imported>Bloopityboop: Undid revision 1294827845 by Bloopityboop (talk) misread musk as mud

2025-06-10T01:36:20Z

Undid revision 1294827845 by Bloopityboop (talk) misread musk as mud

New page

{{Short description|Species of turtle}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Kinosternon subrubrum.jpg
| image_caption =
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{Cite journal | doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T163435A5606303.en | title=Kinosternon subrubrum |last=Van Dijk |first=P.P. |journal=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species | year=2011 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
| genus = Kinosternon
| species = subrubrum
| authority = [[Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre|Bonnaterre]], 1789<ref name="Rhodin98">{{cite journal |url=http://www.iucn-tftsg.org/wp-content/uploads/file/Accounts/crm_5_000_checklist_v3_2010.pdf |title=Turtles of the world, 2010 update: Annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution and conservation status |journal=Chelonian Research Monographs |volume=5 |date=2010-12-14 |author1=Rhodin, Anders G.J. |author2=van Dijk, Peter Paul |author3=Iverson, John B. |author4=Shaffer, H. Bradley |page=000.98 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717125632/http://www.iucn-tftsg.org/wp-content/uploads/file/Accounts/crm_5_000_checklist_v3_2010.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-17 |doi=10.3854/crm.5.000.checklist.v3.2010 |url-status=dead |isbn=978-0965354097 }}</ref>
| synonyms = ;''[[Kinosternon subrubrum subrubrum]]''
{{collapsible list|bullets = true|title=List
|''Testudo subrubra'' [[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacépède]], 1788 (''[[nomen suppressum]]'')
|''Testudo subrubra'' Bonnaterre, 1789
|''Testudo pensilvanica'' [[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin]], 1789
|''Emydes pensilvancia'' [[Alexandre Brongniart|Brongniart]], 1805 (''[[ex errore]]'')
|''Emys pensylvanica'' [[August Friedrich Schweigger|Schweigger]], 1812
|''Terrapene boscii'' [[Blasius Merrem|Merrem]], 1820
|''Terrapene pensylvanica'' — Merrem, 1820
|''Cistuda pensylvanica'' — [[Thomas Say|Say]], 1825
|''Sternotherus pensylvanica'' — [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1825
|''Kinosternon pennsylvanicum'' [[Thomas Bell (zoologist)|Bell]], 1825 (''ex errore'')
|''Sternothaerus boscii'' — Bell, 1825
|''Kinosternum pensylvanicum'' — [[Charles Lucien Bonaparte|Bonaparte]], 1830
|''Cinosternon pensylvanicum'' — [[Johann Georg Wagler|Wagler]], 1830
|''Emys'' (''Kinosternon'') ''pennsylvanica'' — Gray, 1831
|''Clemmys'' (''Cinosternon'') ''pensylvanica'' — [[Leopold Fitzinger|Fitzinger]], 1835
|''Kinosternon pensylvanicum'' — [[James Ellsworth De Kay|De Kay]], 1842
|''Kinosternon'' (''Kinosternon'') ''doubledayii'' Gray, 1844
|''Kinosternon'' (''Kinosternon'') ''oblongum'' Gray, 1844
|''Kinosternum doubledayii'' — [[John Eatton LeConte|LeConte]], 1854
|''Kinosternum pennsylvanicum'' — LeConte, 1854
|''Kinosternon punctatum'' Gray, 1856
|''Cinosternon pennsylvanicum'' — [[Louis Agassiz|Agassiz]], 1857
|''Cinosternum doubledayii'' — Agassiz, 1857
|''Cinosternum oblongum'' Agassiz, 1857
|''Cinosternum pennsylvanicum'' — Agassiz, 1857
|''Cistudo pennsylvanica'' — Agassiz, 1857
|''Terrapene pennsylvanica'' — Agassiz, 1857
|''Thyrosternum pennsylvanicum'' — Agassiz, 1857
|''Cinosternum doubledayi'' Agassiz, 1857 (''ex errore'')
|''Cinosternum punctatum'' — Agassiz, 1857
|''Cinosternon doubledayii'' — [[Alexander Strauch (naturalist)|Strauch]], 1865
|''Swanka fasciata'' Gray, 1869
|''Cinosternum pensylvanicum'' — [[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1889
|''Kinosternon pensilvanicum'' [[Einar Lönnberg|Lönnberg]], 1894 (''ex errore'')
|''Cinosternonus pensylvanicum'' — Herrera, 1899
|''Cinosternum pensilvanicum'' — [[Friedrich Siebenrock|Siebenrock]], 1907
|''Cinosternum pensilvanium'' Siebenrock, 1909 (''ex errore'')
|''Testudo pensilvanica'' — Siebenrock, 1909
|''Kinosternon subrubrum subrubrum'' — [[Leonhard Hess Stejneger|Stejneger]] & [[Thomas Barbour|Barbour]], 1917
|''Kinonsternon subrubrum'' — [[species:Ernest A. Liner|Liner]], 1954
|''Kinosternum subrubrum'' — [[Albert Schwartz (zoologist)|Schwartz]], 1961
|''Kinosternon subrum'' Richard, 1999 (''ex errore'')
}}
;''[[Kinosternon subrubrum hippocrepis]]''
{{collapsible list|bullets = true|title=List
|''Kinosternon hippocrepis'' Gray, 1856
|''Cinosternum hippocrepis'' — Agassiz, 1857
|''Cinosternon hippocrepis'' — Strauch, 1865
|''Kinosternon louisianae'' [[Georg Baur|Baur]], 1893
|''Cinosternum louisianae'' — [[Raymond Ditmars|Ditmars]], 1907
|''Kinosternon subrubrum hippocrepis'' — Stejneger & Barbour, 1917
}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="Fritz 2007">{{Cite journal |journal=Vertebrate Zoology |title=Checklist of Chelonians of the World |year=2007 |author=Fritz, Uwe |author2=Havaš, Peter |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=259–260 |doi=10.3897/vz.57.e30895 |doi-access=free |issn=1864-5755 }}</ref>
}}
The '''eastern mud turtle''' ('''''Kinosternon subrubrum''''') or '''common mud turtle'''<ref name="Rhodin98"/> is a common [[species]] of [[turtle]] in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Kinosternidae]]. The species is [[Endemism|endemic]] to the United States. There are two recognized [[subspecies]].

