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{{short description|Computer programming method}}
'''Embedded SQL''' is a method of combining the [[computing]] power of a [[programming language]] and the [[database]] [[Data Manipulation Language|manipulation]] capabilities of [[SQL]]. Embedded SQL [[statement (programming)|statements]] are SQL statements written inline with the program [[source code]], of the host language. The embedded SQL statements are [[parsing|parsed]] by an embedded SQL [[preprocessor]] and replaced by host-language [[call site|calls]] to a code [[library (computing)|library]]. The output from the preprocessor is then compiled by the host [[compiler]]. This allows programmers to embed SQL statements in programs written in any number of languages such as [[:Category:C programming language family|C/C++]], [[COBOL]] and [[Fortran]]. This differs from SQL-derived programming languages that don't go through discrete preprocessors, such as [[PL/SQL]] and [[Transact-SQL|T-SQL]].

The SQL standards committee defined the embedded SQL standard in two steps: a formalism called [[Module SQL|Module Language]] was defined, then the embedded SQL standard was derived from Module Language.<ref name="modulelang">
{{cite web
|url=http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B10501_01/appdev.920/a58231/ch1.htm#2889
|title=The Module Language Concept
|work=SQL*Module for Ada Programmer's Guide, Release 8.0, Chapter 1. Introduction to SQL*Module
|publisher=[[Oracle Corporation]]
|accessdate=2008-07-14}}
</ref> The SQL standard defines embedding of SQL as ''embedded SQL'' and the language in which SQL queries are embedded is referred to as the ''host language''. A popular host language is C. Host language C and embedded SQL, for example, is called [[Pro*C]] in [[Oracle Database|Oracle]] and [[Sybase]] database management systems, ESQL/C in [[Informix]], and [[ECPG]] in the [[PostgreSQL]] database management system.
SQL may also be embedded in languages like PHP etc.

The SQL standard [[SQL:2023]] is available through purchase and contains chapter '''21 Embedded SQL''' and its syntax rules.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.iso.org/standard/76584.html
|title=SQL Standard 2023 Chapter 21 Embedded SQL
|work=ISO/IEC 9075-2:2023 Information technology — Database languages — SQL — Part 2: Foundation (SQL/Foundation)
|publisher=[[ISO]]
|accessdate=2023-08-17
}}</ref>

== Database systems that support embedded SQL ==

=== Altibase ===
; C/C++
: APRE is an embedded SQL precompiler provided by [[Altibase]] Corp. for its DBMS server.

=== IBM Db2 ===
[[IBM Db2]] for Linux, UNIX and Windows supports embedded SQL for C, C++, Java, COBOL, FORTRAN and REXX although support for FORTRAN and REXX has been deprecated.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/db2luw/v9/index.jsp?topic=/com.ibm.db2.udb.apdv.embed.doc/doc/c0007014.htm
|title=DB2 Database for Linux, UNIX and Windows
|work=Developing Embedded SQL Applications
|publisher=[[IBM]]
|accessdate=2009-04-10
}}</ref>

=== IBM Informix ===
[[IBM Informix]] version 14.10 for Linux, Unix, and Windows supports embedded SQL for C. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/SSGU8G_14.1.0/com.ibm.esqlc.doc/esqlc.htm|title=Informix Dynamic Server
|work=IBM® Informix® ESQL/C
|publisher=[[IBM]]
|accessdate=2020-03-31
}}</ref>}

=== Microsoft SQL Server ===
; C/C++
: Embedded SQL for C has been deprecated as of [[Microsoft SQL Server]] 2008 although earlier versions of the product support it.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms143729.aspx
|title=Deprecated Database Engine Features in SQL Server 2008
|work=SQL Server 2008 Books Online (March 2009)
|publisher=[[Microsoft]]
|accessdate=2009-04-10
}}</ref>

=== Mimer SQL===
[[Mimer SQL]] for Linux, [[macOS]], [[OpenVMS]] and Windows support embedded SQL.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://docs.mimer.com/MimerSqlManual/latest/Manuals/Embedded_SQL/Embedded_SQL.htm
|title=Embedded SQL|publisher=[[Mimer SQL]]
|work=Mimer SQL Programmer's Manual latest version, Embedded SQL}}</ref>
; C/C++
: Embedded SQL for C/C++ is supported on Linux, macOS, OpenVMS and Windows.
; COBOL
: Embedded SQL for COBOL is supported on OpenVMS.
; Fortran
: Embedded SQL for Fortran is supported on OpenVMS.

=== Oracle Database ===
; [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]]
: Pro*Ada was officially desupported by [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]] in version 7.3. Starting with Oracle8, Pro*Ada was replaced by SQL*Module but appears to have not been updated since.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B10501_01/server.920/a96530/migcompa.htm#1010868
|title=Ada Support in Version 8
|work=Oracle9i Database Migration, Release 2 (9.2), Chapter 5. Compatibility and Interoperability
|publisher=Oracle Corporation
|accessdate=2008-07-14
}}</ref> SQL*Module is a module language that offers a different programming method from embedded SQL. SQL*Module supports the Ada83 language standard for Ada.

