~2025-35098-22: Fixed grammar

2025-11-23T13:45:52Z

Fixed grammar

imported>Educational Testing Service: Changed all text from uppercase to lowercase for consistency.

2024-10-25T14:35:38Z

Changed all text from uppercase to lowercase for consistency.

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← Previous revision		Revision as of 13:45, 23 November 2025
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	[[File:ETS Messick Hall.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Messick Hall at ETS headquarters]]		[[File:ETS Messick Hall.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Messick Hall at ETS headquarters]]
	[[File:ETS Lord Hall.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Lord Hall at ETS headquarters]]		[[File:ETS Lord Hall.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Lord Hall at ETS headquarters]]
	'''Educational Testing Service''' ('''ETS'''), founded in 1947, is the world's largest private educational testing and assessment organization.<ref name="fundinguniverse1">[http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Educational-Testing-Service-Company-History.html History of the Educational Testing Service]</ref> It is headquartered in [[Lawrence Township, Mercer County, ~~New Jersey\|Lawrence Township]], [[~~New Jersey]], but has a [[Princeton, New Jersey~~\|Princeton~~]] address.		The '''Educational Testing Service''' ('''ETS'''), founded in 1947, is the world's largest private educational testing and assessment organization.<ref name="fundinguniverse1">[http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Educational-Testing-Service-Company-History.html History of the Educational Testing Service]</ref> It is headquartered in [[Lawrence Township, Mercer County, New Jersey]], but has a [[Princeton, New Jersey]], address.

	ETS develops various [[standardized test]]s primarily in the United States for [[K–12 education\|K–12]] and [[higher education]], and it also administers international tests including the [[TOEFL]] (Test of English as a Foreign Language), [[TOEIC]] (Test of English for International Communication), [[Graduate Record Examination]] (GRE) General and Subject Tests, and The [[Praxis test]] Series—in more than 180 countries, and at over 9,000 locations worldwide. Many of the assessments it develops are associated with entry to US [[tertiary education\|tertiary]] (undergraduate) and [[quaternary education]] (graduate) institutions, but it also develops K–12 statewide assessments used for accountability testing in many states, including California, Texas, Tennessee, and Virginia. In total, ETS annually administers 50 million exams in the U.S. and in 180 other countries.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Who is ETS Global? \|url=https://www.etsglobal.org/fr/en/content/who-we-are}}</ref>		ETS develops various [[standardized test]]s primarily in the United States for [[K–12 education\|K–12]] and [[higher education]], and it also administers international tests including the [[TOEFL]] (Test of English as a Foreign Language), [[TOEIC]] (Test of English for International Communication), [[Graduate Record Examination]] (GRE) General and Subject Tests, and The [[Praxis test]] Series—in more than 180 countries, and at over 9,000 locations worldwide. Many of the assessments it develops are associated with entry to US [[tertiary education\|tertiary]] (undergraduate) and [[quaternary education]] (graduate) institutions, but it also develops K–12 statewide assessments used for accountability testing in many states, including California, Texas, Tennessee, and Virginia. In total, ETS annually administers 50 million exams in the U.S. and in 180 other countries.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Who is ETS Global? \|url=https://www.etsglobal.org/fr/en/content/who-we-are}}</ref>
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	ETS is a U.S.-registered [[501(c)#501(c)(3)\|501(c)(3)]] [[non-profit organization]] created in 1947 by three other nonprofit educational institutions: the [[American Council on Education]] (ACE), [[The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching]], and [[College Board\|The College Entrance Examination Board]].<ref name="fundinguniverse1"/> ETS was formed in 1947 to take over the testing activities of its founders (whose organizations were not well suited to running operational assessment programs), and to pursue research intended to advance educational measurement and education.<ref name="Fuess">{{cite news\| last =Fuess\| first =C.M.\| title =The College Board: Its first fifty years.\| publisher =New York: The Columbia University Press\| year =1950}}</ref><ref name="ETS Origins">{{cite news\| last =Educational Testing Service\| title =The Origins of Educational Testing Service.\| publisher =Princeton, NJ: ETS\| year =1992}}</ref> Among other things, ACE gave to the new organization the Cooperative Test Service and the National Teachers Examination; Carnegie gave the GRE; and the College Board turned over to ETS the operation (but not ownership) of the [[SAT]] for graduating high school students.		ETS is a U.S.-registered [[501(c)#501(c)(3)\|501(c)(3)]] [[non-profit organization]] created in 1947 by three other nonprofit educational institutions: the [[American Council on Education]] (ACE), [[The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching]], and [[College Board\|The College Entrance Examination Board]].<ref name="fundinguniverse1"/> ETS was formed in 1947 to take over the testing activities of its founders (whose organizations were not well suited to running operational assessment programs), and to pursue research intended to advance educational measurement and education.<ref name="Fuess">{{cite news\| last =Fuess\| first =C.M.\| title =The College Board: Its first fifty years.\| publisher =New York: The Columbia University Press\| year =1950}}</ref><ref name="ETS Origins">{{cite news\| last =Educational Testing Service\| title =The Origins of Educational Testing Service.\| publisher =Princeton, NJ: ETS\| year =1992}}</ref> Among other things, ACE gave to the new organization the Cooperative Test Service and the National Teachers Examination; Carnegie gave the GRE; and the College Board turned over to ETS the operation (but not ownership) of the [[SAT]] for graduating high school students.

