Enver Hoxha - Revision history

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The term "confined to a wheelchair" is ableist

← Previous revision		Revision as of 15:00, 28 December 2025
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	[[File:Enver Hoxha (i ri).jpg\|thumb\|200px\|Hoxha in uniform, 1940]]		[[File:Enver Hoxha (i ri).jpg\|thumb\|200px\|Hoxha in uniform, 1940]]
	[[File:Hoxha at Odrican 1944.jpg\|thumb\|200px\|Hoxha as a partisan, 1944]]		[[File:Hoxha at Odrican 1944.jpg\|thumb\|200px\|Hoxha as a partisan, 1944]]
	On 8 November 1941, the Communist Party of Albania (later renamed the [[Party of Labour of Albania]] in 1948) was founded. Hoxha was chosen from the "Korça group" as a Muslim representative by the two [[Yugoslavia\|Yugoslav]] envoys as one of the seven members of the provisional [[Central committee\|Central Committee]]. The First Consultative Meeting of Activists of the Communist Party of Albania was held in Tirana from 8 to 11 April 1942,{{Sfn\|Hoxha\|1974\|p=3, note 1}} with Hoxha himself delivering the main report on 8 April 1942.{{Sfn\|Hoxha\|1974\|pp=3–30}}		On 8 November 1941, the Communist Party of Albania (later renamed the [[Party of Labour of Albania]] [PLA] in 1948) was founded. Hoxha was chosen from the "Korça group" as a Muslim representative by the two [[Yugoslavia\|Yugoslav]] envoys as one of the seven members of the provisional [[Central committee\|Central Committee]]. The First Consultative Meeting of Activists of the Communist Party of Albania was held in Tirana from 8 to 11 April 1942,{{Sfn\|Hoxha\|1974\|p=3, note 1}} with Hoxha himself delivering the main report on 8 April 1942.{{Sfn\|Hoxha\|1974\|pp=3–30}}

	In July 1942, Hoxha wrote "Call to the Albanian Peasantry", issued in the name of the Communist Party of Albania.{{Sfn\|Hoxha\|1974\|pp=31–38}} The call sought to enlist support in Albania for the war against the fascists. The peasants were encouraged to hoard their grain and refuse to pay taxes or livestock levies brought by the government.{{Sfn\|Hoxha\|1974\|p=36}} After the September 1942 Conference at [[Pezë]], the [[National Liberation Movement (Albania)\|National Liberation Movement]] was founded with the purpose of uniting the [[anti-fascism\|anti-fascist]] Albanians, regardless of ideology or class.{{Sfn\|Fischer\|1999\|pp=128–129}}		In July 1942, Hoxha wrote "Call to the Albanian Peasantry", issued in the name of the Communist Party of Albania.{{Sfn\|Hoxha\|1974\|pp=31–38}} The call sought to enlist support in Albania for the war against the fascists. The peasants were encouraged to hoard their grain and refuse to pay taxes or livestock levies brought by the government.{{Sfn\|Hoxha\|1974\|p=36}} After the September 1942 Conference at [[Pezë]], the [[National Liberation Movement (Albania)\|National Liberation Movement]] was founded with the purpose of uniting the [[anti-fascism\|anti-fascist]] Albanians, regardless of ideology or class.{{Sfn\|Fischer\|1999\|pp=128–129}}
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	}}		}}

