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{{Short description|German steam locomotive class}}
{{more footnotes|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox locomotive
| name = DRG Class 44
| bgcolor = A00
| color = FFF
| image = Dampflok_044_389-5.JPG
| alt =
| caption = 044 389-5 as a monument in Altenbeken
| powertype = Steam
| designer =
| builder = {{ubl|[[Henschel & Sohn]] (173)|[[Berliner Maschinenbau]] (60)|[[Borsig (company)|Borsig]] (170)|[[Maschinenfabrik Esslingen]] (16)|[[Lokomotivfabrik Floridsdorf]] (105)|[[Krauss-Maffei]] (80)|[[Krupp]] (309)|[[Schichau-Werke]] (126)|[[Fablok]] (145)|[[Frichs]] (10)|[[Schneider et Cie]] (140)|[[Fives-Lille]] (184)|[[Batignolles-Châtillon]] (134)|{{ill|Société française de constructions mécaniques|fr|lt=SFCM|v=ib}} (176)|[[SACM]] (59)}}
| ordernumber =
| serialnumber =
| buildmodel =
| builddate = 1926–1946
| totalproduction = 1,987
| rebuilder =
| rebuilddate =
| numberrebuilt =
| whytetype = {{whyte|2-10-0}}
| uicclass = 1{{prime}}E h3
| DRGtype = G 56.20
| driver = Divided: inner on 2nd coupled axle, outer on 3rd
| gauge = {{track gauge|sg}}
| leadingdiameter = {{0|0,}}{{convert|850|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}}
| driverdiameter = {{convert|1400|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}}
| tenderdiameter = 
| carrydiameter =
| minimumcurve =
| wheelbase =
| wheelspacing = {{ubl|{{convert|2850|mm|ftin|frac=8|abbr=on}} +|{{convert|1700|mm|ftin|frac=8|abbr=on}} +|{{convert|1700|mm|ftin|frac=8|abbr=on}} +|{{convert|1700|mm|ftin|frac=8|abbr=on}} +|{{convert|1700|mm|ftin|frac=8|abbr=on}} {{=}}|}}
| engine total = {{convert|9650|mm|ftin|frac=8|abbr=on}}
| leading =
| drivers = 
| coupled = 
| trailing =
| tender total = {{ubl|{{convert|1900|mm|ftin|frac=8|abbr=on}} +|{{convert|1900|mm|ftin|frac=8|abbr=on}} +|{{convert|1900|mm|ftin|frac=8|abbr=on}} {{=}}|{{convert|5700|mm|ftin|frac=8|abbr=on}}}}
| tendertruck = 
| tenderbogie = 
| wheelbasewithtender = {{convert|19190|mm|ftin|frac=8|abbr=on}}
| racksystem =
| pivotcentres = 
| length =
| over headstocks =
| over buffers = {{convert|22620|mm|ftin|frac=8|abbr=on}}
| width =
| height = {{convert|4550|mm|ftin|frac=8|abbr=on}}
| frametype =
| axleload = {{convert|19.0|t|abbr=on}}
| leadingbogie/pony= 
| coupled all = 
| coupled 1 = 
| coupled 2 = 
| coupled 3 = 
| coupled 4 =
| coupled 5 =
| trail bogie/pony= 
| tenderbogieload = 
| tenderaxle = 
| weightondrivers = {{convert|95.0|t|abbr=on}}
| emptyweight = {{convert|99.9|t|abbr=on}}
| serviceweight = {{convert|109.8|t|abbr=on}}
| locoweight =
| tenderweight =
| locotenderweight =
| tendertype = 2{{prime}}2{{prime}} T 32/34, a few with tub tenders
| fueltype = Coal
| fuelcap = {{convert|10.0|t|abbr=on}}
| watercap = {{convert|32.0|or|34.0|m3|impgal usgal|abbr=on}}
| tendercap =
| sandcap =
| fireboxtype = 
| firearea = {{ubl|''44 001–44 065:'' {{convert|4.7|m2|abbr=on}}|''Remainder: ''{{convert|4.55|m2|abbr=on}}}}
| boiler = 
| boilertype = 
| pitch = 
| diameterinside =
| lengthinside = {{convert|5800|mm|ftin|frac=8|abbr=on}}
| smalltubediameter= {{convert|54|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}}, 128 off
| largetubediameter= {{convert|143|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}}, 43 off
| boilerpressure = {{ubl|''44 001–44 010:'' {{convert|14|bar|kgf/cm2 psi|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}|''Remainder: ''{{convert|16|bar|kgf/cm2 psi|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}}}
| safetyvalvetype = 
| feedwaterheater =
| fireboxarea = {{convert|18.0|m2|abbr=on}}
| tubearea = {{convert|114.0|m2|abbr=on}}
| archarea =
| fluearea = {{convert|106.0|m2|abbr=on}}
| tubesandflues =
| totalsurface = {{convert|238.0|m2|abbr=on}}
| superheatertype =
| superheaterarea = {{convert|100.0|m2|abbr=on}}
| cylindercount = Three
| cylindersize = {{ubl|''44 001–44 010:'' {{convert|600|x|660|mm|frac=16|abbr=on}}|''Remainder:'' {{convert|550|x|660|mm|frac=16|abbr=on}} }}
| hpcylindersize =
| lpcylindersize =
| cogwheelbore =
| cogwheelstroke =
| cylinderpressure =
| valvegear = [[Walschaerts valve gear|Heusinger (Walschaerts)]]
| valvetype = Piston Valve
| valvetravel =
| valvelap =
| valvelead =
| transmission =
| trainheating = Steam
| locobrakes = automatic, single-chamber Knorr [[Railway air brake|compressed-air brakes]]
| locobrakeforce =
| trainbrakes = [[Knorr brake]]
| safety = None
| coupling = Screw Links
| maxspeed = {{ubl|''Forward:'' {{convert|70|or|80|km/h|abbr=on}}|''Reverse:'' {{convert|50|km/h|abbr=on}}}}
| indicatedpower = {{ubl|''Coal:'' {{convert|1910|PS|kW hp|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}|''Oil:'' {{convert|2100|PS|kW hp|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}}}
| poweroutput =
| tractiveeffort =
| factorofadhesion =
| operator =
| operatorclass =
| powerclass =
| numinclass =
| fleetnumbers = DRG: 44 001 ... 44 2025
| officialname =
| nicknames =
| axleloadclass =
| locale =
| deliverydate =
| firstrundate =
| lastrundate =
| retiredate =
| withdrawndate =
| preservedunits =
| restoredate =
| scrapdate =
| currentowner =
| disposition =
| notes =
}}
The '''Class 44''' (German: ''Baureihe 44'' or ''BR 44'') was a ten-coupled, heavy [[goods train]] [[steam locomotive]] built for the [[Deutsche Reichsbahn]] as a standard steam engine class (''[[Einheitsdampflokomotive]]''). Its sub-class was G 56.20 and it had triple [[Cylinder (steam locomotive)|cylinders]]. It was intended for hauling goods trains of up to {{convert|1,200|t}} on the routes through Germany's hilly regions (''Mittelgebirge'') and up to {{convert|600|t}} on [[Grade (slope)|steep inclines]]. They were numbered 44 001-44 1989.

