imported>CitationCleanerBot: /* Generations of programming language */ clean up of :Category:CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN, see Wikipedia:Bots/Requests for approval/CitationCleanerBot 7

2026-06-22T18:17:53Z

Generations of programming language: clean up of Category:CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN, see Wikipedia:Bots/Requests for approval/CitationCleanerBot 7

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imported>Annh07: Reverted 1 edit by GilbertLee66 (talk) to last revision by RastaKins

2026-03-16T09:00:22Z

Reverted 1 edit by GilbertLee66 (talk) to last revision by RastaKins

← Previous revision		Revision as of 09:00, 16 March 2026
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	\| pages = 29–45		\| pages = 29–45
	\| doi = 10.1109/85.728228		\| doi = 10.1109/85.728228
	\| s2cid = 2285332		\| bibcode = 1998IAHC...20d..29B
			\| s2cid = 2285332
	\| access-date = 2015-10-30		\| access-date = 2015-10-30
	\| archive-date = 2016-03-04		\| archive-date = 2016-03-04
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	\| url-status=live		\| url-status=live
	}}</ref> The [[crystal]] is then thinly sliced to form a [[Wafer (electronics)\|wafer]] [[Substrate (materials science)\|substrate]]. The [[planar process]] of [[photolithography]] then ''integrates'' unipolar transistors, [[capacitor]]s, [[diode]]s, and [[resistor]]s onto the wafer to build a matrix of [[metal–oxide–semiconductor]] (MOS) transistors.<ref name="anysilicon">{{cite web		}}</ref> The [[crystal]] is then thinly sliced to form a [[Wafer (electronics)\|wafer]] [[Substrate (materials science)\|substrate]]. The [[planar process]] of [[photolithography]] then ''integrates'' unipolar transistors, [[capacitor]]s, [[diode]]s, and [[resistor]]s onto the wafer to build a matrix of [[metal–oxide–semiconductor]] (MOS) transistors.<ref name="anysilicon">{{cite web
			\| author1=Anysilicon
	\| url=https://anysilicon.com/introduction-to-nmos-and-pmos-transistors/		\| url=https://anysilicon.com/introduction-to-nmos-and-pmos-transistors/
	\| title=Introduction to NMOS and PMOS Transistors		\| title=Introduction to NMOS and PMOS Transistors
			\| work=AnySilicon
	\| date=4 November 2021		\| date=4 November 2021
	~~\| publisher=Anysilicon~~
	\| access-date=February 5, 2022		\| access-date=February 5, 2022
	\| archive-date=6 February 2022		\| archive-date=6 February 2022
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	The final step is to ''execute'' the instruction using the hardware module's set of gates.		The final step is to ''execute'' the instruction using the hardware module's set of gates.

	[[File:ALU block.~~gif~~\|thumb\|right\|A symbolic representation of an ALU]]		[[File:ALU block.svg\|thumb\|right\|A symbolic representation of an ALU]]
	Instructions to perform arithmetic are passed through an [[arithmetic logic unit]] (ALU).<ref name="sco6th-ch3-p166">{{cite book		Instructions to perform arithmetic are passed through an [[arithmetic logic unit]] (ALU).<ref name="sco6th-ch3-p166">{{cite book
	\| last = Tanenbaum		\| last = Tanenbaum

imported>Aydoh8: Reverted edits by ~2025-38583-13 (talk) (AV)

2025-12-24T03:27:21Z

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2025-11-18T07:18:10Z

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imported>REDACTED403: Reverted edits by 1.46.206.61 (talk) (HG) (3.4.13)

2025-06-22T11:28:18Z

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imported>Timhowardriley: /* C */ coordinating conjunction needs a subject

2025-06-09T23:57:37Z

C: coordinating conjunction needs a subject

← Previous revision		Revision as of 23:57, 9 June 2025
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	[[File:JavaScript_code.png\|thumb\|[[Source code]] for a computer program written in the [[JavaScript]] language. It demonstrates the ''appendChild'' method. The method adds a new child node to an existing parent node. It is commonly used to dynamically modify the structure of an HTML document.]]		[[File:JavaScript_code.png\|thumb\|[[Source code]] for a computer program written in the [[JavaScript]] language. It demonstrates the ''appendChild'' method. The method adds a new child node to an existing parent node. It is commonly used to dynamically modify the structure of an HTML document.]]
	{{Program execution}}		{{Program execution}}

