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← Previous revision		Revision as of 11:59, 8 December 2025
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	Hakuin left again, to study for a mere eight months with [[Shōju Rōjin]] (Dokyu Etan, 1642–1721),{{sfn\|Waddell\|2010a\|p=xxi–xxii}} an enigmatic teacher whose historicity has been questioned.{{sfnp\|Mohr\|2003\|p=311}} According to Hakuin and his biographers, Shoju was an intensely demanding teacher, who hurled insults and blows at Hakuin, in an attempt to free him from his limited understanding and self-centeredness. When asked why he had become a monk, Hakuin said that it was out of terror to fall into hell, to which Shōju replied "You're a self-centered rascal, aren't you!"{{sfn\|Waddell\|2010a\|p=xxii}} Shōju assigned him a series of "hard-to-pass" koans. These led to three isolated moments of [[satori]], but it was only eighteen years later that Hakuin really understood what Shōju meant with this.{{sfn\|Waddell\|2010a\|p=xxii}}		Hakuin left again, to study for a mere eight months with [[Shōju Rōjin]] (Dokyu Etan, 1642–1721),{{sfn\|Waddell\|2010a\|p=xxi–xxii}} an enigmatic teacher whose historicity has been questioned.{{sfnp\|Mohr\|2003\|p=311}} According to Hakuin and his biographers, Shoju was an intensely demanding teacher, who hurled insults and blows at Hakuin, in an attempt to free him from his limited understanding and self-centeredness. When asked why he had become a monk, Hakuin said that it was out of terror to fall into hell, to which Shōju replied "You're a self-centered rascal, aren't you!"{{sfn\|Waddell\|2010a\|p=xxii}} Shōju assigned him a series of "hard-to-pass" koans. These led to three isolated moments of [[satori]], but it was only eighteen years later that Hakuin really understood what Shōju meant with this.{{sfn\|Waddell\|2010a\|p=xxii}}

	Hakuin left Shoju after eight months of study,{{sfn\|Waddell\|2010a\|p=xxii–xxiii}} but in later life, when he had realized Shoju's teachings on the importance of bodhicitta, Hakuin considered Shoju Rojin his primary teacher, and solidly identified himself with Shoju's dharma-lineage. Today Hakuin is considered to have received [[dharma transmission]] from Shoju,<ref group=web>[http://www.buddhapia.com/hmu/bcm/2/zen_soto_rinzai.html Zen Buddhism: from perspective of Japanese Soto & Rinzai Zen Schools] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717040105/http://www.buddhapia.com/hmu/bcm/2/zen_soto_rinzai.html \|date=2012-07-17 }}</ref> though he didn't receive formal dharma transmission from Shoju Rojin,{{sfn\|Mohr\|2003\|p=311-312}} nor from any other teacher,<ref group=web>[http://www.patheos.com/blogs/monkeymind/2009/02/teaching-credentials-in-zen.html James Ford (2009), ''Teaching Credentials in Zen'']</ref> a contradiction for the Rinzai's school emphasis on formal dharma-transmission.{{sfnp\|Haskel\|2022}}		Hakuin left Shoju after eight months of study,{{sfn\|Waddell\|2010a\|p=xxii–xxiii}} but in later life, when he had realized Shoju's teachings on the importance of [[bodhicitta]], Hakuin considered Shoju Rojin his primary teacher, and solidly identified himself with Shoju's dharma-lineage. Today Hakuin is considered to have received [[dharma transmission]] from Shoju,<ref group=web>[http://www.buddhapia.com/hmu/bcm/2/zen_soto_rinzai.html Zen Buddhism: from perspective of Japanese Soto & Rinzai Zen Schools] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717040105/http://www.buddhapia.com/hmu/bcm/2/zen_soto_rinzai.html \|date=2012-07-17 }}</ref> though he didn't receive formal dharma transmission from Shoju Rojin,{{sfn\|Mohr\|2003\|p=311-312}} nor from any other teacher,<ref group=web>[http://www.patheos.com/blogs/monkeymind/2009/02/teaching-credentials-in-zen.html James Ford (2009), ''Teaching Credentials in Zen'']</ref> a contradiction for the Rinzai's school emphasis on formal dharma-transmission.{{sfnp\|Haskel\|2022}}