== History ==
The first 10 examples were built in 1926. These engines had a somewhat higher steam consumption than the first ten units of the [[DRG Class 43]] procured in parallel for comparison purposes, and which were equipped with two cylinders. Not until 1937 were further 44s procured, because by then the rising demands of rail transportation could be better met with a triple-cylinder configuration.

From 1926 to 1949, a total of 1,989 locomotives were manufactured. During the [[Second World War]] an austerity variant was built with simplified construction and delivery, known as the Class 44ÜK (one of the so-called ''[[Übergangskriegslokomotive]]''). This primarily used home-produced materials; components were simplified, both in manufacturing methods and design, or left out completely. The most striking features of the ÜK locomotives were the omission of the [[smoke deflectors]] (that from 44 013 was standard) and also the forward side windows of the driver's cab.

After the war, Class 44 locomotives remained with the following railway administrations:{{sfnb|Weisbrod|Müller|Petznik|1978|p=29}}
* [[Deutsche Bundesbahn|DB]] (from 09/1949): 1,242 units
* [[Deutsche Reichsbahn (East Germany)|DR (East Germany)]]: 335 units
* [[Polskie Koleje Państwowe|PKP]]: 67 units (classified as Ty4)
* [[ČSD]]: 3 units
* [[ÖBB]]: 11 units, plus 5 units claimed by the Soviet Union as war booty
* [[SNCF]]: 14 units (classified as Class 150 X along with the 226 units built on assembly lines in French factories)
* [[National Railway Company of Belgium|SNCB]]: 1 unit, traded back to West Germany in 1950 but sent to France in 1952
* Fate unknown: 74 (one locomotive had been retired in 1944).

The [[Austrian Federal Railways]] (ÖBB) gave 9 engines back to the [[Deutsche Bundesbahn]] (DB) in 1952.

