imported>JJMC89 bot III: Merging :Category:Elk and red deer to :Category:Cervus per Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2024 October 17#Category:Elk and red deer

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Merging Category:Elk and red deer to Category:Cervus per Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2024 October 17#Category:Elk and red deer

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{{Short description|Species of roundworm}}
{{Speciesbox
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| genus = Elaeophora
| species = elaphi
| authority = Hernandez-Rodriguez, Martinez-Gomez & Gutierrez-Palomino, 1986
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'''''Elaeophora elaphi''''' is a [[nematode]] [[parasitism|parasite]] found in the blood vessels of the liver in Red Deer (''[[Cervus elaphus]]'') in certain parts of Spain. The adult male measures 77 mm long and 549 μm wide, adult females are 91–109 mm long and 793-1049 μm wide, and [[microfilaria]]e (in utero) are 225 μm long. Though adult ''E. elaphi'' induce lesions in the blood vessels, and appear to activate the local immune response, they seldom cause overt clinical symptoms in their hosts.

==Discovery and nomenclature==

''Elaeophora elaphi'' was first described in 1986, from specimens found in the [[liver|hepatic]] blood vessels of [[Red deer]] (''Cervus elaphus'') from "Sierra Morena", Córdoba, Spain.<ref name="Hernandez RodriguezMartinez Gomez2016">{{cite journal|last1=Hernandez Rodriguez|first1=S.|last2=Martinez Gomez|first2=F.|last3=Gutierrez Palomino|first3=P.|title=''Elaeophora elaphi'' n. sp. (Filarioidea : Onchocercidae) parasite of the red deer(''Cervus elaphus'').With a key of species of the genus ''Elaeophora''|journal=Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée|volume=61|issue=4|year=1986|pages=457–463|issn=0003-4150|doi=10.1051/parasite/1986614457|pmid=3813427|url=http://www.parasite-journal.org/articles/parasite/abs/1986/04/parasite1986614p457/parasite1986614p457.html|doi-access=free}} {{open access}}</ref> The "note added in proof" in that study mentions that similar worms were also found in [[sheep]]. Both male and female adults, as well as microcercariae dissected from the uterus of females were described.

==Hosts and geographic distribution==

So far, ''E. elaphi'' has only been described from Spain, in [[Red deer]] (''Cervus elaphus'') and a [[sheep]] (''Ovis aries'').

==Description and life cycle==

The life cycle of ''E. elaphi'' has not been studied in detail. However, the seasonal cycle of adult ''E. elaphi'' abundance in its host ''Cervus elaphus'' is similar to the seasonal abundance cycle of ''[[Elaeophora schneideri]]''.<ref>Santín-Durán, M., J.M. Alunda, J.M. San Miguel, E.P. Hoberg, and C. De la Fuente (2000) [http://www.jwildlifedis.org/cgi/reprint/36/4/779.pdf "Elaeophorosis in Red Deer from Spain."] ''Journal of Wildlife Diseases'' 36(4):779-782.</ref>

==Clinical significance==

Adult ''E. elaphi'' have been found attached to the inner walls of the hepatic ([[liver]]) arteries and veins.<ref>Carrasco, L., Y. Fierro, J.M. Sánchez-Castillejo, M.J. Bautista, J.C. Gómez-Villamandos, and M.A. Sierra (1995) Elaeophorosis in red deer caused by ''Elaeophora elaphi'': Lesions of natural disease." ''Veterinary Pathology'' 32(3):250-257.</ref><ref>Carrasco, L., J.C.. Gómez-Villamandos, Y. Fierro, J.M. Sánchez-Castillejo, M.J. Bautista, and J. Pérez (1998) "Immunohistochemical characterization of hepatic lesions associated with ''Elaeophora elaphi'' parasitism in red deer (''Cervus elaphus'')." ''Journal of Comparative Pathology'' 118(3):207-219.</ref> Their presence affects the blood vessels in several ways, including inflammation of veins ([[phlebitis]]), blood clots ([[thrombosis]]), and thickening of [[artery]] walls. They also appear to induce a local [[humoral immunity|humoral immune]] response in the host, including production of [[lymph node|lymphoid tissue]] and [[granuloma]]tous lesions. These lesions are sometimes found in the absence of the parasites, or in the presence of dead, calcified ''E. elaphi''.

Reported rates of infestation vary from 6 to 41% of sampled deer.<ref>Santín-Durán, M., J.M. Alunda, J.M. San Miguel, E.P. Hoberg, and C. De la Fuente (2000) [http://www.jwildlifedis.org/cgi/reprint/36/4/779.pdf "Elaeophorosis in Red Deer from Spain."] ''Journal of Wildlife Diseases'' 36(4):779-782.</ref><ref>Carrasco, L., Y. Fierro, J.M. Sánchez-Castillejo, M.J. Bautista, J.C. Gómez-Villamandos, and M.A. Sierra (1995) Elaeophorosis in red deer caused by ''Elaeophora elaphi'': Lesions of natural disease." ''Veterinary Pathology'' 32(3):250-257.</ref> The number of ''E. elaphi'' found per infested deer (intensity of infestation) ranges from 1 to 21, with averages of 8.5 and 9 in the two studies. Even though the deer in the study had the lesions mentioned above, none of them displayed any overt clinical symptoms.

A red deer (''Cervus elaphus'') transported from Germany to Spain was not so fortunate. Six months after transport, it was found staggering and feverish; and it died the next day.<ref>Höfle, J., J. Vicente, D. Nagora, A. Hurtado, A. Peña, J. de la Fuente, and C. Gortazas (2004) "The risks of translocating wildlife: Pathogenic infection with ''Theileria'' sp. and ''Elaeophora elaphi'' in an imported red deer." ''Veterinary Pathology'' 126(3-4):387-395.</ref> [[Autopsy|Necropsy]] revealed 100 ''E. elaphi'' in its hepatic (liver) blood vessels - a much higher infestation intensity than was found in local deer - in addition to ''[[Theileria]]'' infection. Because ''E. elaphi'' has never been found in Germany, the authors suggest that this deer may not have developed a sufficient immune background to deal with ''E. elaphi'' infestation once it was relocated to the ''E. elaphi''-[[endemism|endemic]] area of Spain.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q5353123}}

[[Category:Spirurida]]
[[Category:Parasitic nematodes of mammals]]
[[Category:Cervus]]
[[Category:Veterinary helminthology]]
[[Category:Nematodes described in 1986]]

Elaeophora elaphi - Revision history

imported>JJMC89 bot III: Merging :Category:Elk and red deer to :Category:Cervus per Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2024 October 17#Category:Elk and red deer