			{{merge from\|Software\|discuss=Talk:Computer program#Merge with Software\|date=June 2025}}

	A '''computer program''' is a [[sequence]] or set{{efn\|The [[Prolog]] language allows for a database of facts and rules to be entered in any order. However, a question about a database must be at the very end.}} of instructions in a [[programming language]] for a [[computer]] to [[Execution (computing)\|execute]]. It is one component of [[software]], which also includes [[software documentation\|documentation]] and other intangible components.<ref name="ISO 2020">{{cite web		A '''computer program''' is a [[sequence]] or set{{efn\|The [[Prolog]] language allows for a database of facts and rules to be entered in any order. However, a question about a database must be at the very end.}} of instructions in a [[programming language]] for a [[computer]] to [[Execution (computing)\|execute]]. It is one component of [[software]], which also includes [[software documentation\|documentation]] and other intangible components.<ref name="ISO 2020">{{cite web
	\| title=ISO/IEC 2382:2015		\| title=ISO/IEC 2382:2015
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	\| page = 160		\| page = 160
	\| isbn = 0-619-06489-7		\| isbn = 0-619-06489-7
	}}</ref> ''Machine language'' requires the programmer to enter instructions using ''instruction numbers'' called [[machine code]]. For example, the ADD operation on the [[PDP-11]] has instruction number 24576.<ref name="sco-ch7-p399">{{cite book		}}</ref> ''Machine language'' requires the programmer to enter instructions using ''instruction numbers'' called [[machine code]]. For example, the ADD operation on the [[PDP-11]] has instruction number 24576.{{efn\|Whereas this is a decimal number, PDP-11 code is always expressed as [[octal]].}}<ref name="sco-ch7-p399">{{cite book
	\| last = Tanenbaum		\| last = Tanenbaum
	\| first = Andrew S.		\| first = Andrew S.
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	}}</ref>		}}</ref>

	* The [[Second-generation programming language\|second generation of programming language]] is [[assembly language]].<ref name="pis-ch4-p160"/> ''Assembly language'' allows the programmer to use [[Assembly language#Mnemonics\|mnemonic]] [[Instruction_set_architecture#Instructions\|instructions]] instead of remembering instruction numbers. An [[Assembler (computing)\|assembler]] translates each assembly language mnemonic into its machine language number. For example, on the PDP-11, the operation 24576 can be referenced as ADD in the source code.<ref name="sco-ch7-p399"/> The four basic arithmetic operations have assembly instructions like ADD, SUB, MUL, and DIV.<ref name="sco-ch7-p399"/> Computers also have instructions like DW (Define [[Word (computer architecture)\|Word]]) to reserve [[Random-access memory\|memory]] cells. Then the MOV instruction can copy [[integer]]s between [[Processor register\|registers]] and memory.		* The [[Second-generation programming language\|second generation of programming language]] is [[assembly language]].<ref name="pis-ch4-p160"/> ''Assembly language'' allows the programmer to use [[Assembly language#Mnemonics\|mnemonic]] [[Instruction_set_architecture#Instructions\|instructions]] instead of remembering instruction numbers. An [[Assembler (computing)\|assembler]] translates each assembly language mnemonic into its machine language number. For example, on the PDP-11, the operation 24576 can be referenced as ADD R0,R0 in the source code.<ref name="sco-ch7-p399"/> The four basic arithmetic operations have assembly instructions like ADD, SUB, MUL, and DIV.<ref name="sco-ch7-p399"/> Computers also have instructions like DW (Define [[Word (computer architecture)\|Word]]) to reserve [[Random-access memory\|memory]] cells. Then the MOV instruction can copy [[integer]]s between [[Processor register\|registers]] and memory.

