Computer mouse - Revision history

imported>GelvinM: /* Engelbart's first "mouse" */ Added knee operated prototype.

2025-12-24T23:07:56Z

Engelbart's first "mouse": Added knee operated prototype.

← Previous revision		Revision as of 23:07, 24 December 2025
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	{{original research\|date=December 2024}}		{{original research\|date=December 2024}}
	{{use dmy dates\|date=August 2021\|cs1-dates=y}}		{{use dmy dates\|date=August 2021\|cs1-dates=y}}
	[[File:3-Tasten-Maus Microsoft.jpg\|thumb\|A computer mouse with ~~the most common features:~~ two buttons (left and right) ~~and~~ a scroll wheel (which ~~can also function~~ as a button when pressed ~~inwards~~)]]		[[File:3-Tasten-Maus Microsoft.jpg\|thumb\|alt=wired computer mouse\|A wired computer mouse with two buttons (left and right), a scroll wheel (which functions as a button when pressed) and a USB-A cable (commonly) to plug into the computer for the mouse to work.]]
	[[File:A computer mouse, black and white, retouched, keyboard visible in background.jpg\|thumb\|A ~~typical~~ wireless computer mouse]]		[[File:A computer mouse, black and white, retouched, keyboard visible in background.jpg\|thumb\|alt=wireless computer mouse\|A [[wireless]] computer mouse with two buttons (left and right), a scroll wheel (which functions as a button when pressed), a USB-A plug (usually stored on the bottom) that gets plugged in the computer to communicate with the mouse wirelessly and uses a USB-C cable (commonly) to charge or the use of batteries.]]

	A '''computer mouse''' (plural '''mice'''; also '''mouses''')<ref group="nb" name="NB_Plural" /> is a hand-held [[pointing device]] that detects [[Plane (mathematics)\|two-dimensional]] motion relative to a surface. This motion is typically translated into the motion of the [[Cursor (user interface)#Pointer\|pointer]] (called a cursor) on a [[computer monitor\|display]], which allows a smooth control of the [[graphical user interface]] of a [[computer]].		A '''computer mouse''' (plural '''mice'''; also '''mouses''')<ref group="nb" name="NB_Plural" /> is a hand-held [[pointing device]] that detects [[Plane (mathematics)\|two-dimensional]] motion relative to a surface. This motion is typically translated into the motion of the [[Cursor (user interface)#Pointer\|pointer]] (called a cursor) on a [[computer monitor\|display]], which allows a smooth control of the [[graphical user interface]] of a [[computer]].
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	== Etymology ==		== Etymology ==
	[[File:Мышь 2.jpg\|thumb\|A computer mouse is named for its resemblance to the [[Mouse\|rodent]].]]		[[File:Мышь 2.jpg\|thumb\|alt=House mouse (Mus musculus)\|A computer mouse is named for its resemblance to the [[Mouse\|rodent]].]]

	The earliest known written use of the term ''mouse'' in reference to a computer pointing device is in [[Bill English (computer engineer)\|Bill English]]'s July 1965 publication, "Computer-Aided Display Control".<ref name="English_1965" /> This likely originated from its resemblance to the shape and size of a [[mouse]], with the cord resembling its [[tail]].<ref name="OED" /><ref name="Bardini_2000" /> The popularity of wireless mice without cords makes the resemblance less obvious.		The earliest known written use of the term ''mouse'' in reference to a computer pointing device is in [[Bill English (computer engineer)\|Bill English]]'s July 1965 publication, "Computer-Aided Display Control".<ref name="English_1965" /> This likely originated from its resemblance to the shape and size of a [[mouse]], with the cord resembling its [[tail]].<ref name="OED" /><ref name="Bardini_2000" /> The popularity of wireless mice without cords makes the resemblance less obvious.
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	[[File:Mouse-patents-englebart-rid.png\|thumb\|right\|Early mouse patents. From left to right: Opposing track wheels by Engelbart, November 1970, {{US patent\|3541541}}. Ball and Wheel by ''Rider'', September 1974, {{US patent\|3835464}}. Ball and two rollers with spring by Opocensky, October 1976, {{US patent\|3987685}}]]		[[File:Mouse-patents-englebart-rid.png\|thumb\|right\|Early mouse patents. From left to right: Opposing track wheels by Engelbart, November 1970, {{US patent\|3541541}}. Ball and Wheel by ''Rider'', September 1974, {{US patent\|3835464}}. Ball and two rollers with spring by Opocensky, October 1976, {{US patent\|3987685}}]]

