imported>GoodDay: Undid revision 1329132342 by GoodDay (talk)

2025-12-24T01:17:59Z

Undid revision 1329132342 by GoodDay (talk)

imported>Celia Homeford: They were not always whispered.

2025-11-11T08:37:06Z

They were not always whispered.

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2025-06-23T20:18:07Z

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	[[Category:18th-century British people]]		[[Category:18th-century British people]]
	[[Category:18th-century Irish monarchs]]		[[Category:18th-century Irish monarchs]]
	[[Category:~~Prince~~-electors of Hanover]]		[[Category:18th-century prince-electors of Hanover]]
	[[Category:Heirs presumptive to the British throne]]		[[Category:Heirs presumptive to the British throne]]
	[[Category:Monarchs of Great Britain]]		[[Category:Monarchs of Great Britain]]

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2025-04-29T19:41:46Z

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← Previous revision		Revision as of 01:17, 24 December 2025
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	\| alt = George seated on the throne in the robes of the Order of the Garter		\| alt = George seated on the throne in the robes of the Order of the Garter
	\| succession = [[King of Great Britain]] and [[King of Ireland\|Ireland]]		\| succession = [[King of Great Britain]] and [[King of Ireland\|Ireland]]
	\| reign = 1 August 1714 – {{awrap\|11 June 1727{{efn\|name=note\|Throughout George's life, Great Britain used the [[Old Style and New Style dates\|Old Style~~]] [[~~Julian calendar]]. Hanover adopted the [[Old Style and New Style dates\|New Style~~]] [[~~Gregorian calendar]] on 1 March 1700 (N.S.) / 19 February 1700 (O.S.). Old Style is used for dates in this article unless otherwise indicated; however, years are assumed to start from 1 January and not 25 March, which was the English New Year.}}}}		\| reign = 1 August 1714 – {{awrap\|11 June 1727{{efn\|name=note\|Throughout George's life, Great Britain used the [[Old Style and New Style dates\|Old Style Julian calendar]]. Hanover adopted the [[Old Style and New Style dates\|New Style Gregorian calendar]] on 1 March 1700 (N.S.) / 19 February 1700 (O.S.). Old Style is used for dates in this article unless otherwise indicated; however, years are assumed to start from 1 January and not 25 March, which was the English New Year.}}}}
	\| coronation = 20 October 1714		\| coronation = 20 October 1714
	\| cor-type = britain		\| cor-type = britain
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	Sunderland, however, retained a degree of personal influence with George until his sudden death in 1722 allowed the rise of Robert Walpole. Walpole became ''de facto'' [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom\|Prime Minister]], although the title was not formally applied to him (officially, he was [[First Lord of the Treasury]] and [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]]). His management of the South Sea crisis, by rescheduling the debts and arranging some compensation, helped the return to financial stability.<ref>Black, ''Walpole in Power'', pp. 19–20, and Dickinson, pp. 61–62.</ref> Through Walpole's skilful management of Parliament, George managed to avoid direct implication in the company's fraudulent actions.<ref>Dickinson, p. 63.</ref> Claims that George had received free stock as a bribe<ref>e.g. Black, ''Walpole in Power'', pp. 19–20.</ref> are not supported by evidence; indeed receipts in the [[Royal Archives]] show that he paid for his subscriptions and that he lost money in the crash.<ref>Hatton, pp. 251–253.</ref>		Sunderland, however, retained a degree of personal influence with George until his sudden death in 1722 allowed the rise of Robert Walpole. Walpole became ''de facto'' [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom\|Prime Minister]], although the title was not formally applied to him (officially, he was [[First Lord of the Treasury]] and [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]]). His management of the South Sea crisis, by rescheduling the debts and arranging some compensation, helped the return to financial stability.<ref>Black, ''Walpole in Power'', pp. 19–20, and Dickinson, pp. 61–62.</ref> Through Walpole's skilful management of Parliament, George managed to avoid direct implication in the company's fraudulent actions.<ref>Dickinson, p. 63.</ref> Claims that George had received free stock as a bribe<ref>e.g. Black, ''Walpole in Power'', pp. 19–20.</ref> are not supported by evidence; indeed receipts in the [[Royal Archives]] show that he paid for his subscriptions and that he lost money in the crash.<ref>Hatton, pp. 251–253.</ref>