	Hoxha declared himself a [[Marxism–Leninism\|Marxist–Leninist]] and expressed strong admiration for the Soviet dictator [[Joseph Stalin]]. Between 1945 and 1950, the Albanian government adopted policies and actions intended to consolidate power, which included extrajudicial killings and executions that targeted and eliminated anti-communists. The Agrarian Reform Law passed in August 1945. It confiscated land without compensation from [[Bey\|beys]] and large landowners, giving it to peasants. Large landowners possessed 52% of all land before the law passed; this declined to 16% after the law's passage.{{Sfn\|Marmullaku\|1975\|pp=93–94}} An education ~~policy~~ began in September 1949, requiring citizens aged 20 to 40 to attend literacy classes. ~~Illiteracy, which was 90–95~~% in rural areas in 1939 and an estimated 85% of the total population in 1946~~, fell~~ to 30% by 1950, ~~and was "virtually eliminated~~ by the ~~late~~ 1980s".<ref name="Library of Congress">{{cite book \|last1 =Zickel \|first1 =Raymond \|url =https://www.loc.gov/item/93042885/ \|title =Albania: A Country Study \|last2 =Iwaskiw \|first2=Walter R. \|date=April 1992 \|publisher=Library of Congress \|isbn =9781490406244 \|edition =2nd \|location =[Washington, D.C.] \|pages =45, 91–94 \|language=en-us \|quote=Illiteracy declined from perhaps 85 percent in 1946 to 31 percent in 1950.}}</ref>		Hoxha declared himself a [[Marxism–Leninism\|Marxist–Leninist]] and expressed strong admiration for the Soviet dictator [[Joseph Stalin]]. Between 1945 and 1950, the Albanian government adopted policies and actions intended to consolidate power, which included extrajudicial killings and executions that targeted and eliminated anti-communists. The Agrarian Reform Law passed in August 1945. It confiscated land without compensation from [[Bey\|beys]] and large landowners, giving it to peasants. Large landowners possessed 52% of all land before the law passed; this declined to 16% after the law's passage.{{Sfn\|Marmullaku\|1975\|pp=93–94}} An education orpolicy began in September 1949, requiring citizens aged 20 to 40 to attend literacy classes. Literacy rates were 5-10% in rural areas in 1939, and an estimated 15% in the total population in 1946. They had increased to 70% by 1950 (eventually, they would become universal by the 1980s).<ref name="Library of Congress">{{cite book \|last1 =Zickel \|first1 =Raymond \|url =https://www.loc.gov/item/93042885/ \|title =Albania: A Country Study \|last2 =Iwaskiw \|first2=Walter R. \|date=April 1992 \|publisher=Library of Congress \|isbn =9781490406244 \|edition =2nd \|location =[Washington, D.C.] \|pages =45, 91–94 \|language=en-us \|quote=Illiteracy declined from perhaps 85 percent in 1946 to 31 percent in 1950.}}</ref>

	===Border disputes with Yugoslavia===		===Border disputes with Yugoslavia===
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	In 1981, Hoxha ordered the execution of several party and government officials in a new purge. Prime Minister Mehmet Shehu, the second-most powerful man in Albania and Hoxha's closest comrade-in-arms for 40 years, was reported to have committed suicide in December 1981. He was subsequently condemned as a "traitor" to Albania, and he was also accused of operating in the service of multiple [[intelligence agency\|intelligence agencies]]. It is generally believed that he was either killed or he shot himself during a power struggle, which may have resulted from differing foreign policy matters with Hoxha.<ref>{{Harvnb\|O'Donnell\|1999\|pp=198–201}}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets\|Vickers\|1999\|pp=207–208}}</ref> Hoxha also wrote a large assortment of books during this period, resulting in over 65 volumes of collected works, condensed into six volumes of selected works.<ref>Chamberlain, Greg (18 October 1987). [https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/18/books/the-truest-believer.html?sec=&spon= "The Truest Believer"]. ''The New York Times''. "Hoxha, who died in 1985, was one of the most verbose statesmen of modern times and pressed more than 50 volumes of opinions, diaries and dogma on his long-suffering people, the poorest in Europe."</ref>		In 1981, Hoxha ordered the execution of several party and government officials in a new purge. Prime Minister Mehmet Shehu, the second-most powerful man in Albania and Hoxha's closest comrade-in-arms for 40 years, was reported to have committed suicide in December 1981. He was subsequently condemned as a "traitor" to Albania, and he was also accused of operating in the service of multiple [[intelligence agency\|intelligence agencies]]. It is generally believed that he was either killed or he shot himself during a power struggle, which may have resulted from differing foreign policy matters with Hoxha.<ref>{{Harvnb\|O'Donnell\|1999\|pp=198–201}}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets\|Vickers\|1999\|pp=207–208}}</ref> Hoxha also wrote a large assortment of books during this period, resulting in over 65 volumes of collected works, condensed into six volumes of selected works.<ref>Chamberlain, Greg (18 October 1987). [https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/18/books/the-truest-believer.html?sec=&spon= "The Truest Believer"]. ''The New York Times''. "Hoxha, who died in 1985, was one of the most verbose statesmen of modern times and pressed more than 50 volumes of opinions, diaries and dogma on his long-suffering people, the poorest in Europe."</ref>