==Description==
The eastern mud turtle is a small and often hard to identify species. It measures {{convert|3|-|4|in|cm|abbr=on}} in [[carapace]] length. The carapace is keelless, lacks any pattern, and varies in color from yellowish to black. The [[plastron]] is large and double hinged, and can be yellowish to brown, and may sometimes have a dark pattern. The chin and throat are a yellowish grey, streaked and mottled with brown, while the limbs and tail are grayish. The eye, or [[Iris (anatomy)|iris]], of the eastern mud turtle is yellow with dark clouding, and its feet are webbed.<gallery mode="packed" heights="120">
File:Kinosternon subrubrum Mississippi.jpg|In Mississippi
File:Eastern mud turtle hog island wma 5.15.24 DSC 1861-topaz-denoiseraw-sharpen (cropped).jpg
File:Kinosternon subrubrum UMFS 2014 3.JPG|Carapace, Mississippi
File:Kinosternon subrubrum 367702720 (cropped).jpg|''K. s. subrubrum'' plastron, in Maryland
File:Kinosternon subrubrum 365233854.jpg|''K. s. subrubrum'' plastron, in Delaware
File:Kinosternon subrubrum 369537015.jpg|Plastron, in Florida
File:Kinosternon subrubrum UMFS 2014 1.JPG|Plastron, in Mississippi
</gallery>

== Etymology ==
The specific name, subrubrum, meaning "under red", refers to the red-orange [[plastron]] of hatchlings.<ref>Iverson, John B. "Kinosternon subrubrum." (1977).</ref>