The DB transferred at least 291 engines to the French railways [[SNCF]] as [[War reparations|reparations]]. These were predominantly locomotives that had been built in France, most of them never ran and were sold for scrap.{{sfnb|Weisbrod|Müller|Petznik|1978|p=29}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.beitraege.lokomotive.de/datenbank/e_datenbank.php|title=Beiträge zur Lokomotiv- und Eisenbahngeschichte|website=www.beitraege.lokomotive.de|access-date=2019-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113224755/http://www.beitraege.lokomotive.de/datenbank/e_datenbank.php|archive-date=2019-01-13|url-status=dead}}</ref> The SNCF sold on 48 engines in 1955 to the [[Turkish State Railways]] (TCDD).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.trainsofturkey.com/pmwiki.php/Steam/56701|title=Trains of Turkey {{!}} Steam / 56701|website=www.trainsofturkey.com|access-date=2019-02-14}}</ref>

[[File:DB_044_Class_at_Trier_shed.jpg|thumb|left|DB 044 014-9 on the turntable at Trier, Easter 1972]]
Until their replacement by modern [[diesel locomotive|diesel]] and [[electric locomotive]]s, the Class 44 engines were the backbone of heavy goods train duties in Germany.

German railwaymen nicknamed the Class 44 locomotive the "Jumbo" because of its power. Only the rebuilt (''Reko'') locomotives of East Germany's [[DR Class 58.30|Class 58.30]], converted between 1958 and 1962, attained the performance of the Class 44s, at least on the plains.

== Construction ==
[[Image:Triebwerk BR44.jpg|thumb|left|A Class 44 cylinder and section of locomotive frame]]
[[Image:Trier Bahnhof Triebachse Baureihe 44.jpg|thumb|left|No. 2 [[driving axle]] of a Class 44]]
The top speed of the standard variant was 80 km/h, the prototypes (44 001 to 44 010) were permitted to run at 70 km/h. The engine is designed as a 3-cylinder locomotive with one cylinder located in the middle. The outside cylinders drive the third axle, the inside one drives the second.

Standard 2{{prime}}2{{prime}} T 32 and 2{{prime}}2{{prime}} T 34 [[Tender locomotive|tenders]] were used. Both types held 10 tonnes of coal.
{{clear|right}}

== Variants ==

The Class 44 used a lot of steam and correspondingly large amounts of coal. In order to simplify the work and hold its power steady, 32 locomotives were converted to oil-firing by the DB in 1958 and 91 by the [[Deutsche Reichsbahn (East Germany)|DR]] in 1963. With oil firing, the viscous fuel oil, almost solid when cold, is liquefied by a jet of steam, atomised and then combusted. The job of the stoker consists of starting the burner, greasing and pumping.

The DB's oil-fired locomotives ran under the classification '''043''' in the new [[Electronic data processing|EDP]]-generated numbering scheme of 1968 until they were retired. These numbers were spare because all DRG Class 43 engines belonged to the DR's fleet. The engines with grate firing were given the designation '''044'''.
The DR converted 20 locomotives to Wendler coal dust firing. These proved themselves well on the ramps of the [[Thuringian Forest]] with their precise firing. However no more locomotives were converted, as oil-firing was generally favoured because it enabled unrestricted operations.

[[File:Oil-burning_class_043,_1974.jpg|thumb|left|Oil-fired 043 (044) class enters Rheine from the north, Easter 1974]]
Following the 1973 oil crisis, all oil-fired engines in the DR were reconverted to coal-firing, because they were indispensable for operations. They were given the old operating numbers that they had previously carried prior to their modification to oil-firing. In the DB, they were not reconverted because they were soon due for retirement. The last coal-fired Class 44 locomotive with the DB was taken out of service in 1977 at the [[Gelsenkirchen]]-Bismarck shed.
On its final journey, number 043 903-4 hauled train 81453 (consisting of a breakdown train equipment wagon) from [[Oldersum]] to Emden on 26 October 1977 for the ''Neubauamt Nord''. It was the last scheduled steam service on the [[Deutsche Bundesbahn]].

== Preserved Locomotives ==
[[Image:Museumslok Salzbergen BR 43.JPG|thumb|043 196-5 as a museum loco in [[Salzbergen station|Salzbergen]]]]
At present there are still two working "44s" in the world. At the 'traditional locomotive shed' at [[Stassfurt]] (''[[Traditionsbetriebswerk Staßfurt]]''), stands number 44 1486, the only current representative of her class in Germany. In addition, number 44 1593 remains operational with the [[Veluwsche Stoomtrein Maatschappij]] (VSM) in [[Beekbergen]], [[Netherlands]].