	==Later years==		==Later years and death==
	[[File:George-I lafontaine2.jpg\|thumb\|left\|1720s portrait of George by Georg Wilhelm Lafontaine]]		[[File:George-I lafontaine2.jpg\|thumb\|left\|1720s portrait of George by Georg Wilhelm Lafontaine]]
	As requested by Walpole, George revived the [[Order of the Bath]] in 1725, which enabled Walpole to reward or gain political supporters by offering them the honour.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Order of the Bath \|url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/Honours/OrderoftheBath.aspx \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120102185330/http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/Honours/OrderoftheBath.aspx \|archive-date=2 January 2012 \|access-date=7 September 2009 \|website=Official website of the British monarchy}}</ref> Walpole became extremely powerful and was largely able to appoint ministers of his own choosing. Unlike his predecessor, Queen Anne, George rarely attended meetings of the cabinet; most of his communications were in private, and he only exercised substantial influence with respect to British foreign policy. With the aid of Lord Townshend, he arranged for the ratification by Great Britain, France and [[Prussia]] of the [[Treaty of Hanover (1725)\|Treaty of Hanover]], which was designed to counterbalance the Austro-Spanish [[Treaty of Vienna (1725)\|Treaty of Vienna]] and protect British trade.<ref>Hatton, p. 274.</ref>		As requested by Walpole, George revived the [[Order of the Bath]] in 1725, which enabled Walpole to reward or gain political supporters by offering them the honour.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Order of the Bath \|url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/Honours/OrderoftheBath.aspx \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120102185330/http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/Honours/OrderoftheBath.aspx \|archive-date=2 January 2012 \|access-date=7 September 2009 \|website=Official website of the British monarchy}}</ref> Walpole became extremely powerful and was largely able to appoint ministers of his own choosing. Unlike his predecessor, Queen Anne, George rarely attended meetings of the cabinet; most of his communications were in private, and he only exercised substantial influence with respect to British foreign policy. With the aid of Lord Townshend, he arranged for the ratification by Great Britain, France and [[Prussia]] of the [[Treaty of Hanover (1725)\|Treaty of Hanover]], which was designed to counterbalance the Austro-Spanish [[Treaty of Vienna (1725)\|Treaty of Vienna]] and protect British trade.<ref>Hatton, p. 274.</ref>

