http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=German%E2%80%93Soviet_Credit_Agreement_%281939%29German–Soviet Credit Agreement (1939) - Revision history2026-06-02T17:21:21ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.43.1http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=German%E2%80%93Soviet_Credit_Agreement_(1939)&diff=5387485&oldid=previmported>Fortek67: /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */2025-09-08T19:59:43Z<p><span class="autocomment">growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0</span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:59, 8 September 2025</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Traditional commerce and pre-Nazi trade===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Traditional commerce and pre-Nazi trade===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Germany lacks natural resources, including several key [[raw materials]] needed for economic and military operations.<ref name="ericson1">{{Harvnb|Ericson|1999|pp=1–2}}</ref><ref name="hehn215"/> Since the late 19th century, it had relied heavily upon Russian imports of such materials.<ref name="ericson11">{{Harvnb|Ericson|1999|pp=11–12}}</ref> Before World War I, Germany imported 1.5 billion [[Reichsmark]]s of raw materials and other goods per year from Russia.<ref name="ericson11"/> Such imports fell sharply after World War I.<ref name="ericson14">{{Harvnb|Ericson|1999|pp=14–15}}</ref> In the early 1930s, Soviet imports decreased as the more isolationist Stalinist regime asserted power and dwindling adherence to the disarmament requirements of the [[Treaty of Versailles]] decreased Germany's reliance on Soviet imports.<ref name="ericson14"/><ref name="hehn212">{{Harvnb|Hehn|2005|p=212}}</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Germany lacks natural resources, including several key [[raw materials]] needed for economic and military operations.<ref name="ericson1">{{Harvnb|Ericson|1999|pp=1–2}}</ref><ref name="hehn215"/> Since the late 19th century, it had relied heavily upon Russian imports of such materials.<ref name="ericson11">{{Harvnb|Ericson|1999|pp=11–12}}</ref> Before <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>World War I<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>, Germany imported 1.5 billion [[Reichsmark]]s of raw materials and other goods per year from Russia.<ref name="ericson11"/> Such imports fell sharply after World War I.<ref name="ericson14">{{Harvnb|Ericson|1999|pp=14–15}}</ref> In the early 1930s, Soviet imports decreased as the more isolationist Stalinist regime asserted power and dwindling adherence to the disarmament requirements of the [[Treaty of Versailles]] decreased Germany's reliance on Soviet imports.<ref name="ericson14"/><ref name="hehn212">{{Harvnb|Hehn|2005|p=212}}</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Deteriorating relations===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Deteriorating relations===</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On July 25, the Soviet Union and Germany were very close to finalizing the terms of a proposed economic deal.<ref name="ericson54">{{Harvnb|Ericson|1999|pp=54–55}}</ref> On July 26, over dinner, the Soviets accepted a proposed three-stage agenda which included the economic agenda first and "a new arrangement which took account of the vital political interests of both parties."<ref name="ericson54"/> On August 1, the Soviets raised two conditions before political negotiations could begin: a new economic treaty and the cessation of anti-Soviet attacks by German media.<ref name="ericson54"/> The Germans immediately agreed.<ref name="ericson54"/> Two days later, German Foreign Minister [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] outlined a plan where the countries would agree to nonintervention in the others' affairs and would renounce measures aimed at the others' vital interests<ref>{{Harvnb|Nekrich|Ulam|Freeze|1997|p=116}}</ref> and that "there was no problem between the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic]] and the [[Black Sea]] that could not be solved between the two of us."<ref name="roberts30">{{Harvnb|Roberts|2006|p=30}}</ref><ref name="fest589">Fest, Joachim C., ''Hitler'', Harcourt Brace Publishing, 2002 {{ISBN|0-15-602754-2}}, page 589–590</ref><ref>Vehviläinen, Olli, ''Finland in the Second World War: Between Germany and Russia'', Macmillan, 2002, {{ISBN|0-333-80149-0}}, page 30</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On July 25, the Soviet Union and Germany were very close to finalizing the terms of a proposed economic deal.