	Several other experimental pointing-devices developed for Engelbart's oN-Line System ([[NLS (computer system)\|NLS]]) exploited different body movements – for example, head-mounted devices attached to the chin or nose~~ – but ultimately~~ the mouse won out because of its speed and convenience.<ref>{{citation \|author-last=Engelbart \|author-first=Douglas C. \|author-link=Douglas C. Engelbart \|title=Display-Selection Techniques for Text Manipulation \|journal=IEEE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics \|pages=5–15 \|date=March 1967 \|volume=8 \|issue=1 \|doi=10.1109/THFE.1967.232994 \|bibcode=1967ITHFE...8....5E \|url=https://www.dougengelbart.org/content/view/145/000/ \|access-date=2013-03-26}}</ref> The first mouse, a bulky device (pictured) used two [[potentiometer]]s perpendicular to each other and connected to wheels: the rotation of each wheel translated into motion along one [[coordinate system\|axis]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.dougengelbart.org/content/view/145/000/ \|title=Display-Selection Techniques for Text Manipulation – 1967 (AUGMENT, 133184) – Doug Engelbart Institute \|author-last=Engelbart \|author-first=Christina \|website=dougengelbart.org \|access-date=2016-03-15}}</ref> At the time of the "Mother of All Demos", Engelbart's group had been using their second-generation, 3-button mouse for about a year.		Several other experimental pointing-devices developed for Engelbart's oN-Line System ([[NLS (computer system)\|NLS]]) exploited different body movements – for example, head-mounted devices attached to the chin or nose. One early version was a knee operated device placed under the desk, which kept both hands free for typing. Ultimately the mouse won out because of its speed and convenience.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Floridi \|first=Luciano \|title=The Fourth Revolution \|publisher=Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom \|year=2014 \|isbn=978-01996-0672-6 \|page=97}}</ref><ref>{{citation \|author-last=Engelbart \|author-first=Douglas C. \|author-link=Douglas C. Engelbart \|title=Display-Selection Techniques for Text Manipulation \|journal=IEEE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics \|pages=5–15 \|date=March 1967 \|volume=8 \|issue=1 \|doi=10.1109/THFE.1967.232994 \|bibcode=1967ITHFE...8....5E \|url=https://www.dougengelbart.org/content/view/145/000/ \|access-date=2013-03-26}}</ref> The first mouse, a bulky device (pictured) used two [[potentiometer]]s perpendicular to each other and connected to wheels: the rotation of each wheel translated into motion along one [[coordinate system\|axis]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.dougengelbart.org/content/view/145/000/ \|title=Display-Selection Techniques for Text Manipulation – 1967 (AUGMENT, 133184) – Doug Engelbart Institute \|author-last=Engelbart \|author-first=Christina \|website=dougengelbart.org \|access-date=2016-03-15}}</ref> At the time of the "Mother of All Demos", Engelbart's group had been using their second-generation, 3-button mouse for about a year.

	=== First rolling-ball mouse ===		=== First rolling-ball mouse ===
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	=== Gestures ===		=== Gestures ===
	{{Main\|Pointing device gesture}}Gestural interfaces have become an integral part of modern computing, allowing users to interact with their devices in a more intuitive and natural way. In addition to traditional pointing-and-clicking actions, users can now employ gestural inputs to issue commands or perform specific actions. These stylized motions of the mouse cursor, known as "gestures", have the potential to enhance user experience and streamline workflow.		{{Main\|Pointing device gesture}}
			Gestural interfaces have become an integral part of modern computing, allowing users to interact with their devices in a more intuitive and natural way. In addition to traditional pointing-and-clicking actions, users can now employ gestural inputs to issue commands or perform specific actions. These stylized motions of the mouse cursor, known as "gestures", have the potential to enhance user experience and streamline workflow.