== Diet ==
The eastern mud turtle is omnivorous and feeds on insects, crustaceans, mollusks, amphibians, carrion, and aquatic vegetation. Smaller eastern mud turtles prey on small aquatic insects, algae, and carrion, whereas larger ones can feed on any type of food.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Virginia Herpetological Society |url=http://www.virginiaherpetologicalsociety.com/ |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=www.virginiaherpetologicalsociety.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Movement ==
Eastern mud turtles have been documented to migrate seasonally from uplands that they frequent to wetlands and aquatic movement in their home ranges.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cordero |first=Gerardo Antonio |date=June 2012 |title=Long Distance Aquatic Movement and Home-Range Size of an Eastern Mud Turtle, Kinosternon subrubrum, Population in the Mid-Atlantic Region of the United States |journal=Chelonian Conservation and Biology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=121–124|doi=10.2744/CCB-0874.1 |s2cid=86229741 }}</ref> Their home ranges can be as small as .05 ha to 69.5 ha, depending on how close together their essential resources are. <ref>Cordero, G. A., Reeves, R., & Swarth, C. W. (2012). Long Distance Aquatic Movement and Home-Range Size of an Eastern Mud Turtle, Kinosternon subrubrum, Population in the Mid-Atlantic Region of the United States. Chelonian Conservation and Biology, 11(1), 121–124. https://doi.org/10.2744/CCB-0874.1</ref> In anthropogenically altered landscapes, such as golf courses, Eastern Mud Turtles were shown to cross an average of four different habitat types while emerging during the summer and fall.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Harden |first1=Leigh Anne |last2=Price |first2=Steven J. |last3=Dorcas |first3=Michael E. |date=2009 |title=Terrestrial Activity and Habitat Selection of Eastern Mud Turtles (Kinosternon subrubrum) in a Fragmented Landscape: Implications for Habitat Management of Golf Courses and Other Suburban Environments |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25512198 |journal=Copeia |volume=2009 |issue=1 |pages=78–84 |doi=10.1643/CH-08-037 |jstor=25512198 |s2cid=86634007 |issn=0045-8511|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Habitat ==
Mud turtles ([[genus]] ''[[Kinosternon]]'') are fresh water turtles that are found in the Southeastern and Northeastern United States.<ref name=Harden>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1643/ch-08-037 | title=Terrestrial Activity and Habitat Selection of Eastern Mud Turtles (Kinosternon subrubrum) in a Fragmented Landscape: Implications for Habitat Management of Golf Courses and Other Suburban Environments | year=2009 | last1=Harden | first1=Leighanne | last2=Price | first2=Stevenj. | last3=Dorcas | first3=Michaele. | journal=Copeia | volume=2009 | pages=78–84 | s2cid=86634007 }}</ref> They live in rivers, lakes and swamps. Mud turtles prefer ponds that have a lot of vegetation. These animals can generally be found in spring-fed streams, and they prefer clean, oxygenated water. The Eastern mud turtle rarely basks, but in the instance they do, they will bask on rocks or debris floating on the surface of the water.<ref name=Plowman>{{Cite web |last=Plowman |first=Bianca |title=Kinosternon subrubrum (Eastern Mud Turtle, Common Mud Turtle) |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Kinosternon_subrubrum/ |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Animal Diversity Web}}</ref> In the wild, they also prefer sandy and muddy areas, as they will hibernate by burrowing into the mud. The Eastern Mud Turtle prefers hibernacula sites about 70 meters from wetlands and that have a large amount of leaf and pine litter and not too much tree cover. They will burrow at the wetland edges at a minimum depth of 1.3 cm below the soil surface to a maximum depth of 3 cm.<ref name=Plowman/> The leaf litter helps to keep the soil moisture and the temperature consistent, while a more open canopy exposes turtles to higher temperatures before emergence.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Steen |first1=David A. |last2=Sterrett |first2=Sean C. |last3=Miller |first3=Shannan A. |last4=Smith |first4=Lora L. |date=September 2007 |title=Terrestrial Movements and Microhabitat Selection of Overwintering Subadult Eastern Mud Turtles (Kinosternon Subrubrum) in Southwest Georgia |url=https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-herpetology/volume-41/issue-3/0022-1511_2007_41_532_TMAMSO_2.0.CO_2/Terrestrial-Movements-and-Microhabitat-Selection-of-Overwintering-Subadult-Eastern-Mud/10.1670/0022-1511(2007)41[532:TMAMSO]2.0.CO;2.full |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=532–535 |doi=10.1670/0022-1511(2007)41[532:TMAMSO]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=86453610 |issn=0022-1511|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Mud turtles can tolerate brackish water so they may be found near salt marshes and on coastal islands.<ref name=Harden/>

==Reproduction==
[[File:Kinosternon subrubrum 05-03-11 (12747100104).jpg|thumb|Hatchling]]
Mating occurs in ''K. subrubrum'' during early spring followed by egg laying in May to early June.<ref name=Gibbons>{{Cite journal|last=Gibbons|first=J. Whitfield|date=September 1983|title=Reproductive Characteristics and Ecology of the Mud Turtle, Kinosternon subrubrum (Lacepede)|journal=Herpetologica |volume=39|issue=3|pages=254–271|jstor=3892569}}</ref> [[Clutch (eggs)|Clutch]] sizes vary from 2 to 5. Clutch size increases as female plastron length increases and they have at least 3 clutches/year.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.2307/1563764 | jstor=1563764 | title=Reproduction and Growth of the Mud Turtle, Kinosteron subrubrum (Reptilia, Testudines, Kinosternidae), in Arkansas | last1=Iverson | first1=John B. | journal=Journal of Herpetology | year=1979 | volume=13 | issue=1 | pages=105–111 }}</ref>