	In 1973, Hoxha suffered a [[heart attack]] from which he never fully recovered. In increasingly precarious health from the late 1970s onward, he handed most state functions to [[Ramiz Alia]]. In his final days, he ~~was confined to~~ a [[wheelchair]] and suffered from [[diabetes]], with which he was diagnosed in 1948, along with [[cerebral ischemia]], with which he was diagnosed in 1983. On 9 April 1985, he was struck by a [[ventricular fibrillation]]. Over the next 48 hours, he suffered repeated episodes of this arrhythmia, and he died in the early morning hours of 11 April 1985 at the age of 76. The Albanian government announced seven days of mourning, with flags flown at half-mast and entertainment and cultural events cancelled.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1985/04/12/world/enver-hoxha-dies-albanian-leader.html "Enver Hoxha Dies; Albanian Leader"]. Reuters. ''The New York Times''. 12 April 1985.</ref>		In 1973, Hoxha suffered a [[heart attack]] from which he never fully recovered. In increasingly precarious health from the late 1970s onward, he handed most state functions to [[Ramiz Alia]]. In his final days, he used a [[wheelchair]] and suffered from [[diabetes]], with which he was diagnosed in 1948, along with [[cerebral ischemia]], with which he was diagnosed in 1983. On 9 April 1985, he was struck by a [[ventricular fibrillation]]. Over the next 48 hours, he suffered repeated episodes of this arrhythmia, and he died in the early morning hours of 11 April 1985 at the age of 76. The Albanian government announced seven days of mourning, with flags flown at half-mast and entertainment and cultural events cancelled.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1985/04/12/world/enver-hoxha-dies-albanian-leader.html "Enver Hoxha Dies; Albanian Leader"]. Reuters. ''The New York Times''. 12 April 1985.</ref>

	Hoxha's body lay in state at the building of the Presidium of the People's Assembly for three days before he was buried on 15 April after a memorial service on [[Skanderbeg Square]].<ref>{{cite web \|title=Albania mourns loss of Hoxha \|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1985-04-16-8501220351-story.html \|agency=[[United Press International]] \|website=chicagotribune.com\|date=16 April 1985 }}</ref>{{efn\|There is uncertainty over Hoxha's true date of birth. {{harvp\|Fevziu\|2016\|p=10}} notes: "No fewer than five different dates are to be found in the Central State Archives [of Albania] alone."}} The government refused to accept any foreign delegations during Hoxha's funeral and it even condemned the Soviet message of condolences as "unacceptable".<ref>{{cite web \|title=Albania Rejects Kremlin Condolences on Hoxha Death \|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-04-13-mn-12184-story.html \|date=13 April 1985 \|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|last=Schmetzer \|first=Uli \|title=Albania communist leader Hoxha dies \|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1985-04-12-8501220002-story.html \|website=chicagotribune.com\|date=12 April 1985 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|title=Albanian leader Enver Hoxha buried \|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1985/04/15/Albanian-leader-Enver-Hoxha-buried/8546482389200/ \|publisher=United Press International}}</ref> After his burial, Hoxha was succeeded as head of state by Ramiz Alia, who gained control of the party's leadership two days later.		Hoxha's body lay in state at the building of the Presidium of the People's Assembly for three days before he was buried on 15 April after a memorial service on [[Skanderbeg Square]].<ref>{{cite web \|title=Albania mourns loss of Hoxha \|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1985-04-16-8501220351-story.html \|agency=[[United Press International]] \|website=chicagotribune.com\|date=16 April 1985 }}</ref>{{efn\|There is uncertainty over Hoxha's true date of birth. {{harvp\|Fevziu\|2016\|p=10}} notes: "No fewer than five different dates are to be found in the Central State Archives [of Albania] alone."}} The government refused to accept any foreign delegations during Hoxha's funeral and it even condemned the Soviet message of condolences as "unacceptable".<ref>{{cite web \|title=Albania Rejects Kremlin Condolences on Hoxha Death \|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-04-13-mn-12184-story.html \|date=13 April 1985 \|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|last=Schmetzer \|first=Uli \|title=Albania communist leader Hoxha dies \|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1985-04-12-8501220002-story.html \|website=chicagotribune.com\|date=12 April 1985 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|title=Albanian leader Enver Hoxha buried \|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1985/04/15/Albanian-leader-Enver-Hoxha-buried/8546482389200/ \|publisher=United Press International}}</ref> After his burial, Hoxha was succeeded as head of state by Ramiz Alia, who gained control of the party's leadership two days later.

