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	'''Cross processing''' (sometimes abbreviated to '''Xpro''') is the deliberate processing of [[photographic]] film in a chemical solution intended for a different type of film.<ref>{{Cite book \|first=JOHN \|last=CHILD \|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1007930292 \|title=STUDIO PHOTOGRAPHY : essential skills. \|date=2017 \|publisher=FOCAL \|isbn=978-1-138-47231-0 \|oclc=1007930292}}</ref> The effect was discovered independently by many different photographers often by mistake in the days of [[C-22 process\|C-22]] and [[E-4 process\|E-4]]. Color cross processed photographs are often characterized by unnatural colors and high contrast.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2013-06-16 \|title=cross-processing {{!}} More than Photography \|url=http://nonphotography.com/blog/tag/cross-processing/ \|access-date=2023-01-26 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616203950/http://nonphotography.com/blog/tag/cross-processing/ \|archive-date=2013-06-16 }}</ref> The results of cross processing differ from case to case, as the results are determined by many factors such as the make and type of the film used, the amount of light exposed onto the film and the chemical used to develop the film. Cross processing has been used in a variety of photographic and cinematographic practices, most notably rising in popularity during the 1990s. Similar effects can also be achieved with digital filter effects.		'''Cross processing''' (sometimes abbreviated to '''Xpro''', or hyphenated as '''Cross-processing''') is the deliberate processing of [[photographic]] film in a chemical solution intended for a different type of film.<ref>{{Cite book \|first=JOHN \|last=CHILD \|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1007930292 \|title=STUDIO PHOTOGRAPHY : essential skills. \|date=2017 \|publisher=FOCAL \|isbn=978-1-138-47231-0 \|oclc=1007930292}}</ref> The effect was discovered independently by many different photographers often by mistake in the days of [[C-22 process\|C-22]] and [[E-4 process\|E-4]]. Color cross processed photographs are often characterized by unnatural colors and high contrast.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2013-06-16 \|title=cross-processing {{!}} More than Photography \|url=http://nonphotography.com/blog/tag/cross-processing/ \|access-date=2023-01-26 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616203950/http://nonphotography.com/blog/tag/cross-processing/ \|archive-date=2013-06-16 }}</ref> The results of cross processing differ from case to case, as the results are determined by many factors such as the make and type of the film used, the amount of light exposed onto the film and the chemical used to develop the film. Cross processing has been used in a variety of photographic and cinematographic practices, most notably rising in popularity during the 1990s. Similar effects can also be achieved with digital filter effects.

	== Processes ==		== Processes ==

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{{Short description|Procedure of deliberately processing photographic film}}
{{redirect|Xpro|the Social media application, a currently known as "XPro"|TweetDeck|}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2009}}
[[File:Central Camera Company.jpg|thumb|Fuji Sensia slide film cross processed with C-41 chemistry]]
{{Alternative photography}}

'''Cross processing''' (sometimes abbreviated to '''Xpro''') is the deliberate processing of [[photographic]] film in a chemical solution intended for a different type of film.<ref>{{Cite book |first=JOHN |last=CHILD |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1007930292 |title=STUDIO PHOTOGRAPHY : essential skills. |date=2017 |publisher=FOCAL |isbn=978-1-138-47231-0 |oclc=1007930292}}</ref> The effect was discovered independently by many different photographers often by mistake in the days of [[C-22 process|C-22]] and [[E-4 process|E-4]]. Color cross processed photographs are often characterized by unnatural colors and high contrast.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-06-16 |title=cross-processing {{!}} More than Photography |url=http://nonphotography.com/blog/tag/cross-processing/ |access-date=2023-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616203950/http://nonphotography.com/blog/tag/cross-processing/ |archive-date=2013-06-16 }}</ref> The results of cross processing differ from case to case, as the results are determined by many factors such as the make and type of the film used, the amount of light exposed onto the film and the chemical used to develop the film. Cross processing has been used in a variety of photographic and cinematographic practices, most notably rising in popularity during the 1990s. Similar effects can also be achieved with digital filter effects.

== Processes ==

=== Analogue ===
Cross processing usually involves one of the two following methods.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |first=Mark |last=Galer |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/48932514 |title=Location photography |date=2002 |publisher=Focal Press |isbn=0-240-51669-9 |oclc=48932514}}</ref>
* Processing positive color [[reversal film]] in [[C-41 process|C-41]] chemicals, resulting in a negative image on a colorless base.
* Processing negative [[color print film]] in [[E-6 process|E-6]] chemicals, resulting in a positive image but with the orange base of a normally processed color [[Negative (photography)|negative]].
However, cross processing can take other forms, such as negative color print film or positive color reversal film in [[black and white]] developer. After the [[K-14 process]] was discontinued in 2010, cross processing in black and white is the only way to develop [[Kodachrome]]. Another form of cross-processing involves processing [[Eastman Color Negative|ECN-2]] motion picture film in C-41 still picture chemistry, although doing so requires removal of the [[remjet]] layer before processing. This results in a higher contrast than normal, but without any effect on the colors.

