http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Data_Protection_DirectiveData Protection Directive - Revision history2026-05-04T15:14:20ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.43.1http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=Data_Protection_Directive&diff=4641555&oldid=previmported>Ikehjames007: /* Comparison with United States data protection law */2025-10-19T12:33:42Z<p><span class="autocomment">Comparison with United States data protection law</span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Previous revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 12:33, 19 October 2025</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In July 2007, a new, controversial,<ref name="R89"/> [[passenger name record]] (PNR) agreement between the US and the EU was undersigned.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.libertysecurity.org/article1591.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112021643/http://www.libertysecurity.org/article1591.html|archive-date=2012-01-12|title=New EU-US PNR Agreement on the processing and transfer of Passenger Name Record (PNR) data|website=Liberty & Security|url-status=usurped}}</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In July 2007, a new, controversial,<ref name="R89"/> [[passenger name record]] (PNR) agreement between the US and the EU was undersigned.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.libertysecurity.org/article1591.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112021643/http://www.libertysecurity.org/article1591.html|archive-date=2012-01-12|title=New EU-US PNR Agreement on the processing and transfer of Passenger Name Record (PNR) data|website=Liberty & Security|url-status=usurped}}</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In February 2008, [[Jonathan Faull]], the head of the EU's Commission of Home Affairs, complained about the United States bilateral policy concerning PNR.<ref name="Faull"> Renata Goldirova (14 February 2008). [http://euobserver.com/9/25657 "Brussels attacks new U.S. security demands"]. ''[[EUobserver]]''.</ref><ref>[http://www.statewatch.org/news/ Statewatch newsletter], February 2008</ref>{{nonspecific|reason=Please provide the specific URL for this reference|date=August 2023}}<!-- This link may be useful, but is insufficient: https://www.statewatch.org/news/2008/february/ --> The US had signed in February 2008 a memorandum of understanding<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statewatch.org/news/2008/mar/us-czech-mou-visas-etc.pdf|title=Memorandum of Understanding Between the Ministry of the Interior of the Czech Republic and the Department of Homeland Security of the United States of America Regarding the United States Visa Waiver Program and Related Enhanced Security Measures|website=State Watch |access-date=2022-04-10}}</ref> (MOU) with the [[Czech Republic]] in exchange of a visa waiver scheme, without first consulting Brussels.<ref name=R89>[http://www.rue89.com/2008/03/04/a-divided-europe-wants-to-protect-its-personal-data-wanted-by-the-us "A divided Europe wants to protect its personal data wanted by the U.S."] ''[[Rue 89]]''. 4 March 2008.</ref> The tensions between Washington and Brussels are mainly caused by the lower level of [[Information privacy|data protection]] in the US, especially since foreigners do not benefit from the US [[Privacy Act of 1974]]. Other countries approached for bilateral Memoranda of Understanding included the United Kingdom, [[Estonia]], (Germany) and [[Greece]].<ref>''[[Statewatch]]'', March 2008</ref>{{nonspecific|reason=Please provide the specific URL for this reference|date=August 2023}}<!-- This link may be useful, but is insufficient: https://www.statewatch.org/news/2008/march/ --></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In February 2008, [[Jonathan Faull]], the head of the EU's Commission of Home Affairs, complained about the United States bilateral policy concerning PNR.<ref name="Faull"> Renata Goldirova (14 February 2008). [http://euobserver.com/9/25657 "Brussels attacks new U.S. security demands"]. ''[[EUobserver]]''.</ref><ref>[http://www.statewatch.org/news/ Statewatch newsletter], February 2008</ref>{{nonspecific|reason=Please provide the specific URL for this reference|date=August 2023}}<!-- This link may be useful, but is insufficient: https://www.statewatch.org/news/2008/february/ --> The US had signed in February 2008 a memorandum of understanding<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statewatch.org/news/2008/mar/us-czech-mou-visas-etc.pdf|title=Memorandum of Understanding Between the Ministry of the Interior of the Czech Republic and the Department of Homeland Security of the United States of America Regarding the United States Visa Waiver Program and Related Enhanced Security Measures|website=State Watch |access-date=2022-04-10}}</ref> (MOU) with the [[Czech Republic]] in exchange of a visa waiver scheme, without first consulting Brussels.