	George, although increasingly reliant on Walpole, could still have replaced his ministers at will. Walpole was actually afraid of being removed from office towards the end of George I's reign,<ref>"George I" (1911). ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 11th edition. London: Cambridge University Press.</ref> but such fears were put to an end when George died during his sixth trip to his native Hanover since his accession as king. He suffered a stroke on the road between [[Delden]] and [[Nordhorn]] on 9 June 1727,<ref>Hatton, p. 282.</ref> and was taken by carriage about 55 miles to the east, to the palace of his younger brother, [[Ernest Augustus, Duke of York and Albany\|Ernest Augustus, Prince-Bishop of Osnabrück]], where he died two days after arrival in the early hours before dawn on 11 June 1727.{{Efn\|22 June in the [[Old Style and New Style dates\|New Style]] [[Gregorian calendar]] adopted by Hanover in 1700.}} George I was buried in the chapel of [[Leineschloss\|Leine Palace]] in Hanover, but his remains were moved to the chapel at [[Herrenhausen Gardens]] after World War II.<ref name="weir" /> Leine Palace was entirely burnt out as a result of [[Bombing of Hanover in World War II\|Allied air raids]] and the King's remains, along with his parents', were moved to the 19th-century mausoleum of [[King Ernest Augustus]] in the [[Berggarten]].<ref>{{Cite book \|first1=Helmut \|last1=Knocke \|first2=Hugo \|last2=Thielen \|author-link2=Hugo Thielen \|chapter=Mausoleum \|title=Hannover. Kunst- und Kultur-Lexikon \|language=de \|edition=4th \|date=2007 \|page=92}}</ref>		George, although increasingly reliant on Walpole, could still have replaced his ministers at will. Walpole was actually afraid of being removed from office towards the end of George I's reign,<ref>"George I" (1911). ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 11th edition. London: Cambridge University Press.</ref> but such fears were put to an end when George died during his sixth trip to his native Hanover since his accession as king. He suffered a stroke on the road between [[Delden]] and [[Nordhorn]] on 9 June 1727,<ref>Hatton, p. 282.</ref> and was taken by carriage about 55 miles to the east, to the palace of his younger brother, [[Ernest Augustus, Duke of York and Albany\|Ernest Augustus, Prince-Bishop of Osnabrück]], where he died two days after arrival in the early hours before dawn on 11 June 1727, aged 67.{{Efn\|22 June in the [[Old Style and New Style dates\|New Style]] [[Gregorian calendar]] adopted by Hanover in 1700.}} George I was buried in the chapel of [[Leineschloss\|Leine Palace]] in Hanover, but his remains were moved to the chapel at [[Herrenhausen Gardens]] after World War II.<ref name="weir" /> Leine Palace was entirely burnt out as a result of [[Bombing of Hanover in World War II\|Allied air raids]] and the King's remains, along with his parents', were moved to the 19th-century mausoleum of [[King Ernest Augustus]] in the [[Berggarten]].<ref>{{Cite book \|first1=Helmut \|last1=Knocke \|first2=Hugo \|last2=Thielen \|author-link2=Hugo Thielen \|chapter=Mausoleum \|title=Hannover. Kunst- und Kultur-Lexikon \|language=de \|edition=4th \|date=2007 \|page=92}}</ref>
	[[File:Mausoleum im Berggarten (Herrenhäuser Gärten).jpg\|thumb\|Mausoleum of King Ernest Augustus in the Berggarten of [[Herrenhausen Gardens]]]]		[[File:Mausoleum im Berggarten (Herrenhäuser Gärten).jpg\|thumb\|Mausoleum of King Ernest Augustus in the Berggarten of [[Herrenhausen Gardens]]]]
	George was succeeded by his son, George Augustus, who took the throne as [[George II of Great Britain\|George II]]. It was widely assumed, even by Walpole for a time, that George II planned to remove Walpole from office but was dissuaded from doing so by his wife, [[Caroline of Ansbach]]. However, Walpole commanded a substantial majority in Parliament and George II had little choice but to retain him or risk ministerial instability.<ref>Black, ''Walpole in Power'', pp. 29–31, 53, and 61.</ref>		George was succeeded by his son, George Augustus, who took the throne as [[George II of Great Britain\|George II]]. It was widely assumed, even by Walpole for a time, that George II planned to remove Walpole from office but was dissuaded from doing so by his wife, [[Caroline of Ansbach]]. However, Walpole commanded a substantial majority in Parliament and George II had little choice but to retain him or risk ministerial instability.<ref>Black, ''Walpole in Power'', pp. 29–31, 53, and 61.</ref>
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	George I's accession secured the Protestant succession and prevented a Catholic restoration under the [[James Francis Edward Stuart\|"Old Pretender" (James Stuart)]]. The result was constitutional continuity after the turbulent Stuart period. The king's limited English and disinterest in day-to-day British affairs left a vacuum that was filled by the rise of modern parliamentary democracy. This enabled [[Robert Walpole]] to seize the initiative and emerge as Britain's first de facto Prime Minister; his new style of cabinet governance filled the royal vacuum.<ref>Robert Louis, "On the Decline of British Royal Power in the Early George Era (1714-1761)." ''Journal of Social Science Humanities and Literature'' 6.6 (2023): 245–250.</ref> The British economy tripled in size in the 18th century and prosperity marked George's reign.<ref>John Rule, ''The Vital Century: England's developing economy 1714–1815'' (1992) pp. 28–31.</ref> There was continued expansion of trade and commerce, building on the financial innovations of the previous decades. The [[South Sea Company\|South Sea Bubble of 1720]] was a brief setback but it also led to improved financial regulation. The consolidation of Whig party dominance brought political stability and supported policies favouring commercial interests and religious toleration for Protestant dissenters.<ref>Dickinson, pp. 98–104.</ref><ref>Jeremy Black, ''The Hanoverians'' (2004), pp. 59-77.</ref>		George I's accession secured the Protestant succession and prevented a Catholic restoration under the [[James Francis Edward Stuart\|"Old Pretender" (James Stuart)]]. The result was constitutional continuity after the turbulent Stuart period. The king's limited English and disinterest in day-to-day British affairs left a vacuum that was filled by the rise of modern parliamentary democracy. This enabled [[Robert Walpole]] to seize the initiative and emerge as Britain's first de facto Prime Minister; his new style of cabinet governance filled the royal vacuum.<ref>Robert Louis, "On the Decline of British Royal Power in the Early George Era (1714-1761)." ''Journal of Social Science Humanities and Literature'' 6.6 (2023): 245–250.</ref> The British economy tripled in size in the 18th century and prosperity marked George's reign.<ref>John Rule, ''The Vital Century: England's developing economy 1714–1815'' (1992) pp. 28–31.</ref> There was continued expansion of trade and commerce, building on the financial innovations of the previous decades. The [[South Sea Company\|South Sea Bubble of 1720]] was a brief setback but it also led to improved financial regulation. The consolidation of Whig party dominance brought political stability and supported policies favouring commercial interests and religious toleration for Protestant dissenters.<ref>Dickinson, pp. 98–104.</ref><ref>Jeremy Black, ''The Hanoverians'' (2004), pp. 59-77.</ref>

