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{{Short description|Reference management software package}}
{{About|the reference management software|other uses of the word|Endnote (disambiguation)}}

{{Infobox software
| name = EndNote
| logo = EndNote.png
| screenshot =
| caption = EndNote 20 running on Windows 10
| author = Niles Software
| developer = [[Clarivate]]
| latest_release_version = 2025 (MacOS)<br />2025 (Windows)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://endnote.com/downloads/available-updates/|title=Available Updates / EndNote|work=Clarivate}}</ref>
| latest release date = {{Start date and age|2025|04|22}}
| latest_preview_version =
| latest_preview_date =
| operating_system = [[Windows]], [[macOS]]
| genre = [[Reference management software|Reference management]]
| license = [[Closed-source]] and [[commercial software]]
| website = {{URL|https://endnote.com}}
}}


'''EndNote''' is a commercial [[reference management software]] package, used to manage [[bibliography|bibliographies]] and [[Citation|references]] when writing essays, reports and articles.<noinclude>{{sp}} EndNote was written by Richard Niles, and ownership changed hands several times since it was launched in 1989 by Niles & Associates: in 2000 it was acquired by [[Institute for Scientific Information]]’s ResearchSoft Division, part of Thomson Corporation, and in 2016 by [[Clarivate]] (then named Clarivate Analytics). EndNote's main competitors are [[Mendeley]] and [[Zotero]], but unlike them, EndNote is neither free-to-use nor offers a [[freemium]] model.

== Features ==
EndNote groups citations into "libraries" with the file extension *.enl and a corresponding *.data folder.

There are several ways to add a reference to a library: manually, or by exporting, importing, copying from another EndNote library, or connecting from EndNote. The program presents the user with a window containing a [[dropdown menu]] from which to select the type of reference they require (e.g., book, congressional legislation, film, newspaper article, etc.), and fields ranging from the general (author, title, year) to those specific to the kind of reference (abstract, author, [[ISBN]], running time, etc.)

Most bibliographic databases allow users to export references into their EndNote libraries. This enables the user to select multiple citations and saves the user from having to manually enter citation information and abstracts of papers. Some databases (e.g., [[PubMed]]) require the user to select citations, select a specific format, and save them as .txt files. The user can then import the citations into the EndNote software. It is also possible to search library catalogs and free databases, such as PubMed, from within the EndNote software program itself.

If the user fills out the necessary fields, EndNote can automatically format the citation into any of over 2,000 different styles the user chooses. For example, listed below are some citations from [[Gray's Anatomy|''Gray's'' ''Anatomy'']] using several different styles:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
| Anthropos
| '''Gray, Henry'''<br />1910 Anatomy, descriptive and applied. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. [18th ed.]
|-
| APA 5th
| Gray, H. (1910). ''Anatomy, descriptive and applied'' (18th ed.). Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.
|-
| MLA
| Gray, Henry. <u>Anatomy, Descriptive and Applied</u>. 18th ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1910.
|-
| New England J Medicine
| 1. Gray H. Anatomy, descriptive and applied. 18th ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1910.
|}

In Windows, EndNote creates a file with an '''*.enl''' extension, along with a '''*.data''' folder containing two [[MySQL]] files '''pdb.eni''' and '''sdb.eni'''. EndNote can be installed so that its features, like Cite While You Write, appear in the Tools menu of [[Microsoft Word]] and [[OpenOffice.org]] Writer.

EndNote can export citation libraries as [[HTML]], [[plain text]], [[Rich Text Format]], or [[XML]].
From version X.7.2, one library can be shared with up to 14 other EndNote users. The data is synchronized via the EndNote cloud service, with everybody having full write access to the library.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Library Sharing - EndNote - Thomson Reuters
| access-date = 2016-08-11
| work = EndNote
| url = https://endnote.com/product-details/library-sharing
}}</ref>

EndNote can also organize [[PDFs]] on the user's hard drive (or full text on the web) through links to files or by inserting copies of PDFs. It is also possible to save a single image, document, Excel [[spreadsheet]], or other file type to each reference in an EndNote library. Starting from EndNote X version 1.0.1, formatting support for [[OpenDocument]] files (ODT) using the Format Paper command is supported.