	====Incomplete accomplishment and renewed doubt====		====Incomplete accomplishment and renewed doubt====
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	====Zen sickness====		====Zen sickness====
	Hakuin's early extreme exertions affected his health, and at one point in his young life he fell ill for almost two years, experiencing what would now probably be classified as a [[nervous breakdown]] by Western medicine. He called it [[Zen sickness]], and in later life often narrated{{refn\|group=note\|name="Zen_sickness"\|See:		Hakuin's early extreme exertions affected his health, and at one point in his young life he fell ill for almost two years, experiencing what would now probably be classified as a [[nervous breakdown]] by Western medicine. He called it [[Zen sickness]], and in later life often narrated{{refn\|group=note\|name="Zen_sickness"\|See:
	* ''Yasenkanna ("Idle Talk on a Night Boat"), in: ''Hakuin's Precioyus Mirror Cave'', {{harvnb\|Waddell\|2009}}		* ''Yasenkanna'' ("Idle Talk on a Night Boat"), in: ''Hakuin's Precioyus Mirror Cave'', {{harvnb\|Waddell\|2009}}
	* ''Itsumadegusa'' ("Wild Ivy"), {{harvnb\|Hakuin\|2010}}}} to have sought the advice of a [[Taoist]] cave dwelling hermit named Hakuyu, who prescribed a [[Mental image\|visualization]] (the 'soft butter method') and breathing practice ('introspective meditation', using [[abdominal breathing]] and focussing on the [[~~hara (~~tanden~~)\|hara~~]]), which eventually relieved his symptoms. From this point on, Hakuin put a great deal of importance on physical strength and health in his Zen practice, and studying Hakuin-style Zen required a great deal of stamina. Hakuin often spoke of strengthening the body by concentrating the spirit, and followed this advice himself. Well into his seventies, he claimed to have more physical strength than he had at age thirty, being able to sit in zazen meditation or chant sutras for an entire day without fatigue. The practices Hakuin claimed to have learned from Hakuyu are still passed down within the Rinzai school.{{sfn\|Waddell\|2002}}		* ''Itsumadegusa'' ("Wild Ivy"), {{harvnb\|Hakuin\|2010}}}} to have sought the advice of a [[Taoist]] cave dwelling hermit named Hakuyu, who prescribed a [[Mental image\|visualization]] (the 'soft butter method') and breathing practice ('introspective meditation', using [[abdominal breathing]] and focussing on the [[Dantian\|tanden]] (hara), the center of the life-force as described in traditional Chinese medicine, which eventually relieved his symptoms. From this point on, Hakuin put a great deal of importance on physical strength and health in his Zen practice, and studying Hakuin-style Zen required a great deal of stamina. Hakuin often spoke of strengthening the body by concentrating the spirit, and followed this advice himself. Well into his seventies, he claimed to have more physical strength than he had at age thirty, being able to sit in zazen meditation or chant sutras for an entire day without fatigue. The practices Hakuin claimed to have learned from Hakuyu are still passed down within the Rinzai school.{{sfn\|Waddell\|2002}}