The results of cross processing differ from case to case, as the results are determined by many factors such as the make and type of the film used, the amount of light exposed onto the film and the chemical used to develop the film.<ref name=":0" />

=== Digital ===
Cross processing effects can be simulated in digital photography by a number of techniques involving the manipulation of contrast/brightness, hue/saturation and curves. However, these digital tools lack the unpredictable nature of regular cross processed images.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Davis |first=Harold |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1152554324 |title=Practical Artistry : Light & Exposure for Digital Photographers |oclc=1152554324}}</ref> These digital techniques are most often executed in photo editing programs such as [[Adobe Photoshop|Photoshop]], but can also be reproduced through filters in apps such as [[Instagram]] or [[VSCO]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |first=BEIL |last=KIM |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1151897271 |title=GOOD PICTURES;A HISTORY OF POPULAR PHOTOGRAPHY |date=2020 |publisher=STANFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS |isbn=978-1-5036-1232-7 |oclc=1151897271}}</ref>

== Cross processing in artistic practice ==
Cross processing was most prominently used in fashion photography in the 1990s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prakel |first=David |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1238680431 |title=The Visual Dictionary of Photography |date=7 January 2021 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-21285-3 |oclc=1238680431}}</ref><ref>P.K. (1995). Try cross processing. ''Popular Photography.'', ''59''(4), 46–50.</ref> Some notable pioneers of the fashion photography craze include [[Nick Knight (photographer)|Nick Knight]] and [[Anton Corbijn]].<ref name=":1" />

Cross processing has been used as a cinematography technique in various movies beginning in the 1990s. Some of these movies include ''[[Clockers (film)|Clockers]]'', ''[[U Turn (1997 film)|U-Turn]],'' and ''[[Get on the Bus]].''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Prince |first=Stephen |date=2004-01-01 |title=The Emergence of Filmic Artifacts: Cinema and Cinematography in the Digital Era |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/fq/article/57/3/24/41608/The-Emergence-of-Filmic-Artifacts-Cinema-and |journal=Film Quarterly |language=en |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=24–33 |doi=10.1525/fq.2004.57.3.24 |issn=0015-1386|hdl=10919/25812 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Newton Thomas Sigel, who used the technique for the "Demon-Vision" sequences in ''[[Fallen (1998 film)|Fallen]],'' noted in a 1999 interview that "working with cross-processed film is a tricky thing", and that it is more difficult than working with still photographs.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Holben |first=Jay |date=November 1999 |title=Unusual developments |url=http://offcampus.lib.washington.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=asu&AN=505842326&site=ehost-live |journal=American Cinematographer |volume=80 |issue=11 |pages=101–104}}</ref>

== Popular reception ==
It is overall unclear when cross processing became a prominent technique, with some believing that it began to rise in popularity in the early 1970s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Drafahl |first1=Jack |last2=Drafahl |first2=Sue |date=April 2003 |title=Cross-Processing |journal=Petersen's Photographic Magazine |volume=31 |issue=12 |pages=36–39}}</ref> By 1995, the technique was best known for its use in fashion photography. The rise in popularity is occasionally attributed to being an act of rebellion against the rise of [[digital photography]], as cross processing was a very manual process that left much to chance.<ref name=":1" /> When cross-processing became more commonly used in the 1990s, development labs that offered the service for film were sparse due to film companies considering it to be a conflict of interest to process film using a competitor's technique.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Probst |first=Christopher |date=November 1998 |title=Soup du jour |url=http://offcampus.lib.washington.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=asu&AN=505773135&site=ehost-live |journal=American Cinematographer |volume=79 |issue=11 |pages=82}}</ref> However, a major consequence of the rise of digital photography was that custom film labs that provided analogue cross processing began to shut down, and by the end of the 1990s cross processing fell out of popularity.<ref name=":1" />

===Gallery===
<gallery>
File:Supermodels.jpg|Agfa CT Precisa 100 film, shot at EI 80 then cross processed with C-41 chemistry
File:Seats and tables at Wikimedia Foundation office, cross processed.JPG|200 ISO Lomography Slide/Xpro film, processed with C-41 chemistry
File:Young man in bar, cross processed.JPG|200 ISO Lomography Slide/Xpro film, processed with C-41 chemistry
File:Ice Cream Dreams, by Chris Marchant.jpg|Kodak Color Plus negative film shot with a [[Holga]], processed with E-6 chemistry
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Redscale]]
* [[Photographic processes]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Cross processing}}
{{Photography}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cross Processing}}
[[Category:Photographic film processes]]
[[Category:Photographic techniques]]

Cross processing - Revision history

imported>Chat-qui-Aboie at 18:48, 28 June 2025

imported>Belbury: move an example image into the lead