Constantius Chlorus - Revision history

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Undid revision 1330337742 by Maleschreiber (talk), Vandalism, Disruptive editing

← Previous revision		Revision as of 00:15, 1 January 2026
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	\| issue-pipe = among<br />others		\| issue-pipe = among<br />others
	\| birth_name = Flavius Constantius		\| birth_name = Flavius Constantius
	\| full name = Marcus Flavius Valerius Constantius{{efn\|This is the name given by [[Timothy D. Barnes]] and the ''[[Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium\|ODB]]''.<ref name=barnes>{{cite book \|last=Barnes \|year=1982 \|first=Timothy D. \|title=The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine \|publisher=Harvard University Press \|doi=10.4159/harvard.9780674280670 \|place=Cambridge, MA \|isbn=0-674-28066-0 \|url=https://archive.org/details/barnes-new-empire\|pages=4, 35}}</ref><ref name="ODB">{{Citation\|last=Gregory\|first=Timothy E.\|author-link=Timothy E. Gregory\|title=Constantius Chlorus\|date=1991\|url=https://archive.org/details/odb_20210521/page/524/mode/1up\|work=[[Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium]]\|editor-last=Kazhdan\|editor-first=Alexander P.\|editor-link=Alexander Kazhdan\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001\|isbn=978-0-19-504652-6\|pages=524–525}}</ref> ~~The~~ ''[[Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire\|PLRE]]'' omits the ''[[praenomen]]'', but does not elaborate.{{sfn\|Jones\|Martindale\|Morris\|p=227}} "[[Marcus (praenomen)\|Marcus]]" appears in some inscriptions,<ref>[[Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum\|''CIL'' VIII]] [https://arachne.dainst.org/entity/2288152/image/2291096 608]</ref> but a few others use "[[Gaius (praenomen)\|Gaius]]" instead.<ref>[[Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae\|''ILS'']] I, [https://archive.org/details/inscriptioneslat01dessuoft/page/148 649]</ref> This may just be a confusion, as ordinary people "had become unaccustomed to varying praenomina, the last imperial dynasty to differentiate them having been that of [[Septimius Severus]]".<ref name="names">{{cite journal \|last=Salway \|year=1994 \|first=Benet \|title=What's in a Name? A Survey of Roman Onomastic Practice from c. 700 B.C. to A.D. 700 \|journal=[[Journal of Roman Studies]] \|volume=84 \|pages=124–145\|doi=10.2307/300873 \|jstor=300873 \|s2cid=162435434 \|url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/114213/1/SalwayJRS1994.pdf \|author-link=Benet Salway }}</ref> Either way, ''praenomina'' were no longer used by this time, and emperors after Galerius stopped using them altogether.}}		\| full name = Marcus Flavius Valerius Constantius{{efn\|This is the name given by [[Timothy D. Barnes]] and the ''[[Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium\|ODB]]''.<ref name=barnes>{{cite book \|last=Barnes \|year=1982 \|first=Timothy D. \|title=The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine \|publisher=Harvard University Press \|doi=10.4159/harvard.9780674280670 \|place=Cambridge, MA \|isbn=0-674-28066-0 \|url=https://archive.org/details/barnes-new-empire\|pages=4, 35}}</ref><ref name="ODB">{{Citation\|last=Gregory\|first=Timothy E.