	===Temple priest at Shōin-ji===		===Temple priest at Shōin-ji===
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	===Zen-sickness and vital energy===		===Zen-sickness and vital energy===
	In several of his writings,{{refn\|group=note\|First ''Kanzan-shi Sendai-kimon'' (1746),{{sfn\|Waddell\|2002\|p=80}}}} most notably ''Yasenkanna'' ("Idle Talk on a Night Boat"){{refn\|group=note\|Translated in ''Hakuin's Precious Mirror Cave''{{harvnb\|Waddell\|2009}} (1757){{sfn\|Waddell\|2009a\|p=83}} and "used almost verbatim as the fourth chapter of"{{sfn\|Waddell\|2010a\|p=xxvii}} ''Itsumadegusa'' ("Wild Ivy"),{{sfn\|Hakuin\|2010}}Hakuin's autobiography.}} Hakuin describes how he cured his Zen-sickness (''zenbyō'') by using two methods explained to him by Hakuyū, a [[Taoist]] cave-dwelling hermit. These methods are 'introspective meditation', a contemplation practice called ''naikan''{{sfn\|Hakuin\|2009\|p=91, 93}}{{refn\|group=note\|name="naikan"\|Waddell notes that Hakuin used the term ''naikan'' to refer to meditation methods to concentrate ''ki'' in the lower belly, but also for more traditional meditation methods, such as koan-practice.{{sfn\|Waddell\|2009a\|p=260-261 note 18}}}} using [[abdominal breathing]] and focussing on the [[~~hara (tanden)~~\|hara]], and a [[Mental image\|visualization]], the 'soft butter method'.{{sfn\|Waddell\|2002}}		In several of his writings,{{refn\|group=note\|First ''Kanzan-shi Sendai-kimon'' (1746),{{sfn\|Waddell\|2002\|p=80}}}} most notably ''Yasenkanna'' ("Idle Talk on a Night Boat"){{refn\|group=note\|Translated in ''Hakuin's Precious Mirror Cave''{{harvnb\|Waddell\|2009}} (1757){{sfn\|Waddell\|2009a\|p=83}} and "used almost verbatim as the fourth chapter of"{{sfn\|Waddell\|2010a\|p=xxvii}} ''Itsumadegusa'' ("Wild Ivy"),{{sfn\|Hakuin\|2010}}Hakuin's autobiography.}} Hakuin describes how he cured his Zen-sickness (''zenbyō'') by using two methods explained to him by Hakuyū, a [[Taoist]] cave-dwelling hermit. These methods are 'introspective meditation', a contemplation practice called ''naikan''{{sfn\|Hakuin\|2009\|p=91, 93}}{{refn\|group=note\|name="naikan"\|Waddell notes that Hakuin used the term ''naikan'' to refer to meditation methods to concentrate ''ki'' in the lower belly, but also for more traditional meditation methods, such as koan-practice.{{sfn\|Waddell\|2009a\|p=260-261 note 18}}}} using [[abdominal breathing]] and focussing on the [[Dantian\|hara]], and a [[Mental image\|visualization]], the 'soft butter method'.{{sfn\|Waddell\|2002}}

	According to Katō Shǒshun, this zen-sickness most likely happened when Hakuin was in his late twenties. Shǒshun conjects that these remedies were worked out by Hakuin on his own, from "a combination of traditional medical and meditation texts and folk therapies current at the time."{{sfn\|Waddell\|2010a\|p=xxviii}} According to Waddell, ''Yasenkanna'' has been in print ever since it was published, reflecting its popularity in secular circles.{{sfn\|Waddell\|2009a\|p=83}}		According to Katō Shǒshun, this zen-sickness most likely happened when Hakuin was in his late twenties. Shǒshun conjects that these remedies were worked out by Hakuin on his own, from "a combination of traditional medical and meditation texts and folk therapies current at the time."{{sfn\|Waddell\|2010a\|p=xxviii}} According to Waddell, ''Yasenkanna'' has been in print ever since it was published, reflecting its popularity in secular circles.{{sfn\|Waddell\|2009a\|p=83}}
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	Hakuin's closest student and companion was [[Tōrei Enji]] (1721-1792), who first studied with Kogetsu Zenzai, and to whom Hakuin presented his robe as a token of recognition.{{sfn\|McDaniel\|2013\|p=306}}		Hakuin's closest student and companion was [[Tōrei Enji]] (1721-1792), who first studied with Kogetsu Zenzai, and to whom Hakuin presented his robe as a token of recognition.{{sfn\|McDaniel\|2013\|p=306}}

