2A02:1811:C0D:6F00:996F:E714:E3EC:D0BE: /* Autosomal DNA */

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{{Short description|Archaeological culture in Lake Baikal area}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox archaeological culture
|name=Glazkov culture
| map =
{{Continental Asia in 2000 BCE|center||{{Location map~|Continental Asia|lat=54|long=104|position=left|mark=Orange dot (semi-transparent).png|marksize=20}}||none}}
| mapcaption = Location of the Glazkov culture, with other contemporary cultures {{c.|-2000 BCE}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jeong |first1=Choongwon |last2=Wang |first2=Ke |last3=Wilkin |first3=Shevan |title=A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe |journal=Cell |date=12 November 2020 |volume=183 |issue=4 |pages=890–904, Figure 1 A, B, C |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015 |pmid=33157037 |issn=0092-8674|doi-access=free |pmc=7664836 |hdl=21.11116/0000-0007-77BF-D |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
|altnames=Glazkovo, Glazkovskaya
|dates = c. [[2200 BCE]] - [[1200 BCE]]
|typesite=Glazkov ([[Irkutsk]])
|period = [[Bronze Age]]
|majorsites=
|extra=
|precededby =
|followedby =
|horizon=Indigenous peoples of Siberia
|region = [[Irkutsk]], [[Siberia]]}}
The '''Glazkov culture''', '''Glazkovo culture''', or '''Glazkovskaya culture''' (2200-1200 BCE),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fagan |first1=Brian M. |title=The Oxford Companion to Archaeology |date=5 December 1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-977121-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ftQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA644 |language=en}}</ref> was an [[archaeological culture]] in the [[Lake Baikal]] area during the [[Early Bronze Age]].

'''Glazkovs''' is a conditional name for the group of the ancient tribes inhabiting Siberia in the 2nd millennium BCE ('''Glazkov time''') the headwaters of Angara river.<ref name=autogenerated1>Gumilev L.N., ''"History of Hun People"'', Moscow, 'Science', Ch.2, http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/HPH/hph02.htm (In Russian)</ref> Glazkov culture is named after a suburb of the city [[Irkutsk]], where it was first found.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.buryatia.edu.ru/docs1/esstu/el_uch5.pdf |title=История культуры Бурятии |access-date=25 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216065612/http://www.buryatia.edu.ru/docs1/esstu/el_uch5.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Areal ==
Archeologists distinguish in the 2nd millennium BCE Southern Siberia two synchronous independent cultures: Glazkov in the east and the [[Andronovo culture]] in the west.

"In the Baikal territory lived a Glazkov group of related tribes, most likely the ancestors of modern [[Evenks]], [[Evens]] or [[Yukagirs]]. Their culture was very close to the culture of the inhabitants of the upper [[Amur River|Amur]] and Northern [[Manchuria]], and of [[Mongolia]] to the [[Great Wall of China]] and [[Ordos Loop]]. It is possible, hence, that all this extensive area was populated by peoples culturally related with the hunter and fisher tribes of Neolith and Early Bronze... probably speaking related tribal languages".<ref>Okladnikov A.P., ''"Neolith and Bronze Age of Baikal"'', Part 3, Moscow-Leningrad, 1955, p. 8, in Gumilev L.N., ''"History of Hun People"'', Moscow, 'Science', Ch.2, http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/HPH/hph02.htm (In Russian)</ref>{{Update inline|date=January 2025|reason=70 y.o. source; the connection to Evenks/Evens is pretty unlikely given the recent genetic data}} Later the carriers of the southern part Glazkov culture tribes converged with some ancestors of the [[Huns]], and intermixed with them.<ref>Okladnikov A.P., ''"Neolith and Bronze Age of Baikal"'', Part 3, Moscow-Leningrad, 1955, p. 9-10 (In Russian)</ref> In the 18th century BCE the elements of the [[Andronovo culture]] seized the Minusinsk depression and almost encountered the Glazkovs on the Yenisei. Glazkovs and Andronovs played a secondary role in the 2nd millennium BCE Southern Siberia.<ref>[[Grigory Grum-Grshimailo|Grumm-Grjimailo, G. E.]], ''Western Mongolia and Uryanhai territory'', vol. 2, Leningrad, 1926, p. 34-35 (In Russian)</ref>

== Culture ==
[[File:Eurasian archaeological cultures in the Early Bronze Age (ca. 2300–1700 BCE) with their approximate rangesr.png|thumb|upright=2|The Glaznovo culture and Eurasian archaeological cultures in the Early Bronze Age (ca. 2300–1700 BCE) with their approximate ranges. Chequered ovals: Seima-Turbino major sites. Labeled blue ovals: core locations of Uralic branch ancestors: Saa(mi), Fin(nic), M(or)d(vin), Ma(ri), Pe(rmic), Hun(garian), Man(si), Kha(nty), and Sam(oyedic).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Török |first1=Tibor |title=Integrating Linguistic, Archaeological and Genetic Perspectives Unfold the Origin of Ugrians |journal=Genes |date=July 2023 |volume=14 |issue=7 |pages=1345 |doi=10.3390/genes14071345 |pmid=37510249 |language=en |issn=2073-4425 |doi-access=free |pmc=10379071 }}</ref>]]
The elements of Glazkov material culture are stitched birch bark boat, dishes of birch bark and wood, portable cradles, a sawhorse-like contraption for carrying load on the back, composite bow, short strong spear with a massive long tip, three-component [[divaricate|divaricating]] dress that allows to dry by the fire without having to completely undress. Glazkov material remains included copper knives, bronze fishing hooks, and ceramics.