	To illustrate the concept of gestural interfaces, let's consider a drawing program as an example. In this scenario, a user can employ a gesture to delete a shape on the canvas. By rapidly moving the mouse cursor in an "x" motion over the shape, the user can trigger the command to delete the selected shape. This gesture-based interaction enables users to perform actions quickly and efficiently without relying solely on traditional input methods.		To illustrate the concept of gestural interfaces, let's consider a drawing program as an example. In this scenario, a user can employ a gesture to delete a shape on the canvas. By rapidly moving the mouse cursor in an "x" motion over the shape, the user can trigger the command to delete the selected shape. This gesture-based interaction enables users to perform actions quickly and efficiently without relying solely on traditional input methods.
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	== Buttons ==		== Buttons ==
	{{Main\|Mouse button}}		{{Main\|Mouse button}}
	[[File:Razer Naga 2014 MMO Gaming Mouse (14714867599).jpg\|thumb\|[[Razer Inc.\|Razer]] Mouse with additional buttons]]
			[[File:Razer Naga 2014 MMO Gaming Mouse (14714867599).jpg\|thumb\|alt=Razer Naga 2014 mouse\|[[Razer Inc.\|Razer]] Mouse with additional buttons]]

	Mouse buttons are [[miniature snap-action switch\|microswitches]] which can be pressed to select or interact with an element of a [[graphical user interface]], producing a distinctive clicking sound.		Mouse buttons are [[miniature snap-action switch\|microswitches]] which can be pressed to select or interact with an element of a [[graphical user interface]], producing a distinctive clicking sound.
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	Nearly all mice now have an integrated input primarily intended for [[scrolling]] on top, usually a single-axis digital wheel or rocker switch which can also be depressed to act as a third button. Though less common, many mice instead have two-axis inputs such as a tiltable wheel, [[trackball]], or [[touchpad]]. Those with a trackball may be designed to stay stationary, using the trackball instead of moving the mouse.<ref>{{cite web\| url = https://www.lifewire.com/logitech-m570-wireless-trackball-mouse-review-4691293\| title = Logitech M570 Wireless Trackball Mouse Review: Unconventional Features\| work = Lifewire}}</ref>		Nearly all mice now have an integrated input primarily intended for [[scrolling]] on top, usually a single-axis digital wheel or rocker switch which can also be depressed to act as a third button. Though less common, many mice instead have two-axis inputs such as a tiltable wheel, [[trackball]], or [[touchpad]]. Those with a trackball may be designed to stay stationary, using the trackball instead of moving the mouse.<ref>{{cite web\| url = https://www.lifewire.com/logitech-m570-wireless-trackball-mouse-review-4691293\| title = Logitech M570 Wireless Trackball Mouse Review: Unconventional Features\| work = Lifewire}}</ref>

			== Speed ==
	{{anchor\|Mouse speed}}		{{anchor\|Mouse speed}}
	~~== Speed ==~~
	[[Mickey (unit)\|Mickeys]] per second is a unit of measurement for the speed and movement direction of a computer mouse,<ref name="int33h" /> where direction is often expressed as "horizontal" versus "vertical" mickey count. However, speed can also refer to the ratio between how many pixels the cursor moves on the screen and how far the mouse moves on the mouse pad, which may be expressed as [[pixels]] per mickey, pixels per [[inch]], or pixels per [[centimeter]].		[[Mickey (unit)\|Mickeys]] per second is a unit of measurement for the speed and movement direction of a computer mouse,<ref name="int33h" /> where direction is often expressed as "horizontal" versus "vertical" mickey count. However, speed can also refer to the ratio between how many pixels the cursor moves on the screen and how far the mouse moves on the mouse pad, which may be expressed as [[pixels]] per mickey, pixels per [[inch]], or pixels per [[centimeter]].

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2025-11-11T02:48:42Z

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imported>Tooki: /* First rolling-ball mouse */ Folks, don’t invent new translations for the names of universities. Use the official ones where available (like here), and established ones otherwise…

2025-06-30T18:26:52Z

First rolling-ball mouse: Folks, don’t invent new translations for the names of universities. Use the official ones where available (like here), and established ones otherwise…

← Previous revision		Revision as of 18:26, 30 June 2025
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	[[File:Telefunken Rollkugel RKS 100-86 (bottom).jpg\|thumb\|right\|The bottom side of the Telefunken {{lang\|de\|Rollkugel}} ''RKS 100-86'' shows the ball]]		[[File:Telefunken Rollkugel RKS 100-86 (bottom).jpg\|thumb\|right\|The bottom side of the Telefunken {{lang\|de\|Rollkugel}} ''RKS 100-86'' shows the ball]]