\|author-link=Timothy E. Gregory\|title=Constantius Chlorus\|date=1991\|url=https://archive.org/details/odb_20210521/page/524/mode/1up\|work=[[Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium]]\|editor-last=Kazhdan\|editor-first=Alexander P.\|editor-link=Alexander Kazhdan\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001\|isbn=978-0-19-504652-6\|pages=524–525}}</ref> ''[[The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire\|PLRE]]'' omits the ''[[praenomen]]'', but does not elaborate.{{sfn\|Jones\|Martindale\|Morris\|p=227}} "[[Marcus (praenomen)\|Marcus]]" appears in some inscriptions,<ref>[[Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum\|''CIL'' VIII]] [https://arachne.dainst.org/entity/2288152/image/2291096 608]</ref> but a few others use "[[Gaius (praenomen)\|Gaius]]" instead.<ref>[[Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae\|''ILS'']] I, [https://archive.org/details/inscriptioneslat01dessuoft/page/148 649]</ref> This may just be a confusion, as ordinary people "had become unaccustomed to varying praenomina, the last imperial dynasty to differentiate them having been that of [[Septimius Severus]]".<ref name="names">{{cite journal \|last=Salway \|year=1994 \|first=Benet \|title=What's in a Name? A Survey of Roman Onomastic Practice from c. 700 B.C. to A.D. 700 \|journal=[[Journal of Roman Studies]] \|volume=84 \|pages=124–145\|doi=10.2307/300873 \|jstor=300873 \|s2cid=162435434 \|url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/114213/1/SalwayJRS1994.pdf \|author-link=Benet Salway }}</ref> Either way, ''praenomina'' were no longer used by this time, and emperors after Galerius stopped using them altogether.}}
	\| regnal name = Imperator Caesar Marcus Flavius Constantius Augustus		\| regnal name = Imperator Caesar Marcus Flavius Constantius Augustus
	\| dynasty = [[Constantinian dynasty\|Constantinian]]		\| dynasty = [[Constantinian dynasty\|Constantinian]]
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	'''Flavius Valerius Constantius''' ({{circa\|250}} – 25 July 306), also called '''Constantius I''', was a [[Roman emperor]] from 305 to 306. He was one of the four original members of the [[Tetrarchy]] established by [[Diocletian]], first serving as [[Caesar (title)\|''caesar'']] from 293 to 305 and then ruling as [[Augustus (title)\|''augustus'']] until his death. Constantius was also father of [[Constantine the Great]], the first Christian emperor of Rome. The nickname "Chlorus" ({{Langx\|grc\|[[:wikt:χλωρός\|Χλωρός]]\|\|the Pale}}) was first popularized by [[Byzantine Empire\|Byzantine]]-era historians and not used during the emperor's lifetime.		'''Flavius Valerius Constantius''' ({{circa\|250}} – 25 July 306), also called '''Constantius I''', was a [[Roman emperor]] from 305 to 306. He was one of the four original members of the [[Tetrarchy]] established by [[Diocletian]], first serving as [[Caesar (title)\|''caesar'']] from 293 to 305 and then ruling as [[Augustus (title)\|''augustus'']] until his death. Constantius was also father of [[Constantine the Great]], the first Christian emperor of Rome. The nickname "Chlorus" ({{Langx\|grc\|[[:wikt:χλωρός\|Χλωρός]]\|\|the Pale}}) was first popularized by [[Byzantine Empire\|Byzantine]]-era historians and not used during the emperor's lifetime.