	In 2024 the company established massive layoffs. In June, the company "offered voluntary buyouts to every U.S. employee with more than two years of service." It was the fifth round of layoffs in five years. <ref>{{Cite web \|last=Knox \|first=Liam \|title=More Downsizing at Beleaguered ETS \|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/admissions/graduate/2024/06/18/massive-downsizing-ets-legacy-assessment-company \|access-date=2024-06-20 \|website=Inside Higher Ed \|language=en}}</ref>		In 2024 the company established massive layoffs. In June, the company "offered voluntary buyouts to every U.S. employee with more than two years of service." It was the fifth round of layoffs in five years.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Knox \|first=Liam \|title=More Downsizing at Beleaguered ETS \|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/admissions/graduate/2024/06/18/massive-downsizing-ets-legacy-assessment-company \|access-date=2024-06-20 \|website=Inside Higher Ed \|language=en}}</ref>

	==Scientific contributions==		==Scientific contributions==
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	In addition to the contract work that ETS undertakes for nonprofit and government entities like the College Board, the National Center for Education Statistics, and state education departments, the organization offers its own tests. These tests include the [[Graduate Record Examinations]] (GRE) (for graduate and professional school admissions), the [[Test of English as a Foreign Language]] (TOEFL) (for post-secondary admissions), the [[Test of English for International Communication]] (TOEIC) (for use by business and industry), and the [[Praxis Series]] (for teacher licensure and certification).<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://ets.org\|title = ETS\| author = ETS\| year = 2010\| access-date = 2010-05-15 }}</ref>		In addition to the contract work that ETS undertakes for nonprofit and government entities like the College Board, the National Center for Education Statistics, and state education departments, the organization offers its own tests. These tests include the [[Graduate Record Examinations]] (GRE) (for graduate and professional school admissions), the [[Test of English as a Foreign Language]] (TOEFL) (for post-secondary admissions), the [[Test of English for International Communication]] (TOEIC) (for use by business and industry), and the [[Praxis Series]] (for teacher licensure and certification).<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://ets.org\|title = ETS\| author = ETS\| year = 2010\| access-date = 2010-05-15 }}</ref>

