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{{Short description|"angry youth" in China}}
{{About|a stereotypical description|the English term "angry young man"|Angry young man (disambiguation)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date = February 2019}}
{{Use American English|date = February 2019}}
'''Fenqing''' ({{zh|t=憤青|s=愤青|p=Fènqīng}}), or '''FQ''' (abbreviation), which is itself an abbreviation for ''Fennu Qingnian'' ({{zh|t=憤怒青年|s=愤怒青年|p=Fènnù Qīngnián}}), means literally "angry youth". It mainly refers to Chinese youth who display a high level of [[Chinese nationalism]].<ref name=ces1>Chinese Education & Society, V39#3 (May–June 2006), P3-9</ref> This term first appeared in [[Hong Kong]] in the 1970s, referring to those young people who were not satisfied with Chinese society and sought reform.<ref name="cnorg">{{cite news|url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/2005/Nov/149085.htm|title=Unease over China's angry youth|last=Rui|first=Zhang|date=November 17, 2005|publisher=[[China.org.cn]]}}</ref> It has now evolved into a term used predominantly in [[Internet slang]]. Whether ''fenqing'' is [[derogatory]] or not usually depends on the person. Chinese critics often refer to them using the homophone characters "{{lang|zh|粪青}}"<ref>{{cite magazine |url= http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/07/28/080728fa_fact_osnos?currentPage=6|title= Angry Youth|access-date=2009-03-16 |magazine= The New Yorker|date= 2008-07-28|quote= Young patriots are so polarizing in China that some people, by changing the intonation in Chinese, pronounce “angry youth” as “shit youth.”}}</ref> which are pronounced identically but translate to "shit-youth". This is often changed further to ''fènfèn'' ({{lang|zh|粪粪}}) as a [[derogatory]] nickname.

== Development ==
The phenomenon of ''fenqing'' arose after the "[[Chinese economic reform|reform and opening up]]" of the [[Government of China|Chinese government]], during the period of fast economic development that occurred in China.<ref name="ces1" /> Some people argue {{Who|date=May 2011}} that ''fenqing'' are a natural reaction to recent [[neoconservatism in Japan]] and the [[Neoconservatism|neoconservatism in the United States]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}} ''Fenqing'' and these foreign neo-conservative elements intensely dislike each other, but all of them share certain similarities: distrust of foreign powers, support for the [[military]] and boundary disputes, etc.<ref name="ces1" /> However, ''fenqing'' are not to be confused with [[Neoauthoritarianism (China)|Chinese neoconservatives]], who espouse a more pragmatic and gradualist approach to political reforms and favor the development of an "East Asian Community" with Japan and Korea, an idea that is anathema to the ''fenqing'' <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsweek.com/2008/03/08/the-rise-of-china-s-neocons.html|title=World View: The Rise of China's Neocons|website=[[Newsweek]] |date=8 March 2008}}</ref>

As a group, ''fenqing'' are very diverse in their opinions. However, they are usually [[nationalistic]] and [[patriotic]], are often left-wing in political ideology, and tend to defend [[Mao Zedong]]'s controversial actions during the [[Great Leap Forward]] and the [[Cultural Revolution]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.cri.cn/6909/2009/05/09/45s483256.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090510123744/http://english.cri.cn/6909/2009/05/09/45s483256.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 10, 2009|title=Angry Youth and China's Future |last=Daming|first=Tang|date=May 9, 2009|publisher=[[China Radio International]]}}</ref> The ''fenqing'' are very much concerned with political issues, especially in domestic policy relating to [[Tibet]] and foreign policy relating to [[Japan]], [[Taiwan]], or the [[United States]].<ref name=ces1/>

They often harbour negative attitudes towards [[Japan]] due to the [[Second Sino-Japanese War|invasion of China]] by [[Imperial Japan]], and support aggressive political stances towards Japan.<ref name="cnorg"/> For example, many believe that the [[List of war apology statements issued by Japan|Japanese government's apologies]] for [[Japanese war crimes]] are insincere and inadequate (some even believe no apologies will ever be adequate). More recent incidents, such a former Japanese prime minister's patronage of the [[Yasukuni Shrine]], territorial disputes surrounding the [[Senkaku Islands]] (known as Diaoyu in China), and the [[Japanese history textbook controversies|revisions of history textbooks]] by [[uyoku dantai]] (Japanese right-wing extremists), lead these young people to conclude that the Japanese government is again seeking to expand militarily. These [[Anti-Japanese sentiment in China|anti-Japanese sentiments]] are not necessarily only directed against the Japanese government and military, but often fiercely towards the [[Culture of Japan|Japanese culture]], economy, and [[Japanese people|people]].

''Fenqing'' also refers to "20-somethings often use the Internet to publicly express their views on politics and society."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-05/27/content_7948026.htm|title=Post-80s: The vexed generation?|last=Linyan|first=Wang|date=May 27, 2009|newspaper=[[China Daily]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Little Pink]]
*[[Angry white man]] – a similar phenomenon among white American and Australian men
*[[Chinese nationalism]]
*[[Netto-uyoku]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1017/S0021911809000631 |last1=Rosen |first1=Stanley |year=2009 |title=Contemporary Chinese Youth and the State |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=1&fid=5554688&jid=JAS&volumeId=68&issueId=02&aid=5554680 |journal=[[The Journal of Asian Studies]] |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=359–369|url-access=subscription }}

[[Category:Chinese culture]]
[[Category:Chinese nationalism]]
[[Category:Propaganda in China]]

Fenqing - Revision history

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