	As ~~an [[Illyrian emperors\|Illyrian~~ soldier]] of humble origin, Constantius had a distinguished military career and rose to the top ranks of the army. Around 289, he set aside [[Helena (mother of Constantine)\|Helena]], Constantine's mother, to marry a daughter of Emperor [[Maximian]], and in 293 was added to the imperial college by Maximian's colleague Diocletian. Assigned to rule [[Roman Gaul\|Gaul]], Constantius defeated the usurper [[Carausius]] there and his successor [[Allectus]] in [[Roman Britain\|Britain]], and campaigned extensively along the [[Limes Germanicus\|Rhine frontier]], defeating the [[Alamanni]] and [[Franks]]. When the [[Diocletianic Persecution]] was announced in 303, Constantius ordered the demolition of churches but did not actively hunt down Christians in his domain.<ref name=odla> After his re-conquering of Roman Britain, he was given the title 'Redditor Lucis Aeternae', meaning 'The Restorer of Ethernal Light'.{{Citation\|last1=Bond\|first1=Sarah\|title=Constantius I\|url=https://research.vu.nl/files/248046167/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Late_Antiquity_cosmology.pdf\|work=The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity\|volume=\|pages=\|year=2018\|editor-last=Nicholson\|editor-first=Oliver\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|language=en\|doi=10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001\|isbn=978-0-19-866277-8\|quote=the nickname Chlorus (Green) is not older than the 6th century\|access-date=25 August 2020\|last2=Nicholson\|first2=Oliver}}</ref> Upon becoming senior emperor in May 305, Constantius launched a successful punitive campaign against the [[Picts]] beyond the [[Antonine Wall]].<ref>W.S. Hanson [http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_109/109_140_150.pdf "Roman campaigns north of the Forth-Clyde isthmus: the evidence of the temporary camps"] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905175614/http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_109/109_140_150.pdf \|date=5 September 2018 }}</ref> He died suddenly at [[Eboracum]] ([[York]]) in July the following year.		As a soldier of humble origin, Constantius had a distinguished military career and rose to the top ranks of the army. Around 289, he set aside [[Helena (mother of Constantine)\|Helena]], Constantine's mother, to marry a daughter of Emperor [[Maximian]], and in 293 was added to the imperial college by Maximian's colleague Diocletian. Assigned to rule [[Roman Gaul\|Gaul]], Constantius defeated the usurper [[Carausius]] there and his successor [[Allectus]] in [[Roman Britain\|Britain]], and campaigned extensively along the [[Limes Germanicus\|Rhine frontier]], defeating the [[Alamanni]] and [[Franks]]. When the [[Diocletianic Persecution]] was announced in 303, Constantius ordered the demolition of churches but did not actively hunt down Christians in his domain.<ref name=odla> After his re-conquering of Roman Britain, he was given the title 'Redditor Lucis Aeternae', meaning 'The Restorer of Ethernal Light'.{{Citation\|last1=Bond\|first1=Sarah\|title=Constantius I\|url=https://research.vu.nl/files/248046167/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Late_Antiquity_cosmology.pdf\|work=The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity\|volume=\|pages=\|year=2018\|editor-last=Nicholson\|editor-first=Oliver\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|language=en\|doi=10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001\|isbn=978-0-19-866277-8\|quote=the nickname Chlorus (Green) is not older than the 6th century\|access-date=25 August 2020\|last2=Nicholson\|first2=Oliver}}</ref> Upon becoming senior emperor in May 305, Constantius launched a successful punitive campaign against the [[Picts]] beyond the [[Antonine Wall]].<ref>W.S. Hanson [http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_109/109_140_150.pdf "Roman campaigns north of the Forth-Clyde isthmus: the evidence of the temporary camps"] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905175614/http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_109/109_140_150.pdf \|date=5 September 2018 }}</ref> He died suddenly at [[Eboracum]] ([[York]]) in July the following year.