EndNote can also find full-text PDFs on-line (for non–[[Open Access|open access]] publications, subscription credentials are required) and automatically attach PDF files from user's computer, provided that the PDF files have a [[Digital object identifier|DOI]] on the first page.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aut.ac.nz.libguides.com/managingreferences | title=Library Guides: Which reference manager?: Comparison of EndNote, Mendeley and Zotero }}</ref>
== History ==
EndNote Version 1 was released as a ”Reference Database and Bibliography Maker” for Apple Macintosh in {{Circa|1989}} by Niles & Associates near [[Emeryville, California|Emeryville]] at a list price of US $129 plus shipping.<ref>Miller, S., EndNote. Computers and the Humanities 1989, 23 (6), 489-491.</ref> However, starting with version 2.1. in 1995, EndNote has been available for Windows.<ref name="scott-1997">Scott, P. J., EndNote Plus 2.1 for Windows 3.1. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 1997, 37 (2), 410-410.</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://community.endnote.com/t/endnote-obviously-is-abandoning-mac-users/706625 | title=EndNote obviously is abandoning Mac users | date=13 January 2023 }}</ref>

Libraries created with EndNote 7 and earlier are restricted to the size of 32,767 references, or 32 megabytes, whichever comes first. In the early 1990s, software reviewers stated, that “EndNote is a citation manager, not a personal online catalog. Its focus is on inserting citations into written documents,” although it has had the “ability to import formatted references from other databases” from its very early days.<ref>Finnegan, G. A.; Klemperer, K. E., EndNote at Dartmouth: A Double Review. The Public-Access Computer Systems Review 1990.</ref><ref name="scott-1997"/><ref>Warling, B., Endnote Plus - Enhanced Reference Database and Bibliography Maker. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 1992, 32 (6), 755-756.</ref>

Starting with version 2 in {{Circa|1995}}, many EndNote users considered the product as “a dual purpose program”, that "functions as a database manager and as a bibliography maker to insert citations into word processing documents and later compiles the bibliography in the required format”.<ref>Beckman, R., EndNote Plus 2.3. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 1997, 37 (5), 957-958.</ref> With the release of version 4.0 in {{Circa|2000}}, EndNote attained most of its current functionality.<ref>Etter, S. C., Endnote 4.0. Journal of Computing in Higher Education 2001, 12 (2), 91-93.</ref><ref>Reiß, M.; Reiß, G.; Pausch, N. C., Database manager EndNote 4 - Further development and functions. Radiologe 2001, 41 (6), 511-514.</ref><ref name="herbert-2002">Herbert, T. L., EndNote 5 for windows. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 2002, 42 (1), 134.</ref> EndNote's database size limit has been increased several times.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Endnote |url=https://support.clarivate.com/Endnote/s/article/EndNote-Upper-size-limits-on-a-library-file?language=en_US |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=support.clarivate.com}}</ref>

In 2000 EndNote was acquired by Institute for Scientific Information’s (ISI) Research Soft Division, part of Thomson Corporation.<ref name="herbert-2002"/> In 2016, EndNote was transferred from Thomson Reuters to a spin-off company, [[Clarivate]].

In 1992, there were four other products competing with EndNote: [[ProCite]], [[Reference Manager]], Papyrus<ref>Cox, J., Endnote Plus. International Journal of Information Management 1992, 12 (4), 329-330.</ref> and [[Bibilostax]].<ref>Myers, C. J.; Lessmann, J. J.; Musselman, R. L., A chemical literature management system using endnote. Science and Technology Libraries 1992, 12 (2), 17-27.</ref> In 1998–2015 [[Biblioscape]] was on this list as well.<ref>Sandford, P., Evaluation of EndNote 4 Reference Management Software. VINE 2000, 30 (4), 55-59.</ref> [[Zotero]] was added to this list in 2006 and [[Mendeley]] in 2008.