	In [[England]] and [[Wales]], [[ETS Europe]], a unit of the ETS Global for-profit subsidiary, was contracted to mark and process the [[National Curriculum assessment]]s on behalf of the government. ETS Global took over this role in 2008 from [[Edexcel]], a subsidiary of [[Pearson PLC\|Pearson]], which had encountered significant and repeated problems in carrying out the marking and processing contract.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/1771461.stm Examiners knew about maths error]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081015163110/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,591-1772007,00.html Call for a GCSE shake-up as pass mark sinks to 16%]</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/4172812.stm Admin staff 'marking GCSE papers']</ref> As was the case for Edexcel, The first year of ETS Global's operation was struck by a number of problems, including the late arrival of scripts to examiners, a database of student entries being unavailable,<ref>{{cite news\|url = ~~http~~://~~education~~.~~guardian~~.~~co.uk~~/~~sats~~/~~story~~/~~0,,2280299,00~~.~~html?gusrc=rss&feed=8~~\| title = Headteachers angry at Sats 'nightmare'\| access-date =2008-05-17 \| work=The Guardian \| location=London \| first=Anthea \| last=Lipsett \| date=May 15, 2008}}</ref> and countrywide reports of problems with the marking of the papers. The opposition [[Conservative Party (UK)\|Conservative Party]] (Tory) criticized the awarding of the contracts to ETS, and produced a dossier listing previous problems with ETS's service.<ref>{{cite news\|url = ~~http~~://~~education~~.~~guardian~~.~~co.uk~~/~~schools~~/~~story~~/~~0,,2291802,00~~.~~html~~\|title = A history of exam failures\|work=The Guardian\|date= 19 July 2008 \| location=London \| first=Polly \| last=Curtis \| access-date=May 1, 2010}}</ref> The ETS contract with the [[Qualifications and Curriculum Authority\|QCA]] was terminated in August 2008, with an agreement to pay back £19.5m and cancel invoices worth £4.6m.<ref>{{cite news\| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/7562835.stm \| work=BBC News \| title=Sats marking contract is scrapped \| date=August 15, 2008 \| access-date=May 1, 2010}}</ref> Subsequently, the contract for National Curriculum assessment marking and processing was again awarded to Edexcel. Like the two prior contracts, the Edexcel contract has encountered significant quality problems<ref>{{cite news \| url = https://www.theguardian.com/education/2009/jun/04/sats-markers-delays\| title = Hundreds of Sats examiners wrongly disqualified\| author = Guardian\| work = The Guardian\| date = 4 June 2009\| access-date = 2010-05-14 \| location=London}}</ref> and the tests themselves, the focus of longstanding controversy in the English education community and among the public, have been subjected to a massive boycott by schools.<ref>{{cite news \| url = https://www.theguardian.com/education/2010/may/06/planned-sats-boycott\| title = Hundreds of primaries to boycott Sats\| author = Guardian\| work = The Guardian\| date = 6 May 2010\| access-date = 2010-05-14 \| location=London}}</ref>		In [[England]] and [[Wales]], [[ETS Europe]], a unit of the ETS Global for-profit subsidiary, was contracted to mark and process the [[National Curriculum assessment]]s on behalf of the government. ETS Global took over this role in 2008 from [[Edexcel]], a subsidiary of [[Pearson PLC\|Pearson]], which had encountered significant and repeated problems in carrying out the marking and processing contract.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/1771461.stm Examiners knew about maths error]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081015163110/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,591-1772007,00.html Call for a GCSE shake-up as pass mark sinks to 16%]</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/4172812.stm Admin staff 'marking GCSE papers']</ref> As was the case for Edexcel, The first year of ETS Global's operation was struck by a number of problems, including the late arrival of scripts to examiners, a database of student entries being unavailable,<ref>{{cite news\|url = https://www.theguardian.com/education/2008/may/15/schools.sats\| title = Headteachers angry at Sats 'nightmare'\| access-date =2008-05-17 \| work=The Guardian \| location=London \| first=Anthea \| last=Lipsett \| date=May 15, 2008}}</ref> and countrywide reports of problems with the marking of the papers. The opposition [[Conservative Party (UK)\|Conservative Party]] (Tory) criticized the awarding of the contracts to ETS, and produced a dossier listing previous problems with ETS's service.<ref>{{cite news\|url = https://www.theguardian.com/education/2008/jul/19/schools.uk1\|title = A history of exam failures\|work=The Guardian\|date= 19 July 2008 \| location=London \| first=Polly \| last=Curtis \| access-date=May 1, 2010}}</ref> The ETS contract with the [[Qualifications and Curriculum Authority\|QCA]] was terminated in August 2008, with an agreement to pay back £19.5m and cancel invoices worth £4.6m.<ref>{{cite news\| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/7562835.stm \| work=BBC News \| title=Sats marking contract is scrapped \| date=August 15, 2008 \| access-date=May 1, 2010}}</ref> Subsequently, the contract for National Curriculum assessment marking and processing was again awarded to Edexcel. Like the two prior contracts, the Edexcel contract has encountered significant quality problems<ref>{{cite news \| url = https://www.theguardian.com/education/2009/jun/04/sats-markers-delays\| title = Hundreds of Sats examiners wrongly disqualified\| author = Guardian\| work = The Guardian\| date = 4 June 2009\| access-date = 2010-05-14 \| location=London}}</ref> and the tests themselves, the focus of longstanding controversy in the English education community and among the public, have been subjected to a massive boycott by schools.<ref>{{cite news \| url = https://www.theguardian.com/education/2010/may/06/planned-sats-boycott\| title = Hundreds of primaries to boycott Sats\| author = Guardian\| work = The Guardian\| date = 6 May 2010\| access-date = 2010-05-14 \| location=London}}</ref>