	After Constantius's death, the army, perhaps at his own instigation, immediately acclaimed his son [[Constantine the Great\|Constantine]] as emperor. This act contributed to the collapse of the Diocletianic tetrarchy, sparking a series of civil wars which only ended when Constantine finally united the whole Roman Empire under his rule in 324. According to the ''[[Oxford Classical Dictionary]]'', "Constantinian propaganda bedevils assessment of Constantius, yet he appears to have been an able general and a generous ruler".<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Davis \|first=Raymond \|title=Oxford Classical Dictionary \|chapter-url=http://oxfordre.com/classics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-1790 \|chapter=Constantius I, Flavius Valerius, Roman emperor \|date=22 December 2015 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.1790\|isbn=978-0-19-938113-5 }}</ref> His descendants, the [[Constantinian dynasty]], ruled the Empire until the death of his grandson [[Julian (emperor)\|Julian]] in 363.		After Constantius's death, the army, perhaps at his own instigation, immediately acclaimed his son [[Constantine the Great\|Constantine]] as emperor. This act contributed to the collapse of the Diocletianic tetrarchy, sparking a series of civil wars which only ended when Constantine finally united the whole Roman Empire under his rule in 324. According to the ''[[Oxford Classical Dictionary]]'', "Constantinian propaganda bedevils assessment of Constantius, yet he appears to have been an able general and a generous ruler".<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Davis \|first=Raymond \|title=Oxford Classical Dictionary \|chapter-url=http://oxfordre.com/classics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-1790 \|chapter=Constantius I, Flavius Valerius, Roman emperor \|date=22 December 2015 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.1790\|isbn=978-0-19-938113-5 }}</ref> His descendants, the [[Constantinian dynasty]], ruled the Empire until the death of his grandson [[Julian (emperor)\|Julian]] in 363.
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	===Early career===		===Early career===
	Constantius's birthday was 31 March; the year is unknown, but his career and the age of his eldest son imply a date no later than c. 250.<ref name=barnes>{{cite book \|last=Barnes \|year=1982 \|first=Timothy D. \|title=The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine \|publisher=Harvard University Press \|doi=10.4159/harvard.9780674280670 \|place=Cambridge, MA \|isbn=0-674-28066-0 \|url=https://archive.org/details/barnes-new-empire\|pages=4, 35}}</ref> Constantius was an [[Illyrians\|Illyrian]].{{sfn\|Odahl\|2010\|p=40}}<ref name="Murray221">{{harvnb\|Murray\|1999\|p=221}}</ref>{{efn\|On the other hand, [[Timothy Barnes (classicist)\|Timothy Barnes]] argues that when ancient writers used the words [[Illyria\|Illyricum]] and [[Thrace]]/[[Thracians]] to describe where Constantius came from, they were speaking of broad geographic terms rather than precise origins.{{sfn\|Barnes\|2011\|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=MwIiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA30 30]}}}} He was born in [[Moesia Superior]] (later [[Dacia Ripensis]]),<ref name="ODB">{{Citation\|last=Gregory\|first=Timothy E.\|author-link=Timothy E. Gregory\|title=Constantius Chlorus\|date=1991\|url=https://archive.org/details/odb_20210521/page/524/mode/1up\|work=[[Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium]]\|editor-last=Kazhdan\|editor-first=Alexander P.\|editor-link=Alexander Kazhdan\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001\|isbn=978-0-19-504652-6\|pages=524–525}}</ref>{{sfn\|Barnes\|2011\|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=MwIiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA30 30]}} a [[Roman province#Late Antiquity\|Roman province]] on the south bank of the [[Middle Danube]]. According to the unreliable ''[[Historia Augusta]]'' he was the son of Eutropius, a [[nobility\|nobleman]] from the province of [[Moesia Superior]], and [[Claudia (mother of Constantius)\|Claudia]], a niece of the emperors [[Claudius Gothicus]] and [[Quintillus]].<ref>''[[Historia Augusta]]'', ''Life of Claudius'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Claudius.html#13 13]. [[LacusCurtius]].</ref> The same source also gives Claudius the nomina "[[Flavia gens\|Flavius]] [[Valeria gens\|Valerius]]" to strengthen his connection to Constantius.<ref>''[[Historia Augusta]]'', ''Life of Claudius'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Claudius.html#13 1 (note 1)]. [[LacusCurtius]].</ref> Modern historians suspect this maternal connection to be a genealogical [[Lie#Fabrication\|fabrication]] created by his son [[Constantine I (emperor)\|Constantine I]],<ref>Southern, p. 172</ref> and that his family was of humble origins.