In September 2008, [[Thomson Reuters]], the owners of EndNote, sued the [[Commonwealth of Virginia]] for {{US$|10 million}} and requested an injunction against competing reference management software.<ref>
{{cite news
|title = Reuters Says George Mason University Is Handing Out Its Proprietary Software
|url = http://www.courthousenews.com/2008/09/17/Reuters_Says_George_Mason_University_Is_Handing_Out_Its_Proprietary_Software.htm
|date = 2008-09-17
|publisher = [[Courthouse News Service]]
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120319024225/http://www.courthousenews.com/2008/09/17/Reuters_Says_George_Mason_University_Is_Handing_Out_Its_Proprietary_Software.htm
|archive-date = 2012-03-19
}}
</ref><ref name="chronicle">
{{cite web
| last = Young
| first = Jeffrey R.
| title = Wired Campus: Maker of EndNote Citation Software Sues George Mason U. - Chronicle.com
| access-date = 2015-06-22
| date = 2008-09-29
| url = http://chronicle.com/blogs/wiredcampus/maker-of-endnote-citation-software-sues-george-mason-u/4272
}}
</ref> [[George Mason University]]'s [[Center for History and New Media]] had developed [[Zotero]], a [[free software|free]]/[[open-source software|open-source]] extension to [[Mozilla Firefox]]. Thomson Reuters alleges that the Zotero developers reverse engineered and/or decompiled EndNote, that Zotero can transform proprietary EndNote citation style files (.ens) to the open [[Citation Style Language]] format, that they host files converted in this manner, and that they abuse the "EndNote" trademark in describing this feature. Thomson Reuters claims that this is violation of the site [[EULA|license agreement]]. They also added a restrictive click-thru license to their styles download website.<ref name=chronicle/>{{Failed verification|date=December 2021|talk=Legal dispute with Zotero: "click-thru_license" is unsourced|reason=click-thru license is not mentioned}} George Mason University responded that it would not renew its site license for EndNote, that "anything created by users of Zotero belongs to those users, and that it should be as easy as possible for Zotero users to move to and from the software as they wish, without friction."<ref>
{{cite web
| last = Owens
| first = Trevor
| title = Official Statement
| work = Zotero: The Next-Generation Research Tool
| access-date = 2009-04-11
| date = 2008-10-29
| url = http://www.zotero.org/blog/offical-statement/
}}
</ref> The journal ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' editorialized that "the virtues of interoperability and easy data-sharing among researchers are worth restating. Imagine if Microsoft Word or Excel files could be opened and saved only in these proprietary formats, for example. It would be impossible for OpenOffice and other such software to read and save these files using open standards — as they can legally do."<ref>
{{cite journal
| author = Anon
| doi = 10.1038/455708a
| title = Beta blockers? Proprietary data formats may be legally defensible but open standards can be a better spur for innovation
| journal = Nature
| volume = 455
| issue = 7214
| page = 708
| year = 2008
| pmid = 18843308
| doi-access = free
}}
</ref> The case was dismissed on June 4, 2009.<ref>
{{cite news
| last = Takats
| first = Sean
| title = Thomson Reuters Lawsuit Dismissed
| work = The Quintessence of Ham
| access-date = 2009-06-04
| date = 2009-06-04
| url = http://quintessenceofham.org/2009/06/04/thomson-reuters-lawsuit-dismissed/
}}
</ref>

== EndNote Web ==

EndNote Web, a web-based implementation of EndNote, offers integration with the [[ISI Web of Knowledge]].<ref>
{{Citation
| last = Williamson
| first = Iain
| publication-date = 2007
| title = EndNote
| work = Software for Small Business, 2008 Edition: Windows and Vista Programs to Help You Improve Efficiency and Productivity
| date = November 2007
| publisher = Productive Publications
| pages = 77–78, 380
| isbn = 9781552703250
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wiGSr4x11pcC
| access-date = 2012-05-14
| quote = ''EndNote Web'' is a companion product which is a Web-based reference organizer incorporated into the ''ISI Web of Knowledge'' [...].
}}
</ref>

== Find Full Text ==
A feature to quickly find the full text of up to 250 articles at once.

== See also ==

'''Data schemes'''
* [[BibTeX#Database files|BibTeX]] – a text-based data format used by LaTeX
* [[refer (software)|refer]] – a similar, but not identical, data scheme supported on UNIX-like systems
* [[RIS (file format)|RIS]] – a text-based data scheme from Research Information Systems

'''Software'''
* [[Comparison of reference management software]] – compares EndNote to other similar software

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Reference management software}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Reference management software]]
[[Category:Bibliography file formats]]
[[Category:Clarivate]]

EndNote - Revision history

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