The following non-working Class 44s can be visited in various German railway museums:
*44 1093, owned by the [[DB Museum]], in [[Arnstadt]] shed
*44 1338, the former heating engine, in the [[Saxon Railway Museum]] (''Sächsisches Eisenbahnmuseum'') at Chemnitz-Hilbersdorf
*44 404 (see section on Trial Locomotives) in the [[Darmstadt-Kranichstein Railway Museum]]
*44 1558 in [[Gelsenkirchen]]-Bismarck
*44 508 in the former satellite shed at [[Westerburg]] (Westerwald)

Monuments include:
*043 903 remains preserved as a monument on the railway forecourt in [[Emden]]
*044 389-5 as a monument in [[Altenbeken]].
Details of other locomotives are given in the [[list of preserved steam locomotives in Germany]].

== Trial Locomotives ==
{{Infobox locomotive
| name = DRG Class 44 (medium pressure)
| bgcolor = A00
| color = FFF
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| powertype = Steam
| designer =
| builder = [[Henschel & Sohn]]
| ordernumber =
| serialnumber = 22000, 22100
| buildmodel =
| builddate = 1932–1933
| totalproduction = 2
| rebuilder =
| rebuilddate =
| numberrebuilt =
| whytetype = {{whyte|2-10-0}}
| uicclass = 1{{prime}}E h4v
| DRGtype = G 56.20
| driver = Divided: inner on 2nd coupled axle, outer on 3rd
| gauge = {{track gauge|sg}}
| leadingdiameter = {{convert|1000|mm|ftin|frac=8|abbr=on}}
| driverdiameter = {{convert|1400|mm|ftin|frac=8|abbr=on}}
| tenderdiameter = 
| carrydiameter =
| minimumcurve =
| wheelbase =
| wheelspacing = 
| engine total = {{convert|9650|mm|ftin|frac=4|abbr=on}}
| leading =
| drivers = 
| coupled = 
| trailing =
| tender total =
| tendertruck = 
| tenderbogie = 
| wheelbasewithtender = {{convert|19180|mm|ftin|frac=4|abbr=on}}
| racksystem =
| pivotcentres = 
| length =
| over headstocks = {{convert|21355|mm|ftin|frac=4|abbr=on}}
| over buffers = {{convert|22655|mm|ftin|frac=4|abbr=on}}
| width =
| height =
| frametype =
| axleload = {{convert|20.0|t|abbr=on}}
| leadingbogie/pony= 
| coupled all = 
| coupled 1 = 
| coupled 2 = 
| coupled 3 = 
| coupled 4 =
| coupled 5 =
| trail bogie/pony= 
| tenderbogieload = 
| tenderaxle = 
| weightondrivers = {{convert|100.0|t|abbr=on}}
| emptyweight = {{convert|105.2|t|abbr=on}}
| serviceweight = {{convert|114.9|t|abbr=on}}
| locoweight =
| tenderweight =
| locotenderweight =
| tendertype = 2{{prime}}2{{prime}} T 32
| fueltype =
| fuelcap =
| watercap =
| tendercap =
| sandcap =
| fireboxtype = 
| firearea = {{convert|4.7|m2|abbr=on}}
| boiler = 
| boilertype = 
| pitch = {{convert|3100|mm|ftin|frac=8|abbr=on}}
| diameterinside =
| lengthinside = {{convert|5800|mm|ftin|frac=8|abbr=on}}
| smalltubediameter= {{convert|60|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}}, 83 off
| largetubediameter= {{convert|152|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}}, 46 off
| boilerpressure = {{convert|25|or|20|or|16|bar|kgf/cm2 lbf/in2|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}
| safetyvalvetype = 
| feedwaterheater =
| fireboxarea = {{convert|17.4|m2|abbr=on}}
| tubearea = {{convert|83.0|m2|abbr=on}}
| archarea =
| fluearea = {{convert|120.0|m2|abbr=on}}
| tubesandflues =
| totalsurface = {{convert|220.4|m2|abbr=on}}
| superheatertype =
| superheaterarea = {{convert|113.00|m2|abbr=on}}
| cylindercount = Four, compound: 2 HP inside, 2 LP outside
| hpcylindersize = {{convert|440|x|660|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}}
| lpcylindersize = {{convert|700|x|660|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}}
| cogwheelbore =
| cogwheelstroke =
| cylinderpressure =
| valvegear =
| valvetype =
| valvetravel =
| valvelap =
| valvelead =
| transmission =
| trainheating =
| locobrakes =
| locobrakeforce =
| trainbrakes =
| safety =
| coupling =
| maxspeed = {{convert|80|km/h|abbr=on}}
| indicatedpower = {{convert|2540|PS|kW hp|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}
| poweroutput =
| tractiveeffort =
| factorofadhesion =
| operator =
| operatorclass =
| powerclass =
| numinclass =
| fleetnumbers = DRG 44 011 – 44 012
| officialname =
| nicknames =
| axleloadclass =
| locale =
| deliverydate =
| firstrundate =
| lastrundate =
| retiredate =
| withdrawndate =
| preservedunits =
| restoredate =
| scrapdate =
| currentowner =
| disposition =
| notes = Only changes from standard version shown
}}
In 1932 and 1933 the firm of [[Henschel]] built two trial locomotives designed for a raised boiler overpressure of {{convert|25|bar|kgf/cm2 psi|sigfig=3}} and equipped with four-cylinder [[Compound locomotive|compounding]], which were also incorporated into Class 44. The two engines, which initially ran under the numbers M 01 1004 and M 01 1005, and later as 44 011 and 44 012, were certainly very powerful, but also high-maintenance. As a result, the initial boiler pressure of 25 bar was reduced to {{convert|20|bar|kgf/cm2 psi|sigfig=3}} in 1935 and again to {{convert|16|bar|kgf/cm2 psi|sigfig=3}} in 1939.