{{sfn\|Jones\|Martindale\|Morris\|p=227}}<ref name="ODB" />{{efn\|His family probably adopted the name "Flavius" after being granted citizenship by one of these emperors, as it was common for "new Romans" to adopt the names of their former masters.<ref name="names"/>}} Constantine probably sought to dissociate his father's background from the memory of Maximian.<ref name=":0">{{Citation\|last1=Bond\|first1=Sarah\|title=Constantius I\|url=https://research.vu.nl/files/248046167/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Late_Antiquity_cosmology.pdf\|work=The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity\|year=2018\|editor-last=Nicholson\|editor-first=Oliver\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|language=en\|doi=10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001\|isbn=978-0-19-866277-8\|access-date=25 August 2020\|last2=Nicholson\|first2=Oliver\|url-access=}}</ref>		Constantius's birthday was 31 March; the year is unknown, but his career and the age of his eldest son imply a date no later than c. 250.<ref name=barnes>{{cite book \|last=Barnes \|year=1982 \|first=Timothy D. \|title=The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine \|publisher=Harvard University Press \|doi=10.4159/harvard.9780674280670 \|place=Cambridge, MA \|isbn=0-674-28066-0 \|url=https://archive.org/details/barnes-new-empire\|pages=4, 35}}</ref> Constantius was a [[Thracians\|Thracian]]<ref>{{cite book
			\|last=Julian
			\|first=Emperor
			\|title=Misopogon
			\|translator=Wilmer Cave Wright
			\|publisher=Harvard University Press
			\|year=1913
			\|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Works_of_the_Emperor_Julian/Misopogon
			}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
			\|last=Tougher
			\|first=Shaun
			\|title=Julian the Apostate
			\|publisher=Edinburgh University Press
			\|year=2007
			\|isbn=9780748618873
			}}</ref> or an [[Illyrians\|Illyrian]].{{sfn\|Odahl\|2010\|p=40}}<ref name="Murray221">{{harvnb\|Murray\|1999\|p=221}}</ref>{{efn\|On the other hand, [[Timothy Barnes (classicist)\|Timothy Barnes]] argues that when ancient writers used the words [[Illyria\|Illyricum]] and [[Thrace]]/[[Thracians]] to describe where Constantius came from, they were speaking of broad geographic terms rather than precise origins.{{sfn\|Barnes\|2011\|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=MwIiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA30 30]}}}} He was born in [[Moesia Superior]] (later [[Dacia Ripensis]]),<ref name="ODB">{{Citation\|last=Gregory\|first=Timothy E.\|author-link=Timothy E. Gregory\|title=Constantius Chlorus\|date=1991\|url=https://archive.org/details/odb_20210521/page/524/mode/1up\|work=[[Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium]]\|editor-last=Kazhdan\|editor-first=Alexander P.\|editor-link=Alexander Kazhdan\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001\|isbn=978-0-19-504652-6\|pages=524–525}}</ref>{{sfn\|Barnes\|2011\|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=MwIiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA30 30]}} a [[Roman province#Late Antiquity\|Roman province]] on the south bank of the [[Middle Danube]]. According to the unreliable ''[[Historia Augusta]]'' he was the son of Eutropius, a [[nobility\|nobleman]] from the province of [[Moesia Superior]], and [[Claudia (mother of Constantius)\|Claudia]], a niece of the emperors [[Claudius Gothicus]] and [[Quintillus]].<ref>''[[Historia Augusta]]'', ''Life of Claudius'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Claudius.html#13 13]. [[LacusCurtius]].</ref> The same source also gives Claudius the nomina "[[Flavia gens\|Flavius]] [[Valeria gens\|Valerius]]" to strengthen his connection to Constantius.<ref>''[[Historia Augusta]]'', ''Life of Claudius'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Claudius.html#13 1 (note 1)]. [[LacusCurtius]].</ref> Modern historians suspect this maternal connection to be a genealogical [[Lie#Fabrication\|fabrication]] created by his son [[Constantine I (emperor)\|Constantine I]],<ref>Southern, p. 172</ref> and that his family was of humble origins.{{sfn\|Jones\|Martindale\|Morris\|p=227}}<ref name="ODB" />{{efn\|His family probably adopted the name "Flavius" after being granted citizenship by one of these emperors, as it was common for "new Romans" to adopt the names of their former masters.<ref name="names"/>}} Constantine probably sought to dissociate his father's background from the memory of Maximian.<ref name=":0">{{Citation\|last1=Bond\|first1=Sarah\|title=Constantius I\|url=https://research.vu.nl/files/248046167/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Late_Antiquity_cosmology.pdf\|work=The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity\|year=2018\|editor-last=Nicholson\|editor-first=Oliver\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|language=en\|doi=10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001\|isbn=978-0-19-866277-8\|access-date=25 August 2020\|last2=Nicholson\|first2=Oliver\|url-access=}}</ref>

