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{{short description|Non-Muslim person (of the Ottoman Empire)}}
[[File:The Giaour MET DP874603 - cropped.jpg|thumb|[[Théodore Géricault]]: ''The Giaour'' (1820, lithograph; [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], New York)]]
[[File:Eugène Ferdinand Victor Delacroix 021.jpg|thumb|[[Eugène Delacroix]]: ''The Combat of the Giaour and Hassan'' (1826, oil on canvas; [[Art Institute of Chicago]]), inspired by [[Lord Byron]]'s ''[[The Giaour]]'']]

'''Giaour''' or '''Gawur''' or '''Gavour''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|aʊər}}; {{langx|tr|gâvur}}, {{IPA|tr|ɟaˈvuɾ}}; from {{langx|fa|گور}} ''gâvor'';{{efn|an obsolete variant of modern {{lang|fa|گبر}} ''[[gabr|gaur]]'', originally derived from {{langx|arc|𐡂𐡁𐡓𐡀|''gaḇrā''|man; person}}}} {{langx|ro|ghiaur}}; {{langx|sq|kaur}}; {{langx|el|γκιαούρης|gkiaoúris}}; {{langx|bg|гяур}}; [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]]; kaur/đaur) meaning "infidel", is a slur used mostly in the lands of the former [[Ottoman Empire]] for [[non-Muslims]] or, more particularly, [[Christians]] in the [[Balkans]].<ref name="Vryonis1993">{{cite book|author=Speros Vryonis|title=The Turkish State and History: Clio Meets the Grey Wolf|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mTFpAAAAMAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Institute for Balkan Studies|isbn=978-0-89241-532-8|quote=The Turkish term "giaour" a term of contempt, was applied to these Balkan Christians,}}</ref><ref name="EHB1-44">{{cite book|title=Entangled Histories of the Balkans: Volume One: National Ideologies and Language Policies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FGmJqMflYgoC&pg=PA44|date=13 June 2013|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-25076-5|page=44|quote=In the Ottoman defters, Orthodox Christians are as a rule recorded as kâfir or gâvur (infidels) or (u)rum.}}</ref>

==Terminology==
The terms "''[[kafir]]"'', "''gawur",'' and "''[[rûm]]"'' (the last meaning "[[Rum Millet|Rum millet]]") were commonly used in [[defter]]s (tax registries) for [[Orthodoxy#Christianity |Orthodox Christians]], usually without ethnic distinction. Christian ethnic groups in the Balkan lands of the Ottoman Empire included [[Greeks]] (''rûm''), [[Bulgarians]] (''bulgar''), [[Serbs]] (''sırp''), [[Albanians]] (''arnavut'') and [[Vlachs]] (''eflak''), among others.<ref name=EHB1-44/>

The [[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|1911 ''Encyclopædia Britannica'']] described the term as follows:
{{quote|''Giaour'' (a [[Turkish language|Turkish]] adaptation of the [[Persian language|Persian]] ''gâwr'' or ''gōr'', an [[infidel]]), a word used by the [[Turkish people|Turks]] to describe all who are not Mohammedans, with especial reference to Christians. The word, first employed as a term of contempt and reproach, has become so general that in most cases no insult is intended in its use; for example in parts of [[China]], the term [[Gweilo|''foreign devil'']] has become void of offence. A strict analogy to giaour is found in the Arabic [[kafir]], or unbeliever, which is so commonly in use as to have become the proper name of peoples and countries.}}

During the [[Tanzimat]] (1839–1876) era, a [[hatt-i humayun]] prohibited the use of the term by Muslims with reference to non-Muslims<ref>
{{cite journal
| year = 1868
| title = The Eastern Question
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0BsaAQAAIAAJ
| journal = London Quarterly Review
| location = London
| publisher = E.C. Barton
| page = 407
| quote = The application of the word ''giaour'', ''dog'', is forbidden by the Hatt-i-Humayoou [...].
| access-date = 20 November 2023
}}
</ref>
to prevent problems occurring in social relationships.<ref name="Gawrych16">{{cite book|last= Gawrych|first= George|authorlink= George Gawrych|title=The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman Rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874-1913|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wPOtzk-unJgC|year= 2006|publisher= I.B.Tauris|isbn= 978-1-84511-287-5|page= 15}}
</ref>{{qn|date=November 2023}}

==European cultural references==
[[File:Giaours smoking the Tchibouque with the Pacha of the Dardanelles. Travels in Circassia, Krim-tartary, &c.jpg|thumb|''Giaours smoking the [[chibouk|tchibouque]] with the [[pasha|pacha]] of the [[Dardanelles]]'', book illustration from 1839.]]
*Giaour is the name given to the evil monster of a man in the tale ''[[Vathek]]'', written by [[William Beckford (novelist)|William Beckford]] in French in 1782 and translated into English soon after. The spelling ''Giaour'' appears in the French as well as in the English translation.<ref name="Beckford2013">{{cite book|last=Beckford|first=William|authorlink=William Beckford (novelist)|title=Vathek|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dn2X3Zdc3GIC|year=2013|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-164578-5}}</ref>
*In 1813 [[Lord Byron]] published his poem ''[[The Giaour|The Giaour: A Fragment of a Turkish Tale]]'', whose themes revolve around the ideas of love, death, and afterlife in Western Europe and the [[Ottoman Empire]].
* ''Le Giaour'', an 1832 painting by [[Ary Scheffer]], oil on canvas, "[[Musée de la Vie romantique]]", Hôtel Scheffer-Renan, Paris.
* Sonnet XL of ''[[Sonnets from the Portuguese]]'' (1850) by [[Elizabeth Barrett Browning]] contains these lines:

<blockquote>''Musselmans and Giaours<br>Throw kerchiefs at a smile, and have no ruth<br>For any weeping.''</blockquote>

==See also==
{{Wiktionary|giaour}}
* [[Gabr]], Persian equivalent
* [[Kafir]], Arabic equivalent
* [[Dhimmi]]
* [[Rayah]]
* [[Guiri]] is Spanish slang for a foreign tourist. According to [[Juan Goytisolo]], it is derived from Turkish ''gâvur''.<ref>''Pesquisas en la obra tardía de Juan Goytisolo'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=zOEVlJWy6moC&dq=gauri+guiri&pg=PA66 page 66], Volumen 33 de [[Foro hispánico]], {{ISSN|0925-8620}}, [[Brigitte Adriaensen]], [[Marco Kunz]], Rodopi, 2009, {{ISBN|9042025476}}, {{ISBN|9789042025479}}. Quotes ''Estambul otomano'', page 62, [[Juan Goytisolo]], 1989, Barcelona, Planeta.</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{EB1911|wstitle=Giaour|volume=11|page=927}}

{{Religious slurs}}

[[Category:Islam-related slurs]]
[[Category:Turkish words and phrases]]
[[Category:Ethno-cultural designations]]
[[Category:Christianity in the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Exonyms]]

Giaour - Revision history

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