; C/C++
: [[Pro*C]] became Pro*C/C++ with Oracle8. Pro*C/C++ is currently supported as of Oracle Database 11''g''.

; COBOL
: Pro*COBOL is currently supported as of Oracle Database 11''g''.

; Fortran
: Pro*FORTRAN is no longer updated as of Oracle8 but Oracle will continue to issue patch releases as bugs are reported and corrected.<ref name="langalts"/>

; [[Pascal (programming language)|Pascal]]
: Pro*Pascal was not released with Oracle8.<ref name="langalts"/>

; [[PL/I]]
: Pro*PL/I was not released with Oracle8. The ''Pro*PL/I Supplement to the Oracle Precompilers Guide'', however, continued to make appearances in the Oracle Documentation Library until release 11''g''. As of release 12c, the Pro*PL/I has been removed from the Oracle Documentation Library.<ref name="langalts">{{cite web
|url=http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/A64702_01/doc/server.805/a58232/ch01.htm#505
|title=Language Alternatives
|work=Pro*COBOL Precompiler Programmer's Guide, Release 8.0, Chapter 1. Introduction
|publisher=Oracle Corporation
|accessdate=2008-07-14
}}</ref>

=== PostgreSQL ===
; C/C++
: [[ECPG]] is part of [[PostgreSQL]] since version 6.3.
; COBOL
: Cobol-IT is now distributing a COBOL precompiler for PostgreSQL{{cn|date=March 2016}}
: Micro Focus provides support via their OpenESQL preprocessor{{cn|date=March 2016}}

=== SAP Sybase ===
SAP Sybase ASE 15.7 supports embedded SQL for C and COBOL as part of the Software Developer Kit [[Sybase]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.sybase.com/products/allproductsa-z/softwaredeveloperkit/embeddedsql
|title=EmbeddedSQL
|work=SAP Sybase Products
|publisher=SAP Sybase
|accessdate=2012-09-05
|archive-date=2009-10-23
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091023214433/http://www.sybase.com/products/allproductsa-z/softwaredeveloperkit/embeddedsql
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

SAP Sybase SQL Anywhere supports embedded SQL for C and C++ as part of the SQL Anywhere database management system [[SQL Anywhere]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www54.sap.com/pc/tech/database/software/sybase-sql-anywhere/index.html
|title=SAP Sybase SQL Anywhere
|work=SAP Sybase Products
|publisher=SAP Sybase
|accessdate=2013-05-02
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501030013/http://www54.sap.com/pc/tech/database/software/sybase-sql-anywhere/index.html
|archive-date=2013-05-01
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

SAP Sybase IQ supports embedded SQL for C and C++ as part of the Sybase IQ database management system [[Sybase IQ]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www54.sap.com/pc/tech/database/software/sybase-iq-big-data-management/index.html
|title=SAP Sybase IQ
|work=SAP Sybase Products
|publisher=SAP Sybase
|accessdate=2013-05-02
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504025213/http://www54.sap.com/pc/tech/database/software/sybase-iq-big-data-management/index.html
|archive-date=2013-05-04
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

== Embedded SQL through domain-specific languages ==
* [[Language Integrated Query|LINQ-to-SQL]] embeds a SQL-like language into [[List of CLI languages|.NET languages]].
* [[Java Persistence API|JPA]] embeds a SQL-like language through [http://docs.oracle.com/javaee/6/tutorial/doc/gjrij.html Criteria API] into [[Java (programming language)|Java]].
* [[Java Object Oriented Querying|jOOQ]] embeds a SQL-like language into [[Java (programming language)|Java]].

== See also ==
* [[Language binding]]
* [[Module SQL]]
* [[PL/SQL]]
* [[Pro*C/C++]]
* [[SQL/OLB]]
* [[SQL PL]]
* [[Transact-SQL]]

== References ==
<references/>

== External links ==
* [http://infolab.stanford.edu/%7Eullman/fcdb/oracle/or-proc.html Introduction to Pro*C Embedded SQL]
* [http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/databases/2006/12/07/embedded-sql-with-pro-c.html Embedded SQL with Pro*C]
* [https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B10501_01/appdev.920/a58231/ch2.htm SQL*Module for Ada Programmer's Guide, Release 8.0]
* [https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/ecpg.html ECPG, PostgreSQL Documentation]
* [https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/SSGU8G_14.1.0/com.ibm.esqlc.doc/esqlc.html ESQL/C, Informix Documentation]'
* [https://developer.mimer.com/article/embedded-sql-in-c/ Embedded SQL in C, Mimer SQL Developer]

[[Category:SQL]]
[[Category:Declarative programming languages]]
[[Category:Query languages]]
[[Category:Data modeling languages]]
[[Category:Database APIs]]
[[Category:SQL data access]]

Embedded SQL - Revision history

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