	[[File:Bronze-Flavia Maximiana Theodora-trier RIC 65.jpg\|thumb\|250px\|Coin showing the ''Augusta'' Flavia Maximiana Theodora, Constantius's second wife, with the goddess ''[[Pietas (goddess)\|Pietas]]'' on the reverse]]		[[File:Bronze-Flavia Maximiana Theodora-trier RIC 65.jpg\|thumb\|250px\|Coin showing the ''Augusta'' Flavia Maximiana Theodora, Constantius's second wife, with the goddess ''[[Pietas (goddess)\|Pietas]]'' on the reverse]]

imported>HaeB: Reverted edit by 92.40.213.204 (talk) to last version by Pelleboi

2025-10-20T06:27:41Z

Reverted edit by 92.40.213.204 (talk) to last version by Pelleboi

← Previous revision		Revision as of 06:27, 20 October 2025
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	Constantius spent the next two years neutralising the threat of the [[Franks]] who were the allies of Allectus,<ref name="Southern, pg. 149">Southern, pg. 149</ref> as northern Gaul remained under the control of the British usurper until at least 295.<ref>Birley, p. 387</ref> He also battled against the [[Alamanni]], achieving some victories at the mouth of the [[Rhine]] in 295.<ref>Birley, pp. 385–386</ref> Administrative concerns meant he made at least one trip to Italy during this time as well.<ref name="Southern, pg. 149"/> Only when he felt ready (and only when Maximian finally came to relieve him at the Rhine frontier)<ref name="Southern, pg. 150">Southern, p. 150</ref> did he assemble two invasion fleets with the intent of crossing the [[English Channel]]. The first was entrusted to [[Julius Asclepiodotus]], Constantius's long-serving [[Praetorian prefect]], who sailed from the mouth of the [[Seine]], while the other, under the command of Constantius himself, was launched from his base at Bononia.<ref>Birley, p. 388</ref> The fleet under Asclepiodotus landed near the [[Isle of Wight]], and his army encountered the forces of Allectus, resulting in the defeat and death of the usurper.<ref>[[Aurelius Victor]], ''Liber de Caesaribus'', [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/victor.caes.html#39 39]</ref> Constantius in the meantime occupied [[Londinium]] ([[London]]),<ref>Potter, p. 292</ref> saving the city from an attack by [[Franks\|Frankish]] mercenaries who were now roaming the province without a paymaster. Constantius massacred all of them.<ref name="Southern, pg. 150">Southern, p. 150</ref>		Constantius spent the next two years neutralising the threat of the [[Franks]] who were the allies of Allectus,<ref name="Southern, pg. 149">Southern, pg. 149</ref> as northern Gaul remained under the control of the British usurper until at least 295.<ref>Birley, p. 387</ref> He also battled against the [[Alamanni]], achieving some victories at the mouth of the [[Rhine]] in 295.<ref>Birley, pp. 385–386</ref> Administrative concerns meant he made at least one trip to Italy during this time as well.<ref name="Southern, pg. 149"/> Only when he felt ready (and only when Maximian finally came to relieve him at the Rhine frontier)<ref name="Southern, pg. 150">Southern, p. 150</ref> did he assemble two invasion fleets with the intent of crossing the [[English Channel]]. The first was entrusted to [[Julius Asclepiodotus]], Constantius's long-serving [[Praetorian prefect]], who sailed from the mouth of the [[Seine]], while the other, under the command of Constantius himself, was launched from his base at Bononia.<ref>Birley, p. 388</ref> The fleet under Asclepiodotus landed near the [[Isle of Wight]], and his army encountered the forces of Allectus, resulting in the defeat and death of the usurper.<ref>[[Aurelius Victor]], ''Liber de Caesaribus'', [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/victor.caes.html#39 39]</ref> Constantius in the meantime occupied [[Londinium]] ([[London]]),<ref>Potter, p. 292</ref> saving the city from an attack by [[Franks\|Frankish]] mercenaries who were now roaming the province without a paymaster. Constantius massacred all of them.<ref name="Southern, pg. 150">Southern, p. 150</ref>
	[[File:Bust of Constantius Chlorus - Altes Museum - Berlin - Germany 2017.jpg\|alt=Portrait head of Constantius Chlorus.\|thumb\|Portrait head of Tetrarch, most likely Constantius Chlorus.<ref>[http://laststatues.classics.ox.ac.uk/database/discussion.php?id=1227 http://laststatues.classics.ox.ac.uk, LSA-855 ((K. Dahmen, M. Maischberger, C. Blümel)]</ref>]]		[[File:Bust of Constantius Chlorus - Altes Museum - Berlin - Germany 2017 (2).jpg\|alt=Portrait head of Constantius Chlorus.\|thumb\|Portrait head of Tetrarch, most likely Constantius Chlorus.<ref>[http://laststatues.classics.ox.ac.uk/database/discussion.php?id=1227 http://laststatues.classics.ox.ac.uk, LSA-855 ((K. Dahmen, M. Maischberger, C. Blümel)]</ref>]]
	Constantius remained in Britannia for a few months, replaced most of Allectus's officers, and the British provinces were probably at this time subdivided along the lines of Diocletian's other administrative reforms of the Empire.<ref>Birley, p. 393</ref> The result was the division of [[Britannia Superior]] into [[Maxima Caesariensis]] and [[Britannia Prima]], while [[Flavia Caesariensis]] and [[Britannia Secunda]] were carved out of [[Britannia Inferior]]. He also restored [[Hadrian's Wall]] and its forts.<ref>Birley, p. 405</ref>		Constantius remained in Britannia for a few months, replaced most of Allectus's officers, and the British provinces were probably at this time subdivided along the lines of Diocletian's other administrative reforms of the Empire.<ref>Birley, p. 393</ref> The result was the division of [[Britannia Superior]] into [[Maxima Caesariensis]] and [[Britannia Prima]], while [[Flavia Caesariensis]] and [[Britannia Secunda]] were carved out of [[Britannia Inferior]]. He also restored [[Hadrian's Wall]] and its forts.<ref>Birley, p. 405</ref>