Reproduction in this species varies greatly depending on latitudinal location. Clutches per year for this species have been reported to be one clutch per year in some states and multiple clutches in others.<ref name=":0" /> In a study conducted in South Carolina, clutch frequency in warmer areas averaged multiple clutches, but two clutches per year were the approximate average in cooler regions of the state.<ref name=Gibbons/> The incubation period of the eggs can range from 76 to 124 days. ''K. subrubrum'' hatchlings have a wider carapace than the width of the eggs they hatch from, indicating that the carapace unfolds immediately upon hatching.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Houseal |first1=Timothy W. |last2=Carr |first2=John L. |date=1983 |title=Notes on the Reproduction of Kinosternon subrubrum (Testudines: Kinosternidae) in East Texas |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3671393 |journal=The Southwestern Naturalist |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=237–239 |doi=10.2307/3671393 |jstor=3671393 |issn=0038-4909|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Geographic range==
The eastern mud turtle is found in the US states of [[Alabama]], [[Arkansas]], [[Delaware]], [[Florida]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Illinois]], [[Indiana]], [[Kentucky]], [[Louisiana]], [[Maryland]], [[Mississippi]], [[Missouri]], [[New Jersey]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[North Carolina]], [[Oklahoma]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[South Carolina]], [[Tennessee]], [[Texas]], and [[Virginia]].<ref name="Rhodin98"/>

In Indiana, the eastern mud turtle is listed as an [[endangered species]].<ref name=312iac>{{citation|author=Indiana Legislative Services Agency|year=2011 |title=312 IAC 9-5-4: Endangered species of reptiles and amphibians|work=Indiana Administrative Code |access-date=28 Apr 2012|url=http://www.in.gov/legislative/iac/}}</ref>

==Diseases==
In 2014 on the Savannah River Site in Aiken, South Carolina the first case of [[ranavirus]] in an eastern mud turtle was detected. This virus affects amphibians, fish, and reptiles and causes oral plaque, ulceration, and conjunctivitis in infected species eventually resulting in death.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.3354/dao02849 | title=First case of ranavirus and associated morbidity and mortality in an eastern mud turtle Kinosternon subrubrum in South Carolina | year=2015 | last1=Winzeler | first1=ME | last2=Hamilton | first2=MT | last3=Tuberville | first3=TD | last4=Lance | first4=SL | journal=Diseases of Aquatic Organisms | volume=114 | issue=1 | pages=77–81 | pmid=25958808 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Subspecies==
Two subspecies are recognized as being valid, including the [[nominotypical subspecies]].<ref name="Rhodin98"/><ref>"''Kinosternon subrubrum'' ". The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.</ref>
*''K. s. subrubrum'' {{small|([[Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre|Bonnaterre]], 1789)}} – eastern mud turtle ([[Nominotypical subspecies|nominate subspecies]])
*''K. s. hippocrepis'' {{small|[[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1855}} – Mississippi mud turtle

The former subspecies ''K. s. steindachneri'' {{small|([[Friedrich Siebenrock|Siebenrock]], 1906)}}--[[Florida mud turtle]] was elevated to species status in 2013.<ref name="Rhodin2017">{{cite journal |url=http://images.turtleconservancy.org/documents/2017/crm-7-checklist-atlas-v8-2017.pdf |title=Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (8th Ed.)|journal=Chelonian Research Monographs |volume=7 |access-date=October 4, 2019|date=August 3, 2017 |last1=Rhodin | first1=Anders G.J. |last2=Iverson |first2=John B. |last3=Bour |first3=Roger |last4=Fritz |first4=Uwe |last5=Georges |first5=Arthur |last6=Shaffer |first6=H. Bradley |last7=van Dijk |first7=Peter Paul |pages=15, 44, 222 |isbn=978-1-5323-5026-9}}</ref>1