<ref name="ericson54">{{Harvnb|Ericson|1999|pp=54–55}}</ref> On July 26, over dinner, the Soviets accepted a proposed three-stage agenda which included the economic agenda first and "a new arrangement which took account of the vital political interests of both parties."<ref name="ericson54"/> On August 1, the Soviets raised two conditions before political negotiations could begin: a new economic treaty and the cessation of anti-Soviet attacks by German media.<ref name="ericson54"/> The Germans immediately agreed.<ref name="ericson54"/> Two days later, German Foreign Minister [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] outlined a plan where the countries would agree to nonintervention in the others' affairs and would renounce measures aimed at the others' vital interests<ref>{{Harvnb|Nekrich|Ulam|Freeze|1997|p=116}}</ref> and that "there was no problem between the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic]] and the [[Black Sea]] that could not be solved between the two of us."<ref name="roberts30">{{Harvnb|Roberts|2006|p=30}}</ref><ref name="fest589">Fest, Joachim C., ''Hitler'', Harcourt Brace Publishing, 2002 {{ISBN|0-15-602754-2}}, page 589–590</ref><ref>Vehviläinen, Olli, ''Finland in the Second World War: Between Germany and Russia'', Macmillan, 2002, {{ISBN|0-333-80149-0}}, page 30</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-H04810, Joachim von Ribbentrop.jpg|thumb|right|[[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-H04810, Joachim von Ribbentrop.jpg|thumb|right|[[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Germans discussed prior hostilities between the countries in the 1930s. They addressed their common ground of [[anti-capitalism]], stating "there is one common element in the ideology of Germany, Italy and the Soviet Union: opposition to the capitalist democracies,"<ref name="fest589"/><ref>Bertriko, Jean-Jacques Subrenat, A. and David Cousins, ''Estonia: Identity and Independence'', Rodopi, 2004, {{ISBN|90-420-0890-3}} page 131</ref> "neither we nor Italy have anything in common with the capitalist west" and "it seems to us rather unnatural that a socialist state would stand on the side of the western democracies."<ref name="nekrich115"/> The Germans explained that their prior hostility toward Soviet Bolshevism had subsided with the changes in the [[Comintern]] and the Soviet renunciation of a [[world revolution]].<ref name="nekrich115">{{Harvnb|Nekrich|Ulam|Freeze|1997|p=115}}</ref> Astakhov characterized the conversation as "extremely important."<ref name="nekrich115"/></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Germans discussed prior hostilities between the countries in the 1930s. They addressed their common ground of [[anti-capitalism]], stating "there is one common element in the ideology of Germany, Italy and the Soviet Union: opposition to the capitalist democracies,"<ref name="fest589"/><ref>Bertriko, Jean-Jacques Subrenat, A. and David Cousins, ''Estonia: Identity and Independence'', Rodopi, 2004, {{ISBN|90-420-0890-3}} page 131</ref> "neither we nor Italy have anything in common with the capitalist west" and "it seems to us rather unnatural that a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>socialist state<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </ins>would stand on the side of the western democracies."<ref name="nekrich115"/> The Germans explained that their prior hostility toward Soviet Bolshevism had subsided with the changes in the [[Comintern]] and the Soviet renunciation of a [[world revolution]].<ref name="nekrich115">{{Harvnb|Nekrich|Ulam|Freeze|1997|p=115}}</ref> Astakhov characterized the conversation as "extremely important."<ref name="nekrich115"/></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As Germany scheduled its [[invasion of Poland]] for August 25 and prepared for war with France, German war planners in August estimated that, with an expected British naval blockade and the hostile Soviet Union, Germany would fall short of its war mobilization requirements by 9.9 million tons of oil and 260,000 tons of manganese.<ref name="ericson54"/> At that time, Germany was still importing 20% of foodstuffs, 66% of oil and 80% of rubber.<ref name="ericson54"/> It possessed only two to three months of rubber and three to six months of oil supplies.<ref name="ericson54"/> Because of the expected naval blockade, the Soviet Union would become the only supplier for many items.<ref name="ericson54"/></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As Germany scheduled its [[invasion of Poland]] for August 25 and prepared for war with France, German war planners in August estimated that, with an expected British naval blockade and the hostile Soviet Union, Germany would fall short of its war mobilization requirements by 9.9 million tons of oil and 260,000 tons of manganese.