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'''Data-driven learning''' (DDL) is an approach to foreign language learning. Whereas most language learning is guided by teachers and textbooks, data-driven learning treats language as data and students as researchers undertaking guided discovery tasks. Underpinning this pedagogical approach is the ''data - information - knowledge'' paradigm (see [[DIKW pyramid]]). It is informed by a [[pattern grammar|pattern-based approach]] to grammar and vocabulary, and a [[Lexicogrammar|lexicogrammatical]] approach to language in general. Thus the basic task in DDL is to identify patterns at all levels of language. From their findings, foreign language students can see how an aspect of language is typically used, which in turn informs how they can use it in their own speaking and writing. Learning how to frame language questions and use the resources to obtain data and interpret it is fundamental to [[learner autonomy]]. When students arrive at their own conclusions through such procedures, they use their higher order thinking skills (see [[Bloom's taxonomy]]) and are creating knowledge (see [[Lev Vygotsky|Vygotsky]]).

In DDL, students use the same types of tools that professional linguists use, namely a [[text corpora|corpus]] of texts that have been sampled and stored electronically, and a [[concordance (publishing)|concordancer]], which is a search engine designed for linguistic analysis. Some tools have been specifically created for data-driven learning, such as [https://skell.sketchengine.eu/ SkELL], [https://writebetter.io/ WriteBetter], and Micro-concord.

Micro-concord was the first significant software designed for classroom use. It was developed for the MS-DOS microcomputers by [[Tim Johns]] and [[Mike Scott (linguist)|Mike Scott]] and published for DOS computers in 1993 by OUP. It evolved into the widely-used [[WordSmith (software)|WordSmith Tools]].

Johns (1936 – 2009) pioneered data-driven learning and coined the term. It first appeared in an article, ''Should you be persuaded: Two examples of data-driven learning'' (1991).<ref>{{Cite book|first1=Tim|last1=Johns|chapter=Chapter 2: Should you be persuaded: Two examples of data-driven learning|chapter-url=http://moodle.ils.uw.edu.pl/pluginfile.php/10011/mod_resource/content/2/Tim%20Johns%20and%20DDL.pdf|title=Classroom Concordancing|publisher=ELR|location=Birmingham|year=1991}}</ref> His paper, ''From Printout to Handout,''<ref>Johns, Tim. "From Printout to Handout: Grammar and Vocabulary Teaching in the Context of Data-Driven Learning". ''ELR Journal'' (Birmingham), Vol. 4, 1991.</ref> is reprinted and discussed at length in Volume 2 of Hubbard's ''Computer-Assisted Language Learning''.<ref>Hubbard, Philip. ''Computer-Assisted Language Learning''. Routledge, 2009.</ref> Thomas' task-based ''Discovering English with Sketch Engine''<ref>Thomas, James. ''Discovering English with Sketch Engine''. VERSATILE, 2016.</ref> exemplifies DDL and acknowledges Johns throughout. Other recent books on DDL which credit Johns as the originator of the approach include those by Anderson and Corbett (2009),<ref>Anderson, W., & Corbett, J. Exploring English with online corpora. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.</ref> Reppen (2010),<ref>Reppen, R. ''Using corpora in the classroom''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.</ref> Bennett (2010),<ref>Bennett, G. ''Using corpora in the language learning classroom: Corpus linguistics for teachers''. Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 2010.</ref> Flowerdew (2012),<ref>Flowerdew, L. ''Corpora and language education''. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.</ref> Boulton and Tyne (2014),<ref>Boulton, A., & H. Tyne. ''Des documents authentiques aux corpus: Démarches pour l’apprentissage des langues''. Paris: Didier, 2014.</ref> and Friginal (2018).<ref>Friginal, E. ''Corpus linguistics for English teachers: Tools, online resources, and classroom activities''. Abingdon/New York: Routledge, 2018.</ref>

Johns worked at the English for Overseas Students Unit of Birmingham University from 1971 till the end of his career. This was while [[John McHardy Sinclair|John Sinclair]] led a large team of linguists at Birmingham University working on the [[COBUILD]] project which delivered the first major corpus-based dictionaries and grammars of English for foreign students. COBUILD however, never tasked students with exploring language data themselves.

Johns' referred to his specific DDL approach as [[kibitzing]]: when he returned his students' written work, together they would explore the errors using corpus data. A selection of these Kibbitzer tutorials are accessible on [http://www.lexically.net/TimJohns Mike Scott’s website].

Despite the widespread awareness of corpora among the major movers and shakers in foreign language teaching,
DDL is not widely embraced by its practitioners. One of the main reasons for this is the incompatibility of views on language and language learning: traditional language teachers and textbooks have a [[Linguistic prescription|prescriptive]] view of language treating it as a system of rules to be memorised, engaging only lower order thinking skills. A [[Linguistic description|descriptive]] view of language permits the observation of language patterns and outliers that exist in language itself. DDL positions students to use higher order thinking skills to [[metacognition|learn how to learn]] to make and learn from their own observations. Such guided discovery leads to [[Fuzzy logic|fuzzy]] results, which are incompatible with prescriptive linguistics and teaching.

There is a considerable body of research conducted into DDL as evidenced by the professional bodies, books, journal articles and conference presentations. TaLC (Teaching and Language Corpora) is a biennial conference that is a platform for corpus-based research that has a pedagogical focus. CorpusCALL [http://www.eurocall-languages.org/sigs/corpuscall-sig-homepage] is a special interest group within [[European Association for Computer-Assisted Language Learning|EuroCALL]] and is mostly active through its [https://www.facebook.com/groups/471206953085498 Facebook group]. The online teaching journal, [https://www.hltmag.co.uk Humanising Language Teaching] hosts a section called Corpus Ideas.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Learning methods]]

Data-driven learning - Revision history

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