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{{Short description|Crystals found in plants}}
[[File:Druse in onion scales.jpg|thumb|Druses in onion scales (100x magnification)]]
{{Other uses|Druse (disambiguation){{!}}Druse}}
A '''druse''' is a group of crystals of [[calcium oxalate]],<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Franceschi VR, Nakata PA|year=2005|title=Calcium oxalate in plants: formation and function|journal=Annu Rev Plant Biol|volume=56|issue=1 |pages=41–71|pmid=15862089|doi=10.1146/annurev.arplant.56.032604.144106|bibcode=2005AnRPB..56...41F }}</ref> silicates, or carbonates present in plants, and are thought to be a [[plant defense against herbivory|defense against herbivory]] due to their toxicity. Calcium oxalate (Ca(COO)<sub>2</sub>, CaOx) crystals are found in [[algae]], [[angiosperms]] and [[gymnosperms]] in more than 215 families. These plants accumulate oxalate in the range of 3–80% (w/w) of their dry weight<ref>{{cite journal|author=Zindler-Frank E.|year=1976|title=Oxalate biosynthesis in relation to photosynthetic pathways and plant productivity: a survey|journal=Z. Pflanzenphysiol. |volume=80|issue=1|pages=1–13|doi=10.1016/S0044-328X(76)80044-X}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Libert B, Franceschi VR|year=1987|title=Oxalate in crop plants|journal=J Agric Food Chem|volume=35|issue=6|pages=926–938|doi=10.1021/jf00078a019|bibcode=1987JAFC...35..926L }}</ref> through a [[biomineralization]] process in a variety of shapes.<ref>{{cite journal|author=McNair JB|year=1932|title=The interrelation between substances in plants: essential oils and resins, cyanogen and oxalate|journal=Am J Bot|volume=19|number=3|pages=255–271|doi= 10.2307/2436337|jstor=2436337}}</ref> ''[[Araceae]]'' have numerous druses, multi-crystal druses and needle-shaped [[raphide]] crystals of CaOx present in the tissue.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Prychid CJ, Jabaily RS, Rudall PJ |year=2008|title=Cellular ultrastructure and crystal development in Amorphophallus (Araceae)|journal=Ann. Bot.|volume=101|issue=7|pages=983–995|doi= 10.1093/aob/mcn022|pmid=18285357|pmc=2710233 |url=}}</ref> Druses are also found in leaves and bud scales of ''[[Prunus]]'', ''Rosa'',<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Lersten NR, Horner HT|year=2006|title=Crystal macropattern development in ''Prunus serotina'' (Rosaceae, Prunoideae) leaves|journal=Ann. Bot.|volume=97|issue=5|pages=723–729|pmc=2803424|pmid=16513655|doi=10.1093/aob/mcl036|url=}}</ref> ''[[Allium]]'', ''[[Vitis]]'', ''[[Morus (plant)|Morus]]'' and ''[[Phaseolus]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Jáuregui-Zúñiga D, Reyes-Grajeda JP, Sepúlveda-Sánchez JD, Whitaker JR, Moreno A|year=2003|title=Crystallochemical characterization of calcium oxalate crystals isolated from seed coats of ''Phaseolus vulgaris'' and leaves of ''Vitis vinifera''|journal=J Plant Physiol|volume=160|issue=3|pages=239–245|pmid=12749080|doi=10.1078/0176-1617-00947|bibcode=2003JPPhy.160..239J }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Katayama H, Fujibayashi Y, Nagaoka S, Sugimura Y|year=2007|title=Cell wall sheath surrounding calcium oxalate crystals in mulberry idioblasts|journal=Protoplasma|volume=231|issue=3–4|pages=245–248|pmid=17922267|doi=10.1007/s00709-007-0263-x|bibcode=2007Prpls.231..245K |s2cid=29944485}}</ref>

== Formation ==
A number of biochemical [[metabolic pathway|pathways]] for calcium oxalate biomineralization in plants have been proposed. Among these is the [[bond cleavage|cleavage]] of [[isocitrate]], the [[hydrolysis]] of [[oxaloacetate]], glycolate/glyoxylate oxidation, and/or oxidative cleavage of L-ascorbic acid.<ref>{{cite book|author=Hodgkinson A|year=1977|chapter=Oxalic acid metabolism in higher plants|editor=A Hodgkinson|title=Oxalic Acid Biology and Medicine|journal=FEBS Letters|volume=101|issue=2|publisher=Academic Press|location=New York|pages=131–158|isbn=9780123517500|doi=10.1016/0014-5793(79)81066-2}}</ref> The cleavage of ascorbic acid appears to be the most studied pathway.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Yang J, Loewus FA|year=1975|title=Metabolic conversion of L-ascorbic acid in oxalate-accumulating plants|journal=Plant Physiol|volume=56|issue=2|pages=283–285|pmid=16659288|pmc=541805|doi=10.1104/pp.56.2.283}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Nuss RF, Loewus FA|year=1978|title=Further studies on oxalic acid biosynthesis in oxalate-accumulating plants|journal=Plant Physiol|volume=61|issue=4|pages=590–592|pmc=1091923|pmid=16660342|doi=10.1104/pp.61.4.590}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Li XX, Franceschi VR|year=1990|title=Distribution of peroxisomes and glycolate metabolism in relation to calcium oxalate formation in Lemna minor L.|journal= Eur J Cell Biol|volume=51|issue=1|pages=9–16|pmid=2184039}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Keates SA, Tarlyn N, Loewus FA, Franceschi VR|year=2000|title=L-Ascorbic acid and L-galactose are sources of oxalic acid and calcium oxalate in ''Pistia stratiotes''|journal=Phytochemistry|volume=53|issue=4|pages=433–440|pmid=10731019|doi=10.1016/S0031-9422(99)00448-3|bibcode=2000PChem..53..433K }}</ref> The specific mechanism controlling this process is unclear. Still, it has been suggested that a number of factors influence crystal shapes and growth, such as proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids or macromolecular membrane structures.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Horner HT, Wagner BL|year=1980|title=The association of druse crystals with the developing stomium of ''Capsicum annuum'' (Solanaceae) anthers|journal=Am J Bot|volume=67|issue=9|pages=1347–1360|doi=10.2307/2442137|jstor=2442137}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Arnott HJ, Webb MA|year=1983|title=Twin crystals of calcium oxalate in the seed coat of the kidney bean|journal=Protoplasma|volume=114|issue=1|pages=23–34|doi=10.1007/BF01279865|bibcode=1983Prpls.114...23A |s2cid=180834}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Webb MA|year=1999|title=Cell-mediated crystallization of calcium oxalate in plants|journal=Plant Cell|volume=11|issue=4|pages=751–761|pmc=144206|pmid=10213791|doi=10.1105/tpc.11.4.751}}</ref> Druses may also have some purpose in calcium regulation.

== See also ==
*[[Idioblast]]
*[[Raphide]]
*[[Phytolith]]
*[[Plant defense against herbivory]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Plant physiology]]

Druse (botany) - Revision history

imported>Citation bot: Add: bibcode, issue. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Abductive | Category:Plant physiology | #UCB_Category 191/217