<ref name="ericson54"/> At that time, Germany was still importing 20% of foodstuffs, 66% of oil and 80% of rubber.<ref name="ericson54"/> It possessed only two to three months of rubber and three to six months of oil supplies.<ref name="ericson54"/> Because of the expected naval blockade, the Soviet Union would become the only supplier for many items.<ref name="ericson54"/></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Russian submarine SC.322 damaged German steamer GILLHAUSEN (4339grt) with gunfire south of Hanko http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWW2-3912-09DEC01.htm</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Russian submarine SC.322 damaged German steamer GILLHAUSEN (4339grt) with gunfire south of Hanko http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWW2-3912-09DEC01.htm</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Germany and the Soviet Union continued economic, military and political negotiations throughout the last half of 1939, which resulted in a much larger [[German–Soviet Commercial Agreement (1940)|German–Soviet Commercial Agreement]] being signed on February 11, 1940.<ref name="ericson103">{{Harvnb|Ericson|1999|p=103}}</ref><ref name="weeks74">Weeks, Albert L., ''Stalin's Other War: Soviet Grand Strategy, 1939–1941'', Rowman & Littlefield, 2003, {{ISBN|0-7425-2192-3}}, page 74–75</ref> Under that agreement, the Soviet Union became a major supplier of vital materials to Germany, including petroleum, manganese, copper, nickel, chrome, platinum, lumber and grain.<ref name="moss291">Moss, Walter, ''A History of Russia: Since 1855'', Anthem Press, 2005, {{ISBN|1-84331-034-1}}, page 291</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Germany and the Soviet Union continued economic, military and political negotiations throughout the last half of 1939, which resulted in a much larger [[German–Soviet Commercial Agreement (1940)|German–Soviet Commercial Agreement]] being <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Sign-on and sign-off|</ins>signed on<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </ins>February 11, 1940.<ref name="ericson103">{{Harvnb|Ericson|1999|p=103}}</ref><ref name="weeks74">Weeks, Albert L., ''Stalin's Other War: Soviet Grand Strategy, 1939–1941'', Rowman & Littlefield, 2003, {{ISBN|0-7425-2192-3}}, page 74–75</ref> Under that agreement, the Soviet Union became a major supplier of vital materials to Germany, including petroleum, manganese, copper, nickel, chrome, platinum, lumber and grain.<ref name="moss291">Moss, Walter, ''A History of Russia: Since 1855'', Anthem Press, 2005, {{ISBN|1-84331-034-1}}, page 291</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>They also received considerable amounts of other vital raw materials, including manganese ore,<ref name="weeks74"/><ref name="philbin47">{{Harvnb|Philbin III|1994|p=47}}</ref> along with the transit of one million tons of soybeans from Manchuria.<ref name="shirer668"/> On January 10, 1941, the countries [[German–Soviet Border and Commercial Agreement|signed an additional agreement]] modifying their 1940 commercial agreement, adjusting borders, and resolving other minor disputes.<ref name="ericson150">{{Harvnb|Ericson|1999|pp=152–153}}</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>They also received considerable amounts of other vital raw materials, including manganese ore,<ref name="weeks74"/><ref name="philbin47">{{Harvnb|Philbin III|1994|p=47}}</ref> along with the transit of one million tons of soybeans from Manchuria.<ref name="shirer668"/> On January 10, 1941, the countries [[German–Soviet Border and Commercial Agreement|signed an additional agreement]] modifying their 1940 commercial agreement, adjusting borders, and resolving other minor disputes.<ref name="ericson150">{{Harvnb|Ericson|1999|pp=152–153}}</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-638-4221-06, Produktion von Messerschmitt Bf 109.jpg|thumb|right|1943 [[Messerschmitt Bf 109|Bf 109]]G-6 production site]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-638-4221-06, Produktion von Messerschmitt Bf 109.jpg|thumb|right|1943 [[Messerschmitt Bf 109|Bf 109]]G-6 production site]]</div></td></tr>
</table>imported>Fortek67http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=German%E2%80%93Soviet_Credit_Agreement_(1939)&diff=583140&oldid=previmported>Bird244: /* Later events and total trade */2025-04-28T21:26:37Z<p><span class="autocomment">Later events and total trade</span></p>
<a href="http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=German%E2%80%93Soviet_Credit_Agreement_(1939)&diff=583140">Show changes</a>imported>Bird244