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	*[[Flavius Dalmatius]]		*[[Flavius Dalmatius]]
	*[[Julius Constantius]]		*[[Julius Constantius]]
	*[[Flavius Hannibalianus]]		*[[Hannibalianus\|Flavius Hannibalianus]]
	*[[Flavia Julia Constantia]]		*[[Flavia Julia Constantia]]
	*[[Anastasia (sister of Constantine I)\|Anastasia]], married to [[Bassianus (executed by Constantine)\|Bassianus]]		*[[Anastasia (sister of Constantine I)\|Anastasia]], married to [[Bassianus (executed by Constantine)\|Bassianus]]
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	===Modern sources===		===Modern sources===
	{{Refbegin\|30em}}		{{Refbegin\|30em}}
	* {{Cite book \|last=Barnes \|first=Timothy David ~~\|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7459753~~ \|title=Constantine and Eusebius \|date=1981 \|publisher=Harvard University Press \|isbn=0-674-16530-6 \|location=Cambridge, Mass. \|oclc=7459753}}		* {{Cite book \|last=Barnes \|first=Timothy David \|title=Constantine and Eusebius \|date=1981 \|publisher=Harvard University Press \|isbn=0-674-16530-6 \|location=Cambridge, Mass. \|oclc=7459753}}
	*{{cite book \|last=Barnes \|year=2011 \|first=Timothy \|title=Constantine: Dynasty, Religion and Power in the Later Roman Empire \|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell \|place=Oxford \|isbn=978-1-405-11727-2}}		*{{cite book \|last=Barnes \|year=2011 \|first=Timothy \|title=Constantine: Dynasty, Religion and Power in the Later Roman Empire \|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell \|place=Oxford \|isbn=978-1-405-11727-2}}
	* {{citation \| last = Birley \| first = Anthony \| title =The Roman Government in Britain\| publisher = Oxford University Press \| year = 2005 \| isbn = 978-0-19-925237-4 \| ref=no}}		* {{citation \| last = Birley \| first = Anthony \| title =The Roman Government in Britain\| publisher = Oxford University Press \| year = 2005 \| isbn = 978-0-19-925237-4 \| ref=no}}
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	[[Category:Tetrarchy]]		[[Category:Tetrarchy]]
	[[Category:Illyrian emperors]]		[[Category:Illyrian emperors]]
			[[Category:Sons of Roman emperors]]
			[[Category:Ancient Roman adoptees]]
			[[Category:Adult adoptees]]
			[[Category:Children of Maximian]]

imported>Soidling: adding information removed from constantine's article lede

2025-05-30T05:20:03Z

adding information removed from constantine's article lede

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