===Burials===

Glazkov burials brought new funeral traditions into the region: the deceased were oriented down the river, instead of previously common geographical direction orientations. The remains were placed in a crouched position, with intentionally broken artifacts, likely to protect the living from the danger presented by a deceased.

To the end of the Glazkov time in the southern portion of the eastern Baikal area, there was an influx of people from [[Mongolia]], who brought a distinctive tradition of stone [[kurgans]] with fences (''chereksurs''), which resulted in the formation of a ''[[Slab Grave culture]]'' that became the eastern wing of a huge nomadic world in [[Eurasia]], which produced in the beginning of the 1st millennium BCE a civilization known as Scythian-Siberian World.

===Related cultures===

Glazkov culture had clearly expressed variations, bringing about a number of hypotheses about ethno-cultural situation in the Baikal area, all of them concurring that all population groups are of the animal husbandry type. These cultures are ''Daur'', ''Slab Grave Culture'', and ''Palace Type'' burials, seen by some researchers as the earliest predecessor of the Slab Grave Culture.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{Cite web |url=http://www.buryatia.edu.ru/docs1/esstu/el_uch5.pdf |title=''"History of Buratia Culture"'', Ulan-Ude, 2003 |access-date=25 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216065612/http://www.buryatia.edu.ru/docs1/esstu/el_uch5.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Economy ==

Their economy was mainly based on hunting, fishery and gathering.

== Archaeogenetics ==
[[File:Map of the Ancient Northeast Asians.png|thumb|upright=1.5|The Glazkovo culture (Baikal EBA) in context with other Ancient Northeast Asian-rich cultures.]]
=== Haplogroups ===
All 4 tested Early Bronze Age individuals from the Ust-Ida burial site belonged to the Y-DNA [[Haplogroup Q (Y-DNA)|haplogroup Q-YP4004 under Q1a2]].<ref>Yfull tree https://yfull.com/tree/Q-YP4004/</ref> Two earlier Late Neolithic burials from the same area yielded Y-haplogroups Q1a2 and [[Haplogroup N (Y-DNA)|N1c1]].<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1126/science.aar7711 | title=The first horse herders and the impact of early Bronze Age steppe expansions into Asia | date=2018 | last1=De Barros Damgaard | first1=Peter | last2=Martiniano | first2=Rui | last3=Kamm | first3=Jack | last4=Moreno-Mayar | first4=J. Víctor | last5=Kroonen | first5=Guus | last6=Peyrot | first6=Michaël | last7=Barjamovic | first7=Gojko | last8=Rasmussen | first8=Simon | last9=Zacho | first9=Claus | last10=Baimukhanov | first10=Nurbol | last11=Zaibert | first11=Victor | last12=Merz | first12=Victor | last13=Biddanda | first13=Arjun | last14=Merz | first14=Ilja | last15=Loman | first15=Valeriy | last16=Evdokimov | first16=Valeriy | last17=Usmanova | first17=Emma | last18=Hemphill | first18=Brian | last19=Seguin-Orlando | first19=Andaine | last20=Yediay | first20=Fulya Eylem | last21=Ullah | first21=Inam | last22=Sjögren | first22=Karl-Göran | last23=Iversen | first23=Katrine Højholt | last24=Choin | first24=Jeremy | last25=de la Fuente | first25=Constanza | last26=Ilardo | first26=Melissa | last27=Schroeder | first27=Hannes | last28=Moiseyev | first28=Vyacheslav | last29=Gromov | first29=Andrey | last30=Polyakov | first30=Andrei | journal=Science | volume=360 | issue=6396 | pmid=29743352 | pmc=6748862 | display-authors=1 }}</ref>