<ref name=R89>[http://www.rue89.com/2008/03/04/a-divided-europe-wants-to-protect-its-personal-data-wanted-by-the-us "A divided Europe wants to protect its personal data wanted by the U.S."] <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522052052/http://www.rue89.com/2008/03/04/a-divided-europe-wants-to-protect-its-personal-data-wanted-by-the-us |date=22 May 2011 }} </ins>''[[Rue 89]]''. 4 March 2008.</ref> The tensions between Washington and Brussels are mainly caused by the lower level of [[Information privacy|data protection]] in the US, especially since foreigners do not benefit from the US [[Privacy Act of 1974]]. Other countries approached for bilateral Memoranda of Understanding included the United Kingdom, [[Estonia]], (Germany) and [[Greece]].<ref>''[[Statewatch]]'', March 2008</ref>{{nonspecific|reason=Please provide the specific URL for this reference|date=August 2023}}<!-- This link may be useful, but is insufficient: https://www.statewatch.org/news/2008/march/ --></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Implementation by the member states==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Implementation by the member states==</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Meanwhile, Europe's preoccupation with the US is likely misplaced in the first place, as China and Russia are increasingly identified by European policymakers as "hybrid threat" aggressors, using a combination of [[propaganda]] on social media and hacking to intentionally undermine the functioning of European institutions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/eu-vows-tougher-response-on-hybrid-threats-hacking-misinformation-cyberattacks/|title=EU vows tougher response on hybrid threats|date=24 July 2020|website=POLITICO}}</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Meanwhile, Europe's preoccupation with the US is likely misplaced in the first place, as China and Russia are increasingly identified by European policymakers as "hybrid threat" aggressors, using a combination of [[propaganda]] on social media and hacking to intentionally undermine the functioning of European institutions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/eu-vows-tougher-response-on-hybrid-threats-hacking-misinformation-cyberattacks/|title=EU vows tougher response on hybrid threats|date=24 July 2020|website=POLITICO}}</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In addition to governmental and institutional measures, independent research and educational platforms have emerged to promote stronger data-protection awareness and responsible digital practices across regions. More recently, jurisdictions outside Europe and the United States have begun adopting hybrid data-protection models that blend the rights-based approach of the GDPR with the sectoral and regulatory flexibility of American law. For example, Nigeria’s Nigeria Data Protection Act (NDPA) develops a unified legislative framework inspired by the GDPR but tailored to the market realities of emerging economies. A detailed comparative analysis on Privacy Needle(2025) explores key differences such as territorial scope, consent and lawful-basis models, cross-border data-flow regulation, and enforcement regimes. Sites such as Privacy Needle publish comparative analyses of global privacy frameworks—including the EU’s GDPR, Nigeria’s NDPA, and U.S. sectoral laws—helping policymakers, professionals, and the public understand evolving data-governance trends. These initiatives contribute to informed discussions on the balance between innovation, privacy rights, and cybersecurity in the modern digital economy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://privacyneedle.com/general-privacy/gdpr-vs-ndpa-key-differences-explained/|title=GDPR vs NDPA: Key Differences Explained|date=2025|website=Privacy Needle}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==See also==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==See also==</div></td></tr>
</table>imported>Ikehjames007http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=Data_Protection_Directive&diff=184419&oldid=previmported>Marcus Markup: Restored revision 1282099746 by Onel5969 (talk): Revert edit which introduced a transclusion error.2025-04-05T06:01:25Z<p>Restored revision 1282099746 by <a href="/wiki143/index.php?title=Special:Contributions/Onel5969" title="Special:Contributions/Onel5969">Onel5969</a> (<a href="/wiki143/index.php?title=User_talk:Onel5969&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="User talk:Onel5969 (page does not exist)">talk</a>): Revert edit which introduced a transclusion error.</p>
<a href="http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=Data_Protection_Directive&diff=184419">Show changes</a>imported>Marcus Markup