	All contemporary Rinzai-lineages are related to Hakuin through [[Gasan Jitō]] (1727–1797) and his students Inzan Ien (1751–1814) and Takuju Kosen (1760–1833).{{sfn\|Dumoulin\|2005\|p=392}}{{sfn\|Stevens\|1999\|p=90}} Gasan received [[Dharma transmission]] from Rinzai teacher Gessen Zen'e, who had received dharma transmission from Kogetsu Zenzai, before meeting [[Hakuin]].{{sfn\|Besserman\|Steger\|2011\|p=142}} While Gasan is considered to be a dharma heir of Hakuin, "he did not belong to the close circle of disciples and was probably not even one of Hakuin's dharma heirs,"{{sfn\|Dumoulin\|2005\|p=391}} studying with Hakuin but completing his koan-training with Tōrei Enji.{{sfn\|McDaniel\|2013\|p=306}}		All contemporary Rinzai-lineages are related to Hakuin through [[Gasan Jitō]] (1727–1797) and his students Inzan Ien (1751–1814) and Takuju Kosen (1760–1833).{{sfn\|Dumoulin\|2005\|p=392}}{{sfn\|Stevens\|1999\|p=90}} Gasan received [[Dharma transmission]] from Rinzai teacher Gessen Zen'e, who had received dharma transmission from Kogetsu Zenzai, before meeting [[Hakuin]].{{sfn\|Besserman\|Steger\|2011\|p=142}} While Gasan is considered to be a dharma heir of Hakuin, "he did not belong to the close circle of disciples and was probably not even one of Hakuin's dharma heirs,"{{sfn\|Dumoulin\|2005\|p=391}} studying with Hakuin but completing his koan-training with Tōrei Enji.{{sfn\|McDaniel\|2013\|p=306}} It was not until the [[Meiji era]] (1868-1912), when Japan was opend to the western world and Buddhism was endangered by the new regime, that Hakuin's lineage came to dominate the Rinzai institutions.{{sfn\|Ahn\|2019\|p=511}}

	{{Zen Lineage Rinzai school}}		{{Zen Lineage Rinzai school}}
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	5. ''Goi jujukin'' koans, the [[Five Ranks\|Five Ranks of Tozan]] and the Ten Grave Precepts.{{sfn\|Besserman\|Steger\|2011\|p=151}}{{sfn\|Hori\|2005b\|p=135}}		5. ''Goi jujukin'' koans, the [[Five Ranks\|Five Ranks of Tozan]] and the Ten Grave Precepts.{{sfn\|Besserman\|Steger\|2011\|p=151}}{{sfn\|Hori\|2005b\|p=135}}

	Hakuin's main role in the development of this koan system was most likely the example and inspiration he set with his own determination an vigour for koan. The standardisation of collective zazen-practice, introducing scheduled sesshin at Mioshi-ji and its affiliated temples in the 18th century, may be an important institutional factor, requiring standardised practice-tools.{{sfnp\|Shore\|1996}}		Hakuin's main role in the development of this koan system was most likely the example and inspiration he set with his own determination and vigour for koan. The standardisation of collective zazen-practice, introducing scheduled sesshin at Mioshi-ji and its affiliated temples in the 18th century, may be an important institutional factor, requiring standardised practice-tools.{{sfnp\|Shore\|1996}}

	==Writings==		==Writings==
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	* [[Religions of Japan]]		* [[Religions of Japan]]
	* ''[[Zazen Wasan]]'', a ''[[wasan]]'' composed by Hakuin Ekaku		* ''[[Zazen Wasan]]'', a ''[[wasan]]'' composed by Hakuin Ekaku
			* [[Zenga]]

	==Notes==		==Notes==
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	* {{Citation \| last =Torei \| first =Enji \| year =2009 \| chapter =The Chronological Biography of Zen Master Hakuin \| editor-last =Waddell \| editor-first =Norman \| title =Hakuin's Precious mirror Cave \| publisher =Counterpoint}}		* {{Citation \| last =Torei \| first =Enji \| year =2009 \| chapter =The Chronological Biography of Zen Master Hakuin \| editor-last =Waddell \| editor-first =Norman \| title =Hakuin's Precious mirror Cave \| publisher =Counterpoint}}
	<!-- Y -->		<!-- Y -->
	* {{Cite book \| last =Yuanwu \| others =Matthew Juksan Sullivan \| date =2021 \| title =The garden of flowers and weeds: a new translation and commentary on the Blue Cliff record \|location=Rhinebeck, New York \|publisher=Monkfish Book Publishing Company \| isbn =978-1-948626-50-7 \| oclc =~~1246676424 \| url =https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/~~1246676424}}		* {{Cite book \| last =Yuanwu \| others =Matthew Juksan Sullivan \| date =2021 \| title =The garden of flowers and weeds: a new translation and commentary on the Blue Cliff record \|location=Rhinebeck, New York \|publisher=Monkfish Book Publishing Company \| isbn =978-1-948626-50-7 \| oclc =1246676424 }}