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← Previous revision		Revision as of 14:22, 20 June 2025
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	***[[Kosovo Operation (1944)]]		***[[Kosovo Operation (1944)]]
	*[[Operation Valuable]]		*[[Operation Valuable]]
	*[[Vlora Incident]]
	{{tree list/end}}		{{tree list/end}}
	\| relations = [[Hysen Hoxha]] (uncle)		\| relations = [[Hysen Hoxha]] (uncle)

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← Previous revision		Revision as of 22:59, 8 June 2025
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	\| birth_date = {{birth date\|1908\|10\|16\|df=yes}}		\| birth_date = {{birth date\|1908\|10\|16\|df=yes}}
	\| birth_name = Enver Halil Hoxha		\| birth_name = Enver Halil Hoxha
	\| birth_place = [[Gjirokastër]], ~~then part of the [[~~Ottoman Empire]]		\| birth_place = [[Gjirokastër]], Ottoman Empire
	\| death_date = {{death date and age\|1985\|4\|11\|1908\|10\|16\|df=yes}}		\| death_date = {{death date and age\|1985\|4\|11\|1908\|10\|16\|df=yes}}
	\| death_place = [[Tirana]], Albania		\| death_place = [[Tirana]], Albania
	\| resting_place = People's Cemetery, Tirana, Albania		\| resting_place = People's Cemetery, Tirana, Albania
	\| party = [[Party of Labour of Albania]]		\| party = [[Party of Labour of Albania]] (1941–1985)
			\| otherparty = {{ill\|Korça's Communist Group\|sq\|Grupi Komunist i Korçës\|zh\|科尔察共产主义小组}} (1936–1941)
	\| nickname = "Iron Fist of Albania"<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Steele \|first=Jonathan \|date=2016-04-30 \|title=Enver Hoxha: The Iron Fist of Albania by Blendi Fevziu review – the People's Republic tyrant \|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/apr/30/enver-hoxha-iron-fist-of-albania-blendi-fevziu-review \|access-date=2024-08-10 \|work=The Guardian \|language=en-GB \|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>		\| nickname = "Iron Fist of Albania"<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Steele \|first=Jonathan \|date=2016-04-30 \|title=Enver Hoxha: The Iron Fist of Albania by Blendi Fevziu review – the People's Republic tyrant \|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/apr/30/enver-hoxha-iron-fist-of-albania-blendi-fevziu-review \|access-date=2024-08-10 \|work=The Guardian \|language=en-GB \|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
	\| spouse = {{marriage\|[[Nexhmije Hoxha\|Nexhmije Xhuglini]]\|1945}}		\| spouse = {{marriage\|[[Nexhmije Hoxha\|Nexhmije Xhuglini]]\|1945}}
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	[[File:Enver Hoxha aged 18 1927.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Hoxha at the age of 18]]		[[File:Enver Hoxha aged 18 1927.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Hoxha at the age of 18]]
	In 1930, Hoxha went to study at the [[University of Montpellier]] in [[Montpellier\|Montpellier, France]] on a state scholarship for the faculty of [[natural science]], but he lost the scholarship for neglecting his studies. He later went to [[Paris]], where he presented himself to anti-Zogist immigrants as the brother-in-law of [[Bahri Omari]].{{Sfn\|Dervishi\|2016\|p=188}} From 1935 to 1936, he was employed as a secretary at the Albanian consulate in [[Brussels]]. After returning to Albania, he worked as a contract teacher in the Gymnasium of [[Tirana]] (a school). Hoxha taught French and morals in the Korça Liceum from 1937 to 1939 and was also the caretaker of the school library.{{Sfn\|Dervishi\|2016\|p=188}}		In 1930, Hoxha went to study at the [[University of Montpellier]] in [[Montpellier\|Montpellier, France]] on a state scholarship for the faculty of [[natural science]], but he lost the scholarship for neglecting his studies. He later went to Paris, where he presented himself to anti-Zogist immigrants as the brother-in-law of [[Bahri Omari]].{{Sfn\|Dervishi\|2016\|p=188}} From 1935 to 1936, he was employed as a secretary at the Albanian consulate in [[Brussels]]. After returning to Albania, he worked as a contract teacher in the Gymnasium of [[Tirana]] (a school). Hoxha taught French and morals in the Korça Liceum from 1937 to 1939 and was also the caretaker of the school library.{{Sfn\|Dervishi\|2016\|p=188}}

