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	The '''Data Encryption Standard''' ('''DES''' {{IPAc-en\|ˌ\|d\|iː\|ˌ\|iː\|ˈ\|ɛ\|s\|,_\|d\|ɛ\|z}}) is a [[symmetric-key algorithm]] for the [[encryption]] of digital data. Although its short key length of 56 bits makes it too insecure for modern applications, it has been highly influential in the advancement of [[cryptography]].		The '''Data Encryption Standard''' ('''DES''' {{IPAc-en\|ˌ\|d\|iː\|ˌ\|iː\|ˈ\|ɛ\|s\|,_\|d\|ɛ\|z}}) is a [[symmetric-key algorithm]] for the [[encryption]] of digital data. Although its short key length of 56 bits makes it too insecure for modern applications, it has been highly influential in the advancement of [[cryptography]].

	Developed in the early 1970s at [[IBM]] and based on an earlier design by [[Horst Feistel]], the algorithm was submitted to the [[National Bureau of Standards]] (NBS) following the agency's invitation to propose a candidate for the protection of sensitive, unclassified electronic government data. In 1976, after consultation with the [[National Security Agency]] (NSA), the NBS selected a slightly modified version (strengthened against [[differential cryptanalysis]], but weakened against [[brute-force attack]]s), which was published as an official [[Federal Information Processing Standard]] (FIPS) for the United States in 1977.<ref name=":3" />		Developed in the early 1970s at [[IBM]] and based on an earlier design by [[Horst Feistel]], the algorithm was submitted to the [[National Bureau of Standards]] (NBS) following the agency's invitation to propose a candidate for the protection of sensitive, unclassified electronic government and commercial data.<ref name=":4">{{cite book \|last1=Paar \|first1=Christof \|last2=Pelzl \|first2=Jan \|last3=Güneysu \|first3=Tim \|title=Understanding cryptography: from established symmetric and asymmetric ciphers to post-quantum algorithms \|date=2024 \|publisher=Springer \|location=Berlin \|isbn=978-3-662-69006-2 \|edition=Second}}</ref> In 1976, after consultation with the [[National Security Agency]] (NSA), the NBS selected a slightly modified version (strengthened against [[differential cryptanalysis]], but weakened against [[brute-force attack]]s), which was published as an official [[Federal Information Processing Standard]] (FIPS) for the United States in 1977.<ref name=":3" />

	The publication of an NSA-approved encryption standard led to its quick international adoption and widespread academic scrutiny. Controversies arose from [[classified information\|classified]] design elements, a relatively short [[key length]] of the [[symmetric-key algorithm\|symmetric-key]] [[block cipher]] design, and the involvement of the NSA, raising suspicions about a [[backdoor (computing)\|backdoor]]. The [[S-box]]es that had prompted those suspicions were designed by the NSA to address a vulnerability they secretly knew ([[differential cryptanalysis]]). However, the NSA also ensured that the key size was drastically reduced.<ref name=":3">{{cite web \|url=https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2004/10/the_legacy_of_d.html \|website=www.schneier.com \|date=October 6, 2004 \|title=The Legacy of DES - Schneier on Security}}</ref> The intense academic scrutiny the algorithm received over time led to the modern understanding of block ciphers and their [[cryptanalysis]].		The publication of an NSA-approved encryption standard led to its quick international adoption and widespread academic scrutiny. Controversies arose from [[classified information\|classified]] design elements, a relatively short [[key length]] of the [[symmetric-key algorithm\|symmetric-key]] [[block cipher]] design, and the involvement of the NSA, raising suspicions about a [[backdoor (computing)\|backdoor]]. The [[S-box]]es that had prompted those suspicions were designed by the NSA to address a vulnerability they secretly knew ([[differential cryptanalysis]]). However, the NSA also ensured that the key size was drastically reduced.<ref name=":3">{{cite web \|url=https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2004/10/the_legacy_of_d.html \|website=www.schneier.com \|date=October 6, 2004 \|title=The Legacy of DES - Schneier on Security}}</ref> The intense academic scrutiny the algorithm received over time led to the modern understanding of block ciphers and their [[cryptanalysis]].
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	A crucial aspect of DES involves its '''permutations and key scheduling''', which play a significant role in its encryption process. Analyzing these permutations helps in understanding DES's security limitations and the need for replacement algorithms. A detailed breakdown of DES permutations and their role in encryption is available in this analysis of Data Encryption Standards Permutations.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2025-03-24 \|title=Data Encryption Standard {{!}} DES 64-bit Permutations \|url=https://vividorigins.com/data-encryption-standards-des-permutations/ \|access-date=2025-03-25 \|language=en-US}}</ref>		A crucial aspect of DES involves its '''permutations and key scheduling''', which play a significant role in its encryption process. Analyzing these permutations helps in understanding DES's security limitations and the need for replacement algorithms. A detailed breakdown of DES permutations and their role in encryption is available in this analysis of Data Encryption Standards Permutations.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2025-03-24 \|title=Data Encryption Standard {{!}} DES 64-bit Permutations \|url=https://vividorigins.com/data-encryption-standards-des-permutations/ \|access-date=2025-03-25 \|language=en-US}}</ref>