''[[Nota bene]]'': A [[Trinomen|trinomial authority]] in parentheses indicates that the subspecies was originally described in a [[genus]] other than ''Kinosternon''.<gallery mode="packed" heights="110">
File:Eastern Mud Turtle - Kinosternon subrubrum subrubrum - Bombay Hook National Wildlife Refuge, Smyrna, Delaware.jpg|''K. s. subrubrum'', Delaware
File:Kinosternon subrubrum subrubrum 369967057.jpg|''K. s. subrubrum'', New Jersey
File:Mississippi Mud Turtle (Kinosternon subrubrum hippocrepis).jpg|''K. s. hippocrepis'', Missouri
File:Mississippi Mud Turtle (Kinosternon subrubrum hippocrepis) - 48155203597.jpg|''K. s. hippocrepis'', Missouri
File:Kinosternon subrubrum ssp. hippocrepis 2.jpg|''K. s. hippocrepis''
File:Kinosternon subrubrum ssp. hippocrepis 1.jpg|''K. s. hippocrepis'', Arkansas
File:Kinosternon subrubrum ssp. hippocrepis.jpg|''K. s. hippocrepis'', Arkansas
File:Kinosternon subrubrum ssp. hippocrepis 4.jpg|''K. s. hippocrepis'', Arkansas
File:Kinosternon subrubrum ssp. hippocrepis 3.jpg|''K. s. hippocrepis'', Arkansas
</gallery>
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*[[John L. Behler|Behler JL]], [[species:Frederic Wayne King|King FW]] (1979). ''The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians''. New York: Knopf. 742 pp. {{ISBN|0-394-50824-6}}. (''Kinosternon subrubrum'', pp. 441–442 + Plates 318, 320, 321).
*[[Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre|Bonnaterre PJ]] (1789). ''Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature, Erpétologie.'' Paris: Panckoucke. xxviii + 71 pp. + 66 plates. (''Testudo subrubra'', new species, pp. 27–28 + [turtles] Plate 5, figure 1). (in [[French Language|French]] and [[Latin]]).
*[[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger GA]] (1889). ''Catalogue of the Chelonians, Rhynchocephalians, and Crodcodiles in the British Museum (Natural History). New Edition.'' London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). x + 311 pp. + Plates I–VI. (''Cinosternon pensylvanicum'', pp. 39–40).
*[[Roger Conant (herpetologist)|Conant R]] (1975). ''A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition''. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. xviii + 429 pp. + Plates 1–48. {{ISBN|0-395-19979-4}} (hardcover), {{ISBN|0-395-19977-8}} (paperback). (''Kinosternon subrubrum subrubrum'', p. 43 + Plates 4, 5 + Map 13).
*[[species:Colemann Jett Goin|Goin CJ]], [[species:Olive Linda Bown Goin|Goin OB]], [[species:George Robert Zug|Zug GR]] (1978). ''Introduction to Herpetology, Third Edition''. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. xi + 378 pp. {{ISBN|0-7167-0020-4}}. (''Kinosternon s. subrubrum'', detailed description of nesting, p. 264).
*[[Robert Powell (herpetologist)|Powell R]], Conant R, [[Joseph T. Collins|Collins JT]] (2016). ''Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Fourth Edition''. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. xiv + 494 pp., 47 color plates 207 figures. {{ISBN|978-0-544-12997-9}}. (''Kinosternon subrubrum'', pp. 225–227, Figure 102 + Plates 19, 21).
*[[Hobart Muir Smith|Smith HM]], [[species:Edmund Darrell Brodie Jr.|Brodie ED Jr]] (1982). ''Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification''. New York: Golden Press. 240 pp. {{ISBN|0-307-13666-3}}. (''Kinosternon subrubrum'', pp. 26–27).
*[[Leonhard Stejneger|Stejneger L]], [[Thomas Barbour|Barbour T]] (1917). ''A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 125 pp. (''Kinosternon subrubrum subrubrum'', p. 112).
*[[Herbert S. Zim|Zim HS]], Smith HM (1956). ''Reptiles and Amphibians: A Guide to Familiar American Species: A Golden Nature Guide''. New York: Simon and Schuster. 160 pp. (''Kinosternon subrubrum subrubrum'', pp. 19, 23, 155).

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110608151206/http://wwwnew.towson.edu/herpetology/reptiles/Kinosternon%20subrubrum.htm Eastern mud turtle - ''Kinosternon subrubrum''] Species account from the Towson University Reptiles of Maryland Web Page.

{{Kinosternidae}}

{{Taxonbar |from=Q1232370}}

[[Category:Kinosternon]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1789]]

Eastern mud turtle - Revision history

imported>Bloopityboop: Undid revision 1294827845 by Bloopityboop (talk) misread musk as mud