	On 7 April 1939, the [[Albanian Kingdom (1928-1939)\|Albanian Kingdom]] was [[Italian invasion of Albania\|invaded]] by [[fascist Italy]].{{Sfn\|Hoxha\|1974\|p=32, note 1}} The Italians established a puppet government, called the [[Albanian Kingdom (1939–43)\|Kingdom of Albania]], under [[Shefqet Vërlaci]].{{Sfn\|Hoxha\|1974\|p=34, 35, note 2}} At the end of 1939, Hoxha was transferred to the Gjirokastra Gymnasium, but he soon returned to Tirana. He was helped by his best friend, Esat Dishnica, who introduced Hoxha to Dishnica's cousin [[Ibrahim Biçakçiu]]. Hoxha began to sleep in Biçakçiu's tobacco factory "Flora", and after a while, Dishnica opened a shop with the same name, where Hoxha began working.{{Sfn\|Dervishi\|2016\|p=189}} He was a sympathiser of Korça's Communist Group.<ref>[[Liri Belishova]], interviewed by Elisabeta Ilnica, "E vërteta për Enverin" (The truth about Enver), ''Panorama'' newspaper, 13 January 2015.</ref>		On 7 April 1939, the [[Albanian Kingdom (1928-1939)\|Albanian Kingdom]] was [[Italian invasion of Albania\|invaded]] by [[fascist Italy]].{{Sfn\|Hoxha\|1974\|p=32, note 1}} The Italians established a puppet government, called the [[Albanian Kingdom (1939–43)\|Kingdom of Albania]], under [[Shefqet Vërlaci]].{{Sfn\|Hoxha\|1974\|p=34, 35, note 2}} At the end of 1939, Hoxha was transferred to the Gjirokastra Gymnasium, but he soon returned to Tirana. He was helped by his best friend, Esat Dishnica, who introduced Hoxha to Dishnica's cousin [[Ibrahim Biçakçiu]]. Hoxha began to sleep in Biçakçiu's tobacco factory "Flora", and after a while, Dishnica opened a shop with the same name, where Hoxha began working.{{Sfn\|Dervishi\|2016\|p=189}} He was a sympathiser of {{ill\|Korça's Communist Group\|sq\|Grupi Komunist i Korçës\|zh\|科尔察共产主义小组}}.<ref>[[Liri Belishova]], interviewed by Elisabeta Ilnica, "E vërteta për Enverin" (The truth about Enver), ''Panorama'' newspaper, 13 January 2015.</ref>

	==World War II==		==World War II==
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	}}		}}