=== Autosomal DNA ===
The genetic ancestry associated with the Glazkovo culture remains is known as "Baikal Early Bronze Age" (Baikal_EBA) ancestry, and falls into the [[Ancient Northern East Asian]] (ANEA) gene pool, with c. 11% (5-20%) admixture from [[Ancient North Eurasian|Ancient North Eurasians]] (ANE).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jeong |first1=Choongwon |last2=Wang |first2=Ke |last3=Wilkin |first3=Shevan |last4=Taylor |first4=William Timothy Treal |last5=Miller |first5=Bryan K. |last6=Bemmann |first6=Jan H. |last7=Stahl |first7=Raphaela |last8=Chiovelli |first8=Chelsea |last9=Knolle |first9=Florian |last10=Ulziibayar |first10=Sodnom |last11=Khatanbaatar |first11=Dorjpurev |last12=Erdenebaatar |first12=Diimaajav |last13=Erdenebat |first13=Ulambayar |last14=Ochir |first14=Ayudai |last15=Ankhsanaa |first15=Ganbold |date=12 November 2020 |title=A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe |journal=Cell |volume=183 |issue=4 |pages=890–904.e29 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015 |issn=0092-8674 |pmc=7664836 |pmid=33157037 |quote=Reanalyzing published data from the western Baikal early Neolithic Kitoi culture (Baikal_EN) and the early Bronze Age Glazkovo culture (Baikal_EBA) (Damgaard et al., 2018a), we find that they have similar ancestry profiles and a slight increase in ANE ancestry through time (from 6.4% to 20.1%) (Figure 3A).}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jeong |first1=Choongwon |last2=Wilkin |first2=Shevan |last3=Amgalantugs |first3=Tsend |last4=Bouwman |first4=Abigail S. |last5=Taylor |first5=William Timothy Treal |last6=Hagan |first6=Richard W. |last7=Bromage |first7=Sabri |last8=Tsolmon |first8=Soninkhishig |last9=Trachsel |first9=Christian |last10=Grossmann |first10=Jonas |last11=Littleton |first11=Judith |last12=Makarewicz |first12=Cheryl A. |last13=Krigbaum |first13=John |last14=Burri |first14=Marta |last15=Scott |first15=Ashley |date=27 November 2018 |title=Bronze Age population dynamics and the rise of dairy pastoralism on the eastern Eurasian steppe |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=115 |issue=48 |pages=E11248–E11255 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1813608115 |doi-access=free |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=6275519 |pmid=30397125|bibcode=2018PNAS..11511248J }}</ref> The Glazkovo remains display high genetic affinity with the "Cisbaikal_LNBA" ancestry, possibly associated with ancient [[Yeniseian languages|Yeniseian speakers]]. Cisbaikal_LNBA ancestry is inferred to be rich in [[Ancient Paleo-Siberian]] ancestry, and also display affinity to Inner Northeast Asian (Yumin-like) groups.<ref name="Zeng2">{{cite journal |last=Zeng |first=Tian Chen |display-authors=etal |date=2 October 2023 |title=Postglacial genomes from foragers across Northern Eurasia reveal prehistoric mobility associated with the spread of the Uralic and Yeniseian languages |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.01.560332v2.full |doi=10.1101/2023.10.01.560332 |s2cid=263706090 |website=BioRxiv|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Modern [[Altaians]] display genetic affinity to the Glazkovo hunter-gatherer culture, and can be used as possible proxy for the East Eurasian component among [[Saka]] ([[Scytho-Siberian world|Scytho-Siberian nomads]]).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Järve |first1=Mari |last2=Saag |first2=Lehti |last3=Scheib |first3=Christiana Lyn |last4=Pathak |first4=Ajai K. |last5=Montinaro |first5=Francesco |last6=Pagani |first6=Luca |last7=Flores |first7=Rodrigo |last8=Guellil |first8=Meriam |last9=Saag |first9=Lauri |last10=Tambets |first10=Kristiina |last11=Kushniarevich |first11=Alena |last12=Solnik |first12=Anu |last13=Varul |first13=Liivi |last14=Zadnikov |first14=Stanislav |last15=Petrauskas |first15=Oleg |date=22 July 2019 |title=Shifts in the Genetic Landscape of the Western Eurasian Steppe Associated with the Beginning and End of the Scythian Dominance |journal=Current Biology |volume=29 |issue=14 |pages=2430–2441.e10 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2019.06.019 |pmid=31303491 |issn=0960-9822|doi-access=free |bibcode=2019CBio...29E2430J }}</ref>{{Clarify|date=June 2025}}

== References ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061009195952/http://www.sati.archaeology.nsc.ru/encyc/term.html?act=list&term=3008 Glazkov culture] (In Russian)
* [http://www.baikal-discovery.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=178&Itemid=62 Ancient history] (In Russian)
*Debets G.F. ''"Paleoanthropology of the USSR"'', Moscow-Leningrad, 1948 (In Russian)
*[[Alexey Okladnikov|Okladnikov A.P.]] ''"Neolith and the Bronze Age of Baikal"'', Part 3, Moscow-Leningrad, 1955 (In Russian)
* [http://gumilevica.kulichki.com/HPH/index.html Gumilev L.N., ''"History of Hun People"''] (In Russian)
{{Reflist}}

== See also ==
{{Bronze Age}}
*[[History of Kazakhstan]]
*[[History of Kyrgyzstan]]
*[[History of Mongolia]]
*[[History of Russia]]

{{Bronze Age footer}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Glazkov Culture}}
[[Category:Archaeological cultures of Siberia]]
[[Category:Bronze Age cultures of Asia]]
[[Category:Tungusic]]

Glazkov culture - Revision history

2A02:1811:C0D:6F00:996F:E714:E3EC:D0BE: /* Autosomal DNA */