	However, the king was widely disliked as a foreigner who was more interested in Hanover than in Britain. This fuelled dissent and strengthened [[Jacobitism\|Jacobite]] plans to overthrow the Hanoverians.<ref>Gabriel Glickman, "Jacobitism and the Hanoverian Monarchy." The Hanoverian Succession'' (Routledge, 2016) pp. 227–250.</ref> Corruption was widespread, as exemplified by the South Sea Bubble scandal that financially ruined many investors—the king himself lost heavily in it as did Walpole. The king's bitter relationship with his son (the future George II) created political factions and instability at court, weakening the monarchy's prestige.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Beattie \|first=John M. \|author-link=J. M. Beattie \|year=1966 \|title=The Court of George I and English Politics, 1717–1720 \|journal=[[The English Historical Review]] \|volume=81 \|issue=318 \|pages=26–37 \|doi=10.1093/ehr/LXXXI.CCCXVIII.26 \|jstor=559897}}</ref> George was ridiculed by his British subjects as unintelligent and wooden.<ref name="p291">Hatton, pp. 172, 291.</ref> His treatment of his wife, Sophia Dorothea, became something of a scandal.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Ashley \|first=Mike \|title=The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens \|publisher=Robinson \|year=1998 \|isbn=978-1-84119-096-9 \|location=London \|page=672}}</ref> His Lutheran faith, his overseeing both the Lutheran churches in Hanover and the [[Church of England]], and the presence of Lutheran preachers in his court caused some consternation among his Anglican subjects.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Lohrmann \|first=Martin J. \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BaQCEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA90 \|title=Stories from Global Lutheranism: A Historical Timeline \|year=2021 \|publisher=Fortress Press \|isbn=978-1-5064-6458-9 \|access-date=13 January 2022}}</ref>		However, the king was widely disliked as a foreigner who was more interested in Hanover than in Britain. This fuelled dissent and strengthened [[Jacobitism\|Jacobite]] plans to overthrow the Hanoverians.<ref>Gabriel Glickman, "Jacobitism and the Hanoverian Monarchy." ''The Hanoverian Succession'' (Routledge, 2016) pp. 227–250.</ref> Corruption was widespread, as exemplified by the South Sea Bubble scandal that financially ruined many investors—the king himself lost heavily in it as did Walpole. The king's bitter relationship with his son (the future George II) created political factions and instability at court, weakening the monarchy's prestige.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Beattie \|first=John M. \|author-link=J. M. Beattie \|year=1966 \|title=The Court of George I and English Politics, 1717–1720 \|journal=[[The English Historical Review]] \|volume=81 \|issue=318 \|pages=26–37 \|doi=10.1093/ehr/LXXXI.CCCXVIII.26 \|jstor=559897}}</ref> George was ridiculed by his British subjects as unintelligent and wooden.<ref name="p291">Hatton, pp. 172, 291.</ref> His treatment of his wife, Sophia Dorothea, became something of a scandal.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Ashley \|first=Mike \|title=The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens \|publisher=Robinson \|year=1998 \|isbn=978-1-84119-096-9 \|location=London \|page=672}}</ref> His Lutheran faith, his overseeing both the Lutheran churches in Hanover and the [[Church of England]], and the presence of Lutheran preachers in his court caused some consternation among his Anglican subjects.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Lohrmann \|first=Martin J. \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BaQCEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA90 \|title=Stories from Global Lutheranism: A Historical Timeline \|year=2021 \|publisher=Fortress Press \|isbn=978-1-5064-6458-9 \|access-date=13 January 2022}}</ref>