	Hoxha declared himself a [[Marxist–Leninist]] and strongly admired Soviet dictator [[Joseph Stalin]]. Between 1945 and 1950, the government adopted policies and actions intended to consolidate power, which included extrajudicial killings and executions that targeted and eliminated anti-communists. The Agrarian Reform Law was passed in August 1945. It confiscated land from [[beys]] and large landowners, giving it without compensation to peasants. 52% of all land was owned by large landowners before the law was passed; this declined to 16% after the law's passage.{{Sfn\|Marmullaku\|1975\|pp=93–94}} An education policy began in September 1949, requiring citizens between 20 and 40 to attend literacy classes. Illiteracy, which was 90–95% in rural areas in 1939 and an estimated 85% of the total population in 1946, fell to 30% by 1950, and has been "virtually eliminated by the late 1980s".<ref name="Library of Congress">{{cite book \|~~last~~=Zickel \|~~first~~=Raymond \|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/93042885/ \|title=Albania: A Country Study \|last2=Iwaskiw \|first2=Walter R. \|date=April 1992 \|publisher=Library of Congress \|isbn=9781490406244 \|edition=2nd \|location=[Washington, D.C.] \|pages=45, ~~91-94~~ \|language=en-us \|quote=Illiteracy declined from perhaps 85 percent in 1946 to 31 percent in 1950.}}</ref>		Hoxha declared himself a [[Marxist–Leninist]] and strongly admired Soviet dictator [[Joseph Stalin]]. Between 1945 and 1950, the government adopted policies and actions intended to consolidate power, which included extrajudicial killings and executions that targeted and eliminated anti-communists. The Agrarian Reform Law was passed in August 1945. It confiscated land from [[beys]] and large landowners, giving it without compensation to peasants. 52% of all land was owned by large landowners before the law was passed; this declined to 16% after the law's passage.{{Sfn\|Marmullaku\|1975\|pp=93–94}} An education policy began in September 1949, requiring citizens between 20 and 40 to attend literacy classes. Illiteracy, which was 90–95% in rural areas in 1939 and an estimated 85% of the total population in 1946, fell to 30% by 1950, and has been "virtually eliminated by the late 1980s".<ref name="Library of Congress">{{cite book \|last1=Zickel \|first1=Raymond \|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/93042885/ \|title=Albania: A Country Study \|last2=Iwaskiw \|first2=Walter R. \|date=April 1992 \|publisher=Library of Congress \|isbn=9781490406244 \|edition=2nd \|location=[Washington, D.C.] \|pages=45, 91–94 \|language=en-us \|quote=Illiteracy declined from perhaps 85 percent in 1946 to 31 percent in 1950.}}</ref>

	===Border disputes with Yugoslavia===		===Border disputes with Yugoslavia===
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	}}		}}

	On 13 July 1978, China announced that it was cutting off all of its aid to Albania. For the first time in modern history, Albania did not have a major ally nor a major trading partner.<ref>{{Cite news \|last= \|date=12 July 1978 \|title=China Said to End Aid to Albania; Once-Close Ally Now Harsh Critic \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/07/12/archives/new-jersey-pages-china-said-to-end-aid-to-albania-onceclose-ally.html \|access-date=2025-01-26 \|work=The New York Times \|language=en-US \|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Boriçi \|first=Dr.Sc. Gjon \|date=2016-07-27 \|title=The fall of the Albanian - Chinese Relations 1971-1978 \|url=http://iliriapublications.org/index.php/iir/article/view/218 \|journal=ILIRIA International Review \|volume=6 \|issue=1 \|pages=107 \|doi=10.21113/iir.v6i1.218 \|issn=2365-8592 \|doi-access=free \|archive-date=18 January 2021 \|access-date=26 January 2025 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118002411/http://iliriapublications.org/index.php/iir/article/view/218 \|url-status=dead }}</ref>		On 13 July 1978, China announced that it was cutting off all of its aid to Albania. For the first time in modern history, Albania did not have a major ally nor a major trading partner.<ref>{{Cite news \|last= \|date=12 July 1978 \|title=China Said to End Aid to Albania; Once-Close Ally Now Harsh Critic \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/07/12/archives/new-jersey-pages-china-said-to-end-aid-to-albania-onceclose-ally.html \|access-date=2025-01-26 \|work=The New York Times \|language=en-US \|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Boriçi \|first=Dr.Sc. Gjon \|date=2016-07-27 \|title=The fall of the Albanian - Chinese Relations 1971-1978 \|url=http://iliriapublications.org/index.php/iir/article/view/218 \|journal=ILIRIA International Review \|volume=6 \|issue=1 \|pages=107 \|doi=10.21113/iir.v6i1.218 \|doi-broken-date=4 June 2025 \|issn=2365-8592 \|doi-access=free \|archive-date=18 January 2021 \|access-date=26 January 2025 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118002411/http://iliriapublications.org/index.php/iir/article/view/218 \|url-status=dead }}</ref>