After the Second World War, number 44 011 went to the [[Deutsche Bundesbahn]] and 44 012 to the [[Deutsche Reichsbahn (East Germany)|DR]]. The DB engine, being a one-off, was retired as early as 1950. Number 44 012 was operated by the FVA Halle as a braking locomotive and not retired until 1962.

In 1975, the repair shop at [[Braunschweig|Brunswick]] fitted a Riggenbach [[counter-pressure brake]] to 44 404. The Bundesbahn Federal Railway Office in Minden used this engine as a braking engine to test new electric locomotives. In 1977 it was retired. It stands today in the [[Darmstadt-Kranichstein Railway Museum]].

== See also ==
* [[List of DRG locomotives and railbuses]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
* {{Weisbrod-EFA1.2|pages=28–41}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Hütter-01bis45|pages=437–475}}
* {{cite book| first=Heinrich| last=Sell| title=Starke Loks für schwere Züge - Die Baureihe 44 bei der DR| publisher=Eisenbahn-Bildarchiv, EK-Verlag| location=Freiburg| year=2005| isbn=978-3-88255-356-7| language=de}}
* {{cite book| first=Peter| last=Konzelmann| title=Die Baureihe 44| publisher=EK-Verlag| location=Freiburg| year=1981| isbn=3-88255-144-5| language=de}}
* {{cite book| first=Manfred| last=Weisbrod| title=Die Baureihe 44| publisher=Hermann Merker Verlag| location=Fürstenfeldbruck| year=1994| isbn=3-922404-55-3| language=de}}
* {{cite book| first1=Manfred| last1=Weisbrod| first2=Wolfram| last2=Brozeit| title=Die Lokomotiven der BR 44 - Ihr Weg durch sechs Jahrzehnte| publisher=alba-Verlag| location=Düsseldorf| year=1983| isbn=3-87094-122-7| language=de}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|DRG Class 44|Baureihe 44}}
* [http://eisenbahnfreunde-zollernbahn.de/loks/1br44.htm Zollern Railway Society]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190113224755/http://www.beitraege.lokomotive.de/datenbank/e_datenbank.php Die lokomotive datenbank]

{{DRG locomotives}}

[[Category:Steam locomotives of Germany|44]]
[[Category:2-10-0 locomotives]]
[[Category:Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft locomotives|44]]
[[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1926]]
[[Category:Standard-gauge locomotives of Germany]]
[[Category:1′E h3 locomotives]]
[[Category:Freight locomotives]]
[[Category:Berliner locomotives]]
[[Category:Borsig locomotives]]
[[Category:Esslingen locomotives]]
[[Category:Fablok locomotives]]
[[Category:Fives-Lille locomotives]]
[[Category:Floridsdorf locomotives]]
[[Category:Frichs locomotives]]
[[Category:Henschel locomotives]]
[[Category:Krauss-Maffei locomotives]]
[[Category:Krupp locomotives]]
[[Category:Schichau-Werke locomotives]]
[[Category:Schneider locomotives]]

DRG Class 44 - Revision history

imported>Iain Bell: add reference