}
| ''between'' ca'''ts''' ''and'' ca'''tch''' (''retracted''), ''[[Serbo-Croatian]]'' {{lang|sh|bi'''ć'''e|i=no}}<ref name="sibilants" />
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|tʃ}}</big>
| {{lang|eu|'''tx'''imist}}
| ca'''tch'''<ref name="sibilants"/>
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Vowel]]s
|-
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! English approximation
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|ä|a}}</big>
| {{lang|eu|gel'''a'''}}
| f'''a'''ther
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|e̞|e}}</big>
| {{lang|eu|'''e'''d'''e'''r}}
| b'''e'''d
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|i}}</big>
| {{lang|eu|n'''i'''re}}
| s'''ee'''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|o̞|o}}</big>
| {{lang|eu|ah'''o'''}}
| b'''o'''re
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|u}}</big>
| {{lang|eu|hir'''u'''}}
| c'''oo'''l
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|y}}</big>
| {{lang|eu|hir'''ü'''}}<ref>Only occurring in [[Souletin dialect|Souletin]].</ref>
| ''roughly like'' c'''u'''te
|}
<br />
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Diphthong]]s
|-
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! English approximation
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA|ai}}</big>
| {{lang|eu|b'''ai'''}}
| '''eye'''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA|oi}}</big>
| {{lang|eu|d'''oi'''nu}}
| b'''oy'''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA|ei}}</big>
| {{lang|eu|l'''ei'''ho}}
| r'''ay'''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA|au}}</big>
| {{lang|eu|h'''au'''}}
| h'''ou'''se
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPA|eu}}</big>
| {{lang|eu|'''eu'''ri}}
| ''roughly like'' g'''o''' ''in some dialects of English''<ref>These dialects include [[Southern England English|Southern England]] (including [[Received Pronunciation]]), [[Midlands English|English Midlands]], [[Australian English|Australian]], [[New Zealand English|New Zealand]], the [[Southern American English|Southern American]], [[Midland American English|Midland American]], [[Philadelphia English|Philadelphia]], [[Baltimore English|Baltimore]], [[Western Pennsylvania English|Western Pennsylvania]] and younger [[California English|Californian]] English. Other dialects of English, such as most other forms of [[American English]], [[Northern England English]], [[Welsh English]], [[Scottish English]] and [[Hiberno-English|Irish English]], have no close equiavalent vowel.</ref>; ''[[Italian language|Italian]] / Spanish'' {{lang|it|'''Eu'''ropa|i=no}}
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[International Phonetic Alphabet#Suprasegmentals|Suprasegmentals]]
|-
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! English approximation
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|.}}</big>
| {{lang|eu|g'''aua'''k}} {{IPA|[ɡau.ak]}}
| m'''oai'''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|ˈ}}</big>
| {{lang|eu|eus'''ka'''ra}} {{IPA|[eusˈkaɾa]}}<ref>Stress in Basque is complex and varies between regions, the [[Euskaltzaindia]] broadly recommends high-pitched weak stress on the second syllable of a syntagma.</ref>
| re'''cy'''cle (''[[primary stress]]'')
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |<big>{{IPAlink|ˌ}}</big>
| {{example needed}}<ref>Secondary stress is low-pitched and weaker than primary stress, with the recommendation being for it to be the last syllable broadly speaking.</ref>
| motor'''cy'''cle (''[[secondary stress]]'')
|}
|}

{{clear}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* {{cite journal
|last1=Egurtzegi
|first1=Ander
|last2=Carignan
|first2=Christopher
|title=An acoustic description of Mixean Basque
|journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
|date=April 2020
|volume=147
|issue=4
|pages=2791–2802
|doi=10.1121/10.0000996
|doi-access=free
}}
*{{citation
|last=Hualde
|first=José Ignacio
|authorlink=José Ignacio Hualde
|title=Basque Phonology
|year=1991
|publisher=Routledge
|isbn=0-415-05655-1
}}
*{{citation
|last=Saltarelli
|first=Mario
|authorlink=Mario Saltarelli
|title=Basque
|year=1988
|publisher=Croom Helm
|isbn=0-415-03681-X
}}
* {{cite journal
|last1=Trask
|first1=Larry
|author1-link=Larry Trask
|title=Basque (Western Low Navarrese dialect)
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|date=June 1978
|volume=8
|issue=1-2
|pages=75–79
|doi=10.1017/S0025100300001754
|jstor=44541406
}}
*{{citation
|last=Trask
|first=Larry
|authorlink=Larry Trask
|title=The History of Basque
|year=1997
|publisher=Routledge
|isbn=0-415-13116-2
}}

==See also==
*{{clc|Pages with Basque IPA|pages}}

{{IPA keys}}

Help:IPA/Basque - Revision history

imported>Offa29: In the numerous accents of English with GOAT-fronting, "go" works as a rough approximation for [eu]. Reason for previous edit was: Many/most accents of English have a GOOSE vowel considerably more front than [u], except when followed by /l/.