	The British distrusted George as too German, and spread false rumours about supposed German mistresses.<ref name="Hatton132136">Hatton, pp. 132–136.</ref> However, in mainland Europe, he was seen as a progressive ruler supportive of [[the Enlightenment]] who permitted his critics to publish without risk of severe censorship, and provided sanctuary to [[Voltaire]] when the philosopher was exiled from Paris in 1726.<ref name="p291" /> European and British sources agree that George was reserved, temperate and financially prudent;<ref name="dnb" /> he disliked being in the public light at social events, avoided the royal box at the opera and often travelled incognito to the homes of friends to play cards.<ref name="plumb" /> Despite some unpopularity, the Protestant George I was seen by most of his subjects and Parliament as infinitely preferable to the Catholic pretender [[James Francis Edward Stuart\|James]]. [[William Makepeace Thackeray]] indicates such ambivalent feelings as he wrote:		The British distrusted George as too German, and spread false rumours about supposed German mistresses.<ref name="Hatton132136">Hatton, pp. 132–136.</ref> However, in mainland Europe, he was seen as a progressive ruler supportive of [[the Enlightenment]] who permitted his critics to publish without risk of severe censorship, and provided sanctuary to [[Voltaire]] when the philosopher was exiled from Paris in 1726.<ref name="p291" /> European and British sources agree that George was reserved, temperate and financially prudent;<ref name="dnb" /> he disliked being in the public light at social events, avoided the royal box at the opera and often travelled incognito to the homes of friends to play cards.<ref name="plumb" /> Despite some unpopularity, the Protestant George I was seen by most of his subjects and Parliament as infinitely preferable to the Catholic pretender [[James Francis Edward Stuart\|James]]. [[William Makepeace Thackeray]] indicates such ambivalent feelings as he wrote:

George I of Great Britain - Revision history

imported>GoodDay: Undid revision 1329132342 by GoodDay (talk)

imported>Celia Homeford: They were not always whispered.

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