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2025-02-11T00:38:44Z

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{{Short description|Species of amphibian}}
{{Update|reason=This article heavily relies on a 2014 assessment for the IUCN Red List, but a more recent assessment was published in 2022. The article should be updated to reflect the most recent assessment|date=February 2025}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Eurycea longicauda (long-tailed salamander).jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 17 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group |date=2014 |title=''Eurycea longicauda'' |volume=2014 |page=e.T59268A64164108 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T59268A64164108.en |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref>
| status2 = G5
| status2_system = TNC
| status2_ref = <ref name=NS>{{cite NatureServe |id=2.100456 |title=''Eurycea longicauda'' |access-date=11 February 2025}}</ref>
| taxon = Eurycea longicauda
| authority = ([[:fr:Jacob Green|Green]], 1818)
| synonyms =
* ''Salamandra longicauda'' Green, 1818<ref name="Green 1818"/>
* ''Spelerpes melanopleurus'' Cope, 1894 "1893"
* ''Spelerpes stejnegeri'' Eigenmann, 1901
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=Frost/>
}}

'''''Eurycea longicauda''''', commonly known as the '''long-tailed salamander'''<ref name="SSAR12"/> or '''longtail salamander''',<ref
name="peterson">{{cite book|isbn=978-0-395-90452-7|last1=Conant|first1=R.|last2=Collins|first2=J.T.|year=1998|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|location=Boston|title=A field guide to reptiles & amphibians: eastern and central North America|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetorept00cona_0}}</ref> is a species of [[lungless salamander]] native to the [[Appalachian Region]] of the eastern United States. It is a "[[cave salamander]]" that frequents twilight zones of caves and also inhabits springs and surrounding forest.<ref name="peterson"/>

==Subspecies==
There are two<ref name="iucn status 17 November 2021" /><ref>{{cite book| last1=Petranka | first1=J.W. |year=1998|title=Salamanders of the United States and Canada| url=https://archive.org/details/salamandersofuni00petr | url-access=registration |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press| isbn=9781560988281 }}</ref> or three [[subspecies]]:<ref name=Frost/>
* ''E. l. longicauda'' (Green, 1818) (long-tailed salamander, eastern long-tailed salamander)
* ''E. l. melanopleura'' (Cope, 1894 "1893") (dark-sided salamander, black-sided salamander, Cope's cave salamander)
* ''E. l. pernix'' Mittleman, 1942 (Midland long-tailed salamander)

''[[Eurycea guttolineata]]'' has earlier been treated as a subspecies of ''Eurycea longicauda'' (that is, as ''E. l. guttolineata''), but is now considered a full species.<ref name="Frost guttolineata"/>

[[File:Eurycea longicauda melanopleura.jpg|thumb|left|The dark-sided subspecies from [[Ozark County, Missouri]]]]

==Description==
Body color varies from yellow to orange-red to red with random black spots.<ref name="peterson"/> ''E. l. longicauda'' measure on average {{convert|50|mm|abbr=on}} snout–vent length (SVL) and have {{convert|72|mm|abbr=on}} long tail.<ref name="Carlin 1997"/>

==Reproduction==
''E. l. melanopleura'' reproduces in November to February. The eggs measure {{convert|7|mm|abbr=on}} in diameter. The larvae hatch in January–March at about {{convert|10|mm|abbr=on}} snout–vent length (SVL). They metamorphose seven months later at {{convert|23|-|28|mm|abbr=on}} SVL. Males become sexually mature between {{convert|31|-|43|mm|abbr=on}} SVL and females {{convert|33|-|43|mm|abbr=on}} SVL. The largest males and females are {{convert|55|mm|abbr=on}} SVL.<ref name="Ireland 1974"/>

==Habitat and conservation==
''Eurycea longicauda'' inhabit streamsides, spring runs, ponds, cave mouths, and abandoned mines. With wet weather, they may venture into wooded terrestrial habitats. They hide in rock crevices or under rocks, logs, etc. Eggs are laid in underground crevices associated with aquatic environments, but in caves they may also be attached to objects in or above water.<ref name="iucn status 17 November 2021" />

The overall population size of this species is large (probably more than 100,000). Some local populations may have been impacted by strip mining and acid drainage from coal mining, but there are no major threats overall. Its range overlaps with several protected areas.<ref name="iucn status 17 November 2021" />

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="Carlin 1997">{{cite journal |last1=Carlin |first1=Joel L.|title=Genetic and morphological differentiation between ''Eurycea longicauda longicauda'' and ''E. guttolineata'' (Caudata: Plethodontidae) |journal=Herpetologica |date=1997 |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=206–217 |jstor=3893330}}</ref>

<ref name=Frost>{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Caudata/Plethodontidae/Hemidactyliinae/Eurycea/Eurycea-longicauda |title=''Eurycea longicauda'' (Green, 1818) |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2017 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |access-date=20 June 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="Frost guttolineata">{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Caudata/Plethodontidae/Hemidactyliinae/Eurycea/Eurycea-guttolineata |title=''Eurycea guttolineata'' (Holbrook, 1838) |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2017 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |access-date=20 June 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="Green 1818">{{cite journal |last1=Green |first1=Jacob |year=1818 |title=Descriptions of several species of North American Amphibia, accompanied with observations |journal=Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia |volume=1 |pages=348–359 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPpAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA348 }}</ref>

<ref name="Ireland 1974">{{cite journal |last1=Ireland |first1=Patrick H.|title=Reproduction and larval development of the dark-sided salamander, ''Eurycea longicauda melanopleura'' (Green) |journal=Herpetologica |date=1974 |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=338–343 |jstor=3891429}}</ref>

<ref name="SSAR12">{{cite book | editor = Crother, Brian I. | title = Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. Seventh edition. SSAR Herpetological circular No. 39 |date=August 2012 | publisher = Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles (SSAR) | url = http://ssarherps.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/HC_39_7thEd.pdf | location = Shoreview, MN | isbn = 978-0-916984-85-4 |pages=1–92 |access-date = December 13, 2014 }}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{Wikispecies-inline|Eurycea longicauda}}
{{Commons category-inline|Eurycea longicauda}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2247673}}

[[Category:Eurycea]]
[[Category:Cave salamanders]]
[[Category:Endemic amphibians of the United States]]
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 1818]]

Eurycea longicauda - Revision history

imported>Ethmostigmus: /* top */Added NatureServe status to speciesbox, Template:Update