	:* The basic structure of an assembly language statement is a label, [[Operation (mathematics)\|operation]], [[operand]], and comment.<ref name="sco-ch7-p400">{{cite book		:* The basic structure of an assembly language statement is a label, [[Operation (mathematics)\|operation]], [[operand]], and comment.<ref name="sco-ch7-p400">{{cite book
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	====C====		====C====
	[[C programming language]] (1973) got its name because the language [[BCPL]] was replaced with [[B (programming language)\|B]], and [[AT&T Bell Labs]] called the next version "C". Its purpose was to write the [[UNIX]] [[operating system]].<ref name="cpl_3rd-ch2-37"/> C is a relatively small language, making it easy to write compilers. Its growth mirrored the hardware growth in the 1980s.<ref name="cpl_3rd-ch2-37"/> Its growth also was because it has the facilities of [[assembly language]], but uses a [[High-level programming language\|high-level syntax]]. It added advanced features like:		[[C programming language]] (1973) got its name because the language [[BCPL]] was replaced with [[B (programming language)\|B]], and [[AT&T Bell Labs]] called the next version "C". Its purpose was to write the [[UNIX]] [[operating system]].<ref name="cpl_3rd-ch2-37"/> C is a relatively small language, making it easy to write compilers. Its growth mirrored the hardware growth in the 1980s.<ref name="cpl_3rd-ch2-37"/> Its growth also was because it has the facilities of [[assembly language]], but it uses a [[High-level programming language\|high-level syntax]]. It added advanced features like:
	* [[inline assembler]].		* [[inline assembler]].
	* arithmetic on pointers.		* arithmetic on pointers.
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	\|year=2010		\|year=2010
	\|isbn=978-1-59327-220-3		\|isbn=978-1-59327-220-3
	\|page=22}}</ref> which is also known as a [[context switch]]. The kernel creates a [[process control block]] when a ''computer program'' is [[Loader (computing)\|selected for execution]]. However, an executing program gets exclusive access to the [[central processing unit]] only for a [[~~Preemption~~ (computing)#~~time slice~~\|time slice]]. To provide each user with the [[Time-sharing\|appearance of continuous access]], the kernel quickly [[Preemption (computing)\|preempts]] each process control block to execute another one. The goal for [[Systems programming\|system developers]] is to minimize [[dispatch latency]].		\|page=22}}</ref> which is also known as a [[context switch]]. The kernel creates a [[process control block]] when a ''computer program'' is [[Loader (computing)\|selected for execution]]. However, an executing program gets exclusive access to the [[central processing unit]] only for a [[Preemption_(computing)#Time_slice\|time slice]]. To provide each user with the [[Time-sharing\|appearance of continuous access]], the kernel quickly [[Preemption (computing)\|preempts]] each process control block to execute another one. The goal for [[Systems programming\|system developers]] is to minimize [[dispatch latency]].
	[[File:Virtual memory.svg\|thumb\|250px\|Physical memory is scattered around RAM and the hard disk. Virtual memory is one continuous block.]]		[[File:Virtual memory.svg\|thumb\|250px\|Physical memory is scattered around RAM and the hard disk. Virtual memory is one continuous block.]]
	* The kernel program should perform [[memory management]].		* The kernel program should perform [[memory management]].
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	\| year = 2013		\| year = 2013
	\| page = 249		\| page = 249
	~~\| isbn = 978-0-13-291652-3~~
	~~}}</ref>~~

	Microcode instructions move data between the CPU and the many [[computer buses]]. The [[Disk controller\|disk controller bus]] writes to and reads from [[hard disk drive]]s. Data is also moved between the CPU and other functional units via the [[PCI Express\|peripheral component interconnect express bus.]]<ref name="sco6th-ch2-p111">{{cite book
	~~\| last = Tanenbaum~~
	~~\| first = Andrew S.~~
	~~\| title = Structured Computer Organization, Sixth Edition~~
	~~\| publisher = Pearson~~
	~~\| year = 2013~~
	~~\| page = 111~~
	\| isbn = 978-0-13-291652-3		\| isbn = 978-0-13-291652-3
	}}</ref>		}}</ref>

imported>TonySt: Reverted edits by 24.237.159.222 (talk) (AV)

2025-06-01T03:23:49Z

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Computer program - Revision history

imported>CitationCleanerBot: /* Generations of programming language */ clean up of :Category:CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN, see Wikipedia:Bots/Requests for approval/CitationCleanerBot 7

imported>Annh07: Reverted 1 edit by GilbertLee66 (talk) to last revision by RastaKins

imported>Aydoh8: Reverted edits by ~2025-38583-13 (talk) (AV)

imported>Johnuniq: Reverted edits by Marzley Tech (talk) to last version by Kvng

imported>REDACTED403: Reverted edits by 1.46.206.61 (talk) (HG) (3.4.13)

imported>Timhowardriley: /* C */ coordinating conjunction needs a subject

imported>TonySt: Reverted edits by 24.237.159.222 (talk) (AV)