	In 2009, ETS released the My Credentials Vault Service with Interfolio, Inc to "simplify the entire letter of recommendation process".<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.ets.org/Media/Campaign/12150/index.html \|title=ETS My Credentials VaultSM Service \|access-date=2010-01-14 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091219020213/http://www.ets.org/Media/Campaign/12150/index.html \|archive-date=2009-12-19 \|url-status=dead }}</ref>		In 2009, ETS released the My Credentials Vault Service with Interfolio, Inc to "simplify the entire letter of recommendation process".<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.ets.org/Media/Campaign/12150/index.html \|title=ETS My Credentials VaultSM Service \|access-date=2010-01-14 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091219020213/http://www.ets.org/Media/Campaign/12150/index.html \|archive-date=2009-12-19 \|url-status=dead }}</ref>
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	==Criticism==		==Criticism==
	[[File:ETS lake and fountains.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Pond with fountains behind Messick and Lord Halls. [[Steven Brill (journalist)\|Steven Brill]] reported in 1974 that ETS is known "around Princeton ... for its extravagance."<ref name="Brill">{{cite journal \|last1=Brill \|first1=Steven \|author-link1=Steven Brill (journalist) \|title=The Secrecy Behind the College Boards \|journal=[[New York (magazine)\|New York]] \|date=October 7, 1974 \|volume=7 \|issue=40 \|pages=67–83 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k-gCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA67 \|access-date=October 19, 2020}}</ref>]]		[[File:ETS lake and fountains.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Pond with fountains behind Messick and Lord Halls. [[Steven Brill (journalist)\|Steven Brill]] reported in 1974 that ETS is known "around Princeton ... for its extravagance."<ref name="Brill">{{cite journal \|last1=Brill \|first1=Steven \|author-link1=Steven Brill (journalist) \|title=The Secrecy Behind the College Boards \|journal=[[New York (magazine)\|New York]] \|date=October 7, 1974 \|volume=7 \|issue=40 \|pages=67–83 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k-gCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA67 \|access-date=October 19, 2020}}</ref>]]
	ETS has been criticized for being a "highly competitive business operation that is as much multinational monopoly as nonprofit institution".<ref>{{cite news \| url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30915FB3B5E0C738FDDA00894DF494D81&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fOrganizations%2fE%2fEducational%20Testing%20Service\| title = Testing Giant Exceeds Roots, Drawing Business Rivals' Ire \| work = [[The New York Times]] \| access-date = 2007-07-07 \| first1=Jon \| last1=Nordheimer \| first2=Douglas \| last2=Frantz \| date=September 30, 1997}}</ref> Due to its legal status as a non-profit organization, ETS is exempt from paying federal corporate income tax on many, but not all, of its operations.<ref name="Brill" /> It annually reports detailed financial information to the [[IRS]] on [[Form 990]], which is publicly available.<ref>{{cite web \| url = ~~http~~://andyhilbert.blogspot.com/2005/11/teacher-watch-ets-monopoly-continues.html\| title = Teacher Watch: ETS Monopoly Continues \| work = [[HorseSense and Nonsense]] \| date = 11 November 2005 \| access-date = 2007-07-07 }}</ref>		ETS has been criticized for being a "highly competitive business operation that is as much multinational monopoly as nonprofit institution".<ref>{{cite news \| url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30915FB3B5E0C738FDDA00894DF494D81&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fOrganizations%2fE%2fEducational%20Testing%20Service\| title = Testing Giant Exceeds Roots, Drawing Business Rivals' Ire \| work = [[The New York Times]] \| access-date = 2007-07-07 \| first1=Jon \| last1=Nordheimer \| first2=Douglas \| last2=Frantz \| date=September 30, 1997}}</ref> Due to its legal status as a non-profit organization, ETS is exempt from paying federal corporate income tax on many, but not all, of its operations.<ref name="Brill" /> It annually reports detailed financial information to the [[IRS]] on [[Form 990]], which is publicly available.<ref>{{cite web \| url = https://andyhilbert.blogspot.com/2005/11/teacher-watch-ets-monopoly-continues.html\| title = Teacher Watch: ETS Monopoly Continues \| work = [[HorseSense and Nonsense]] \| date = 11 November 2005 \| access-date = 2007-07-07 }}</ref>

	In response to growing criticism of its monopolistic power, New York state passed the Educational Testing Act, a disclosure law which required ETS to make available certain test questions and graded answer sheets to students.<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://www.answers.com/topic/educational-testing-service-company-private-not-for-profit?cat=biz-fin\| title = Educational Testing Service - Hoover's profile \| work = [[Answers.com]] \| access-date = 2007-07-07 }}</ref>		In response to growing criticism of its monopolistic power, New York state passed the Educational Testing Act, a disclosure law which required ETS to make available certain test questions and graded answer sheets to students.<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://www.answers.com/topic/educational-testing-service-company-private-not-for-profit?cat=biz-fin\| title = Educational Testing Service - Hoover's profile \| work = [[Answers.com]] \| access-date = 2007-07-07 }}</ref>

Educational Testing Service - Revision history

~2025-35098-22: Fixed grammar

imported>Educational Testing Service: Changed all text from uppercase to lowercase for consistency.