	DES itself can be adapted and reused in a more secure scheme. Many former DES users now use [[Triple DES]] (TDES) which was described and analysed by one of DES's patentees (see [[Federal Information Processing Standard\|FIPS]] Pub 46–3); it involves applying DES three times with two (2TDES) or three (3TDES) different keys. TDES is ~~regarded as~~ adequately secure, ~~although it is quite slow~~. A less computationally expensive alternative is [[DES-X]], which increases the key size by XORing extra key material before and after DES. [[GDES]] was a DES variant proposed as a way to speed up encryption, but it was shown to be susceptible to differential cryptanalysis.{{cn\|date=November 2025}}		DES itself can be adapted and reused in a more secure scheme. Many former DES users now use [[Triple DES]] (TDES) which was described and analysed by one of DES's patentees (see [[Federal Information Processing Standard\|FIPS]] Pub 46–3); it involves applying DES three times with two (2TDES) or three (3TDES) different keys. TDES is quite slow and was once considered adequately secure, but has since been broken by attacks such as Sweet32. A less computationally expensive alternative is [[DES-X]], which increases the key size by XORing extra key material before and after DES. [[GDES]] was a DES variant proposed as a way to speed up encryption, but it was shown to be susceptible to differential cryptanalysis.{{cn\|date=November 2025}}

	On January 2, 1997, NIST announced that they wished to choose a successor to DES.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://csrc.nist.gov/archive/aes/pre-round1/aes_9701.txt\|title = Announcing Development of FIPS for Advanced Encryption Standard {{!}} CSRC\|date = 10 January 2017}}</ref> In 2001, after an international competition, NIST selected a new cipher, the [[Advanced Encryption Standard]] (AES), as a replacement.<ref>{{cite report \|title=Federal Information Processing Standards Publication 197 {{!}} Announcing the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) \|url=http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips197/fips-197.pdf \|date=26 November 2001 \|id=fips-197}}</ref> The algorithm which was selected as the AES was submitted by its designers under the name [[Rijndael]]. Other finalists in the NIST [[AES competition]] included [[RC6]], [[Serpent (cipher)\|Serpent]], [[MARS (cryptography)\|MARS]], and [[Twofish]].~~{{cn\|date~~=~~November 2025}}~~		On January 2, 1997, NIST announced that they wished to choose a successor to DES.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://csrc.nist.gov/archive/aes/pre-round1/aes_9701.txt\|title = Announcing Development of FIPS for Advanced Encryption Standard {{!}} CSRC\|date = 10 January 2017}}</ref> In 2001, after an international competition, NIST selected a new cipher, the [[Advanced Encryption Standard]] (AES), as a replacement.<ref>{{cite report \|title=Federal Information Processing Standards Publication 197 {{!}} Announcing the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) \|url=http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips197/fips-197.pdf \|date=26 November 2001 \|id=fips-197}}</ref> The algorithm which was selected as the AES was submitted by its designers under the name [[Rijndael]]. Other finalists in the NIST [[AES competition]] included [[RC6]], [[Serpent (cipher)\|Serpent]], [[MARS (cryptography)\|MARS]], and [[Twofish]].<ref name=":4" />

	== See also ==		== See also ==

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