	;Secondary		;Secondary
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	* {{Citation \| last =Stevens \| first =John \| year =1999 \| title =Zen Masters. A Maverick, a Master of Masters, and a Wandering Poet. Ikkyu, Hakuin, Ryokan \| publisher =Kodansha International}}		* {{Citation \| last =Stevens \| first =John \| year =1999 \| title =Zen Masters. A Maverick, a Master of Masters, and a Wandering Poet. Ikkyu, Hakuin, Ryokan \| publisher =Kodansha International}}
	<!-- T -->		<!-- T -->
	* {{Citation \| last =Tokiwa \| first =Gishin \| year =1991 \| title =Hakuin Ekaku's Insight into 'the Deep Secret of Hen-Sho Reciprocity' and his Koan 'The Sound of a Single Hand' \| journal =Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies (Indogaku Bukkyogaku Kenkyu) \| volume =39 \| issue =2 \| pages =989–1883 \| doi =10.4259/ibk.39.989 \| url =https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ibk1952/39/2/39_2_989/_article}}		* {{Citation \| last =Tokiwa \| first =Gishin \| year =1991 \| title =Hakuin Ekaku's Insight into 'the Deep Secret of Hen-Sho Reciprocity' and his Koan 'The Sound of a Single Hand' \| journal =Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies (Indogaku Bukkyogaku Kenkyu) \| volume =39 \| issue =2 \| pages =989–1883 \| doi =10.4259/ibk.39.989 \| url =https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ibk1952/39/2/39_2_989/_article\| doi-access =free }}
	* Trevor Leggett, ''The Tiger's Cave'', {{ISBN\|0-8048-2021-X}}, contains the story of Hakuin's illness.		* Trevor Leggett, ''The Tiger's Cave'', {{ISBN\|0-8048-2021-X}}, contains the story of Hakuin's illness.
	<!-- W -->		<!-- W -->
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	* [http://iriz.hanazono.ac.jp/k_room/k_room01a3.en.html Views on Hakuin a Century after His Death (1868)]		* [http://iriz.hanazono.ac.jp/k_room/k_room01a3.en.html Views on Hakuin a Century after His Death (1868)]
	* [http://buddhism.about.com/od/whoswhoinbuddhism/a/hakuin.htm Barbara O'Brien, ''The Life, Teachings and Art of Zen Master Hakuin''] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504120305/http://buddhism.about.com/od/whoswhoinbuddhism/a/hakuin.htm \|date=2012-05-04 }}		* [http://buddhism.about.com/od/whoswhoinbuddhism/a/hakuin.htm Barbara O'Brien, ''The Life, Teachings and Art of Zen Master Hakuin''] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504120305/http://buddhism.about.com/od/whoswhoinbuddhism/a/hakuin.htm \|date=2012-05-04 }}
	* [~~http~~://terebess.hu/zen/hakuin1.html Terebess.hu, ''Hakuin Ekaku Selected Writings'']		* [https://terebess.hu/zen/hakuin1.html Terebess.hu, ''Hakuin Ekaku Selected Writings'']
	* [http://www.ciolek.com/WWWVLPages/ZenPages/Hakuin.html Ciolek, T. Matthew (1997–present), ''Hakuin School of Zen Buddhism'' (Hakuin's lineage)]		* [http://www.ciolek.com/WWWVLPages/ZenPages/Hakuin.html Ciolek, T. Matthew (1997–present), ''Hakuin School of Zen Buddhism'' (Hakuin's lineage)]
	* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120711234849/http://members.optushome.com.au/davidquinn000/Hakuin%20folder/Hakuin08.html Don Webley, ''A Short Biography of Hakuin'']		* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120711234849/http://members.optushome.com.au/davidquinn000/Hakuin%20folder/Hakuin08.html Don Webley, ''A Short Biography of Hakuin'']

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2025-06-05T22:19:24Z

Moving Category:Buddhist clergy of Edo-period Japan to Category:Buddhist clergy of the Edo period per Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy

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Hakuin Ekaku - Revision history

imported>Joshua Jonathan: /* Lineage */ add

imported>JJMC89 bot III: Moving :Category:Buddhist clergy of Edo-period Japan to :Category:Buddhist clergy of the Edo period per Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy