imported>Wbm1058: redirect bypass from Westminister system to Westminster system using popups

2025-12-30T17:12:44Z

redirect bypass from Westminister system to Westminster system using popups

imported>Bender the Bot: /* Spain */ HTTP to HTTPS for Financial Times

2025-10-06T19:10:07Z

Spain: HTTP to HTTPS for Financial Times

← Previous revision		Revision as of 19:10, 6 October 2025
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	{{See also\|Subsidiarity\|Subsidiarity (European Union)}}		{{See also\|Subsidiarity\|Subsidiarity (European Union)}}
	{{pp-pc1}}		{{pp-pc1}}
	~~{{More citations needed\|article\|date=May 2008}}~~
	<!--This article is in Commonwealth English-->		<!--This article is in Commonwealth English-->
	{{Basic Forms of government}}		{{Basic Forms of government}}
	[[File:Plenum vid BSPC 19 i Mariehamn pa aland.jpg\|thumb\|The [[Parliament of Åland]]]]		[[File:Plenum vid BSPC 19 i Mariehamn pa aland.jpg\|thumb\|The [[Parliament of Åland]]]]
	'''Devolution''' is the [[statutory]] delegation of powers from the [[central government]] of a [[sovereign state]] to govern at a [[administrative division\|subnational]] level, such as a regional or [[local government\|local]] level.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/en/articles/art20130702112133671\|title=What is devolution?\|website=BBC Academy\|language=en\|access-date=2019-02-22}}</ref> It is a form of administrative [[decentralization]]. Devolved territories have the power to make [[legislation]] relevant to the area, thus granting them a higher level of [[Autonomous administrative division\|autonomy]].<ref>{{Cite news\|url=~~http~~://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/election_2010/first_time_voter/8589835.stm\|title=Devolution: A beginner's guide\|date=2010-04-29\|access-date=2019-02-22\|language=en-GB}}</ref>		'''Devolution''' is the [[statutory]] delegation of powers from the [[central government]] of a [[sovereign state]] to govern at a [[administrative division\|subnational]] level, such as a regional or [[local government\|local]] level.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/en/articles/art20130702112133671\|title=What is devolution?\|website=BBC Academy\|language=en\|access-date=2019-02-22}}</ref> It is a form of administrative [[decentralization]]. Devolved territories have the power to make [[legislation]] relevant to the area, thus granting them a higher level of [[Autonomous administrative division\|autonomy]].<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/election_2010/first_time_voter/8589835.stm\|title=Devolution: A beginner's guide\|date=2010-04-29\|access-date=2019-02-22\|language=en-GB}}</ref>

	Devolution differs from [[federalism]] in that the devolved powers of the subnational authority may be temporary and are reversible, ultimately residing with the central government. Thus, the state remains ''[[de jure]]'' [[unitary state\|unitary]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.channel4.com/news/devolution-manchester-george-osborne-powers-cities-bill-northern-powerhouse\|title=Devolution: what is it and what powers would cities get?\|website=Channel 4 News\|date=14 May 2015\|language=en-GB\|access-date=2019-02-22}}</ref> [[Legislation]] creating devolved [[parliament]]s or [[Deliberative assembly\|assemblies]] can be [[repeal]]ed or amended by central government in the same way as any statute. In [[federal system]]s, by contrast, sub-unit government is guaranteed in the [[constitution]], so the powers of the sub-units cannot be withdrawn unilaterally by the central government (i.e. not without the process of constitutional amendment). The sub-units therefore have a lower degree of protection under devolution than under [[federalism]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://publiclawforeveryone.com/2014/01/08/devolution-federalism-and-a-new-constitution-for-the-uk/\|title=Devolution, federalism and a new constitution for the UK\|date=2014-01-08\|website=Public Law for Everyone\|language=en\|access-date=2019-02-22}}</ref>		Devolution differs from [[federalism]] in that the devolved powers of the subnational authority may be temporary and are reversible, ultimately residing with the central government. Thus, the state remains ''[[de jure]]'' [[unitary state\|unitary]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.channel4.com/news/devolution-manchester-george-osborne-powers-cities-bill-northern-powerhouse\|title=Devolution: what is it and what powers would cities get?\|website=Channel 4 News\|date=14 May 2015\|language=en-GB\|access-date=2019-02-22}}</ref> [[Legislation]] creating devolved [[parliament]]s or [[Deliberative assembly\|assemblies]] can be [[repeal]]ed or amended by central government in the same way as any statute. In [[federal system]]s, by contrast, sub-unit government is guaranteed in the [[constitution]], so the powers of the sub-units cannot be withdrawn unilaterally by the central government (i.e. not without the process of constitutional amendment). The sub-units therefore have a lower degree of protection under devolution than under [[federalism]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://publiclawforeveryone.com/2014/01/08/devolution-federalism-and-a-new-constitution-for-the-uk/\|title=Devolution, federalism and a new constitution for the UK\|date=2014-01-08\|website=Public Law for Everyone\|language=en\|access-date=2019-02-22}}</ref>
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	The [[Spanish Constitution]] of 1978 granted [[self-government\|autonomy]] to the ''nationalities'' and regions of which the [[Kingdom of Spain]] is composed. (See also ''[[autonomous communities of Spain\|autonomous communities]] and [[autonomous cities of Spain\|cities of Spain]]'')		The [[Spanish Constitution]] of 1978 granted [[self-government\|autonomy]] to the ''nationalities'' and regions of which the [[Kingdom of Spain]] is composed. (See also ''[[autonomous communities of Spain\|autonomous communities]] and [[autonomous cities of Spain\|cities of Spain]]'')

	Under the "system of autonomies" ({{langx\|es\|Estado de las Autonomías}}), Spain has been quoted to be "remarkable for the extent of the powers peacefully devolved over the past 30 years"<ref name="Mallet">{{cite news\|url=~~http~~://www.ft.com/~~cms/s/0~~/de6c00f0-8c25-11de-b14f-00144feabdc0~~.html~~ \|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/de6c00f0-8c25-11de-b14f-00144feabdc0.html \|archive-date=2022-12-10 \|url-access=subscription \|url-status=live\|title=Flimsier footings\|last=Mallet\|first=Victor\|date=18 August 2010\|newspaper=Financial Times\|access-date=25 August 2010}}{{Registration required}}</ref> and "an extraordinarily decentralised country", with the central government accounting for just 18% of public spending; the regional governments 38%, the local councils 13% and the social-security system the rest.<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12501023\|title=A survey of Spain: How much is enough?\|newspaper=The Economist\|access-date=25 August 2010\|date=6 November 2008}}{{Subscription required}}</ref>		Under the "system of autonomies" ({{langx\|es\|Estado de las Autonomías}}), Spain has been quoted to be "remarkable for the extent of the powers peacefully devolved over the past 30 years"<ref name="Mallet">{{cite news\|url=https://www.ft.com/content/de6c00f0-8c25-11de-b14f-00144feabdc0 \|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/de6c00f0-8c25-11de-b14f-00144feabdc0.html \|archive-date=2022-12-10 \|url-access=subscription \|url-status=live\|title=Flimsier footings\|last=Mallet\|first=Victor\|date=18 August 2010\|newspaper=Financial Times\|access-date=25 August 2010}}{{Registration required}}</ref> and "an extraordinarily decentralised country", with the central government accounting for just 18% of public spending; the regional governments 38%, the local councils 13% and the social-security system the rest.<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12501023\|title=A survey of Spain: How much is enough?\|newspaper=The Economist\|access-date=25 August 2010\|date=6 November 2008}}{{Subscription required}}</ref>

	In 2010 the Constitutional Court ruled that referendums of any kind, defined as measuring the public opinion of all voting citizens (''apellatio ad populum'') can't be held without government approval.<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Fernández Ramos \|first1=Severiano \|title=Las consultas populares no referendarias mediante votación: ¿un artificio del derecho público español? \|url=https://laadministracionaldia.inap.es/noticia.asp?id=1510249 \|website=La Administración al Día \|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Administración Pública \|access-date=12 August 2024 \|language=Spanish}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|title=Sentencia Tribunal Constitucional 31/2010, Fundamentos (nº69) \|url=https://hj.tribunalconstitucional.es/HJ/en/Resolucion/Show/6670#complete_resolucion&fundamentos \|website=hj.tribunalconstitucional.es \|publisher=Tribunal Constitucional \|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>		In 2010 the Constitutional Court ruled that referendums of any kind, defined as measuring the public opinion of all voting citizens (''apellatio ad populum'') can't be held without government approval.<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Fernández Ramos \|first1=Severiano \|title=Las consultas populares no referendarias mediante votación: ¿un artificio del derecho público español? \|url=https://laadministracionaldia.inap.es/noticia.asp?id=1510249 \|website=La Administración al Día \|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Administración Pública \|access-date=12 August 2024 \|language=Spanish}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|title=Sentencia Tribunal Constitucional 31/2010, Fundamentos (nº69) \|url=https://hj.tribunalconstitucional.es/HJ/en/Resolucion/Show/6670#complete_resolucion&fundamentos \|website=hj.tribunalconstitucional.es \|publisher=Tribunal Constitucional \|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>
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	\| caption1 = [[Scottish Parliament Building\|Holyrood]] (Scottish Parliament)		\| caption1 = [[Scottish Parliament Building\|Holyrood]] (Scottish Parliament)
	\| image2 = Senedd, Welsh parliament, Cardiff Bay.jpg		\| image2 = Senedd, Welsh parliament, Cardiff Bay.jpg
	\| caption2 = [[Senedd]] (Welsh Parliament)		\| caption2 = [[Senedd building\|Senedd]] (Welsh Parliament)
	\| image3 = StormontGeneral.jpg		\| image3 = StormontGeneral.jpg
	\| caption3 = [[Parliament Buildings (Northern Ireland)\|Stormont]] (Northern Ireland Assembly)		\| caption3 = [[Parliament Buildings (Northern Ireland)\|Stormont]] (Northern Ireland Assembly)
	\| footer = ~~Various~~ institutions established as part of the devolution of power in the UK		\| footer = Buildings of the various institutions established as part of the devolution of power in the UK
	}}		}}
	In the [[United Kingdom]], devolved government was created for [[Northern Ireland]] in 1921 by the [[Government of Ireland Act 1920]], for [[Wales]] and [[Scotland]] in September 1997 following [[majority\|simple majority]] [[referendum]]s, and in [[London]] in May 1998. Between 1998 and 1999, the [[Scottish Parliament]], [[Senedd]] (Welsh Parliament), [[Northern Ireland Assembly]] and [[London Assembly]] were established by law. The [[Campaign for an English Parliament]], which supports [[English devolution]] (i.e. the establishment of a separate English parliament or assembly) was formed in 1998.{{Citation needed\|date=May 2025}}		In the [[United Kingdom]], devolved government was created for [[Northern Ireland]] in 1921 by the [[Government of Ireland Act 1920]], for [[Wales]] and [[Scotland]] in September 1997 following [[majority\|simple majority]] [[referendum]]s, and in [[London]] in May 1998. Between 1998 and 1999, the [[Scottish Parliament]], [[Senedd]] (Welsh Parliament), [[Northern Ireland Assembly]] and [[London Assembly]] were established by law. The [[Campaign for an English Parliament]], which supports [[English devolution]] (i.e. the establishment of a separate English parliament or assembly) was formed in 1998.{{Citation needed\|date=May 2025}}
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	{{see also\|State constitution (United States)\|Home Rule in the United States\|Municipal corporation}}		{{see also\|State constitution (United States)\|Home Rule in the United States\|Municipal corporation}}

	[[File:Forthallindancasiono2007.jpg\|thumb\|right\|upright=0.9\|Fort Hall Indian Casino, Idaho. Gambling is allowed within [[~~Indigenous peoples of~~ the ~~Americas~~\|Native American]] reservation lands while illegal on non-reservation land geographically in the same state.]]		[[File:Forthallindancasiono2007.jpg\|thumb\|right\|upright=0.9\|Fort Hall Indian Casino, [[Idaho]]. Gambling is allowed within [[Native Americans in the United States\|Native American]] reservation lands while illegal on non-reservation land geographically in the same state.]]

	In the United States the federal government and state governments are sovereign. As Native American tribes and the governments they formed pre-date the formation of the United States, their legal position as sovereigns co-exists alongside the individual states and the Federal government. The legal relationships with [[Native Americans in the United States\|Native American]] tribes and their government structures are the jurisdiction of [[United States Congress\|Congress]]. This relationship is unique to each of the more than 500 tribes and also involves ~~International Treaties~~ between various tribes and Spain, Great Britain, and the eventual United States.		In the United States the federal government and state governments are sovereign. As Native American tribes and the governments they formed pre-date the formation of the United States, their legal position as sovereigns co-exists alongside the individual states and the Federal government. The legal relationships with [[Native Americans in the United States\|Native American]] tribes and their government structures are the jurisdiction of [[United States Congress\|Congress]]. This relationship is unique to each of the more than 500 tribes and also involves international treaties between various tribes and Spain, Great Britain, and the eventual United States.
	Territories are under the direct jurisdiction of Congress. Territorial governments are thus devolved by acts of Congress. Political subdivisions of a state, such as a county or municipality, are a type of devolved government and are defined by individual state constitutions and laws.{{Citation needed\|date=May 2025}}		Territories are under the direct jurisdiction of Congress. Territorial governments are thus devolved by acts of Congress. Political subdivisions of a state, such as a county or municipality, are a type of devolved government and are defined by individual state constitutions and laws.{{Citation needed\|date=May 2025}}

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	\|Presidential republic		\|Presidential republic
	\|[[Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan]]		\|[[Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan]]
	\|~~10 autonomous regions, 66~~ rayons and 77 cities		\|67 rayons and 11 cities
	\|Autonomous republic: [[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic\|Nakhchivan]]		\|Autonomous republic: [[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic\|Nakhchivan]]
	\|-		\|-
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	\|Republic		\|Republic
	\|[[Provinces of Indonesia]]		\|[[Provinces of Indonesia]]
	\|38 provinces which 9 have special status		\|38 provinces, of which 9 have special status
	\|Provinces with special status:		\|Provinces with special status:
	* [[Aceh]]		* [[Aceh]]
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	* {{Annotated link \|West Lothian question}}		* {{Annotated link \|West Lothian question}}

	==~~Notes~~==		== References ==
	{{Reflist\|30em}}		{{Reflist\|30em}}

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	{{Wiktionary}}		{{Wiktionary}}
	*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060512141837/http://www.devolution.ac.uk/ Economic and Social Research Council Devolution and Constitutional Change research programme]		*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060512141837/http://www.devolution.ac.uk/ Economic and Social Research Council Devolution and Constitutional Change research programme]
	*[https~~://web.archive.org/web/20110305052550/http~~://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-politics-12648649 http://www.bbc.co.uk An Article from the BBC describing the transfer of powers from the UK Parliament to the Welsh Assembly]		*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-politics-12648649 http://www.bbc.co.uk An Article from the BBC describing the transfer of powers from the UK Parliament to the Welsh Assembly]

	{{Autonomous types of first-tier administration}}		{{Autonomous types of first-tier administration}}

imported>Dn9ahx: /* List of unitary states with devolution */

2025-06-30T14:23:49Z

List of unitary states with devolution

← Previous revision		Revision as of 14:23, 30 June 2025
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	\|		\|
	* [[Vojvodina]]		* [[Vojvodina]]
	* [[Kosovo~~]] & [[~~Metohija]] (Serbia does not recognize the independence of Kosovo)		* [[Kosovo and Metohija]] (Serbia does not recognize the independence of Kosovo)
	\|-		\|-
	\|1978		\|1978

imported>Binomialtie7088: /* United States */ added citation needed templates

2025-05-17T08:51:12Z

United States: added citation needed templates

Show changes

Devolution - Revision history

imported>Wbm1058: redirect bypass from Westminister system to Westminster system using popups

imported>Bender the Bot: /* Spain */ HTTP to HTTPS for Financial Times

imported>Dn9ahx: /* List of unitary states with devolution */

imported>Binomialtie7088: /* United States */ added citation needed templates