	=== Political repression and emigration ===		=== Political repression and emigration ===
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	== Legacy ==		== Legacy ==
	In 2016, the results of a survey which was conducted by the Institute for Development Research and Alternatives (IDRA) showed that 45% of Albanians believed that Hoxha had a positive impact on the history of Albania, whereas 42% of Albanians believed that he had a negative impact on the history of Albania.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web\|date=2016\|title=Results of the survey: Citizens understanding and perceptions of the Communist past in Albania and expectations for the future\|url=https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/d/1/286821.pdf\|website=[[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]]\|pages=68–69}}</ref> Younger generations (16–35 years old; born after 1981) tend to have a more negative view of Hoxha's contributions, while older generations (over 35 years old; born before 1981) tend to have a more positive view.<ref name=":4" /> Citizens in the regions of southeastern and southwestern Albania who were interviewed had the most positive view of Hoxha, respectively, they comprised 50% and 55% of the entire population.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite news\|date=9 December 2016\|title=Former dictator still seen in positive light by many Albanians, poll shows\|work=[[Tirana Times]]\|url=https://www.tiranatimes.com/?p=130276\|quote=According to a survey report on the Understanding and Perception of Citizens of the Communist Past in Albania, almost half of the population of Albania sees Enver Hoxha's role in the history of the country as positive. The study found that 55 percent of citizens who were interviewed in the regions of southern and southwestern Albania had the most positive view of Albania's former communist dictator.}}</ref> Others have viewed him as a dictator.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Late Albanian dictator's museum transformed into tech centre for young \|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/late-albanian-dictators-museum-transformed-into-tech-centre-young-2023-08-25/ \|access-date=27 February 2024 \|website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|last1=Higgins \|first1=Andrew \|date=16 August 2021 \|title=Guarding the Last Likeness of a Loathed Dictator? It's a Thankless Job. \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/16/world/europe/albania-enver-hoxha-statue.html \|access-date=27 February 2024 \|website=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|last1=Chamberlain \|first1=Greg \|date=12 April 2019 \|title=Hoxha era ends in Albania – archive, 1985 \|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/12/hoxha-era-ends-in-albania-archive-1985 \|access-date=27 February 2024 \|website=The Guardian}}</ref>		In 2016, the results of a survey which was conducted by the Institute for Development Research and Alternatives (IDRA) showed that 45% of Albanians believed that Hoxha had a positive impact on the history of Albania, whereas 42% of Albanians believed that he had a negative impact on the history of Albania.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web\|date=2016\|title=Results of the survey: Citizens understanding and perceptions of the Communist past in Albania and expectations for the future\|url=https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/d/1/286821.pdf\|website=[[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]]\|pages=68–69}}</ref> Younger generations (16–35 years old; born after 1981) tend to have a more negative view of Hoxha's contributions, while older generations (over 35 years old; born before 1981) tend to have a more positive view.<ref name=":4" /> Citizens in the regions of southeastern and southwestern Albania who were interviewed had the most positive view of Hoxha, respectively, they comprised 50% and 55% of the entire population.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite news\|date=9 December 2016\|title=Former dictator still seen in positive light by many Albanians, poll shows\|work=[[Tirana Times]]\|url=https://www.tiranatimes.com/?p=130276\|quote=According to a survey report on the Understanding and Perception of Citizens of the Communist Past in Albania, almost half of the population of Albania sees Enver Hoxha's role in the history of the country as positive. The study found that 55 percent of citizens who were interviewed in the regions of southern and southwestern Albania had the most positive view of Albania's former communist dictator.}}</ref> Others have viewed him as a dictator.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Late Albanian dictator's museum transformed into tech centre for young \|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/late-albanian-dictators-museum-transformed-into-tech-centre-young-2023-08-25/ \|access-date=27 February 2024 \|website=[[Reuters]]\|date=25 August 2023 \|last1=Bytyci \|first1=Fatos \|last2=Goga \|first2=Florion }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|last1=Higgins \|first1=Andrew \|date=16 August 2021 \|title=Guarding the Last Likeness of a Loathed Dictator? It's a Thankless Job. \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/16/world/europe/albania-enver-hoxha-statue.html \|access-date=27 February 2024 \|website=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|last1=Chamberlain \|first1=Greg \|date=12 April 2019 \|title=Hoxha era ends in Albania – archive, 1985 \|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/12/hoxha-era-ends-in-albania-archive-1985 \|access-date=27 February 2024 \|website=The Guardian}}</ref>

	== Awards ==		== Awards ==

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