	As noted above, the device was based on an earlier trackball-like device (also named ''{{lang\|de\|[[Rollkugel (trackball device)\|Rollkugel]]}}'') that was embedded into radar flight control desks.<ref name="HNF_2016_Blog" /> This trackball had been originally developed by a team led by {{ill\|Rainer Mallebrein\|de}} at Telefunken {{lang\|de\|Konstanz}} for the German ''{{lang\|de\|{{ill\|Bundesanstalt für Flugsicherung\|de}}}}'' (Federal Air Traffic Control). It was part of the corresponding workstation system SAP 300 and the terminal SIG 3001, which had been designed and developed since 1963.<ref name="Steinbach_2018" /> Development for the TR 440 main frame began in 1965.<ref name="Telefunken_1966" /><ref name="Steinbach_2018" /> This led to the development of the TR 86 process computer system with its SIG 100-86<ref name="Bülow_2009_Rollkugel" /><ref name="CHM_SIG-100" /> terminal. Inspired by a discussion with a university customer, Mallebrein came up with the idea of "reversing" the existing {{lang\|de\|Rollkugel}} trackball into a moveable mouse-like device in 1966,<ref name="Steinbach_2018" /> so that customers did not have to be bothered with mounting holes for the earlier trackball device. The device was finished in early 1968<!-- Steinbach has an obvious typo: 1966/1968 -->,<ref name="Steinbach_2018" /> and together with [[light pen]]s and [[trackball]]s, it was commercially offered as an optional input device for their system starting later that year.<ref name="Neubauer_1968" /><ref name="CHM_SIG-100" /><ref name="Telefunken_1971" /><ref name="Telefunken_1972" /> Not all customers opted to buy the device, which added costs of {{currency\|1500\|DM}} per piece to the already up to 20-million DM deal for the main frame, of which only a total of 46 systems were sold or leased.<ref name="Bülow_2009_Rollkugel" /><ref name="Holland_2019" /> They were installed at more than 20 German universities including [[RWTH Aachen]], [[Technische Universität Berlin]], [[University of Stuttgart]]<ref name="Vaihingen_2016" /><ref name="Borchers_2016" /> and [[University of Konstanz\|Konstanz]].<ref name="Ebner_2018" /> Several {{lang\|de\|Rollkugel}} mice installed at the [[Leibniz Supercomputing Centre]] in Munich in 1972 are well preserved in a museum<!-- another sources states that Garching/Munich has 4 Rollkugeln -->,<ref name="Bülow_2009_Rollkugel" /><ref name="OldMouse_Telefunken" /><ref name="HNF_2016_Blog" /> two others survived in a museum at Stuttgart ~~University~~,<ref name="Vaihingen_2016" /><ref name="Yacoub-Turfa-Maurer_2016" /><ref name="HNF_2016_Blog" /> two in Hamburg<!-- one at the university, the other at Jürgen Müller -->, the one from Aachen at the [[Computer History Museum]] in the US,<ref name="CHM_RKS-100" /><ref name="HNF_2016_Blog" /> and yet another sample was recently donated to the [[Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum]] (HNF) in Paderborn.<ref name="HNF_2019_Presentation" /><ref name="Holland_2019" /> Anecdotal reports claim that Telefunken's attempt to patent the device was rejected by the German Patent Office due to lack of inventiveness.<ref name="HNF_2016_Blog" /><ref name="Ebner_2018" /><ref name="Holland_2019" /><ref name="Steinbach_2018" /> For the air traffic control system, the Mallebrein team had already developed a precursor to [[touch screen]]s in form of an ultrasonic-curtain-based pointing device in front of the display.<ref name="Steinbach_2018" /> In 1970, they developed a device named "[[Touchinput]]-{{lang\|de\|Einrichtung}}" ("touch input device") based on a conductively coated glass screen.<ref name="Ebner_2018" /><ref name="Steinbach_2018" />		As noted above, the device was based on an earlier trackball-like device (also named ''{{lang\|de\|[[Rollkugel (trackball device)\|Rollkugel]]}}'') that was embedded into radar flight control desks.<ref name="HNF_2016_Blog" /> This trackball had been originally developed by a team led by {{ill\|Rainer Mallebrein\|de}} at Telefunken {{lang\|de\|Konstanz}} for the German ''{{lang\|de\|{{ill\|Bundesanstalt für Flugsicherung\|de}}}}'' (Federal Air Traffic Control). It was part of the corresponding workstation system SAP 300 and the terminal SIG 3001, which had been designed and developed since 1963.<ref name="Steinbach_2018" /> Development for the TR 440 main frame began in 1965.<ref name="Telefunken_1966" /><ref name="Steinbach_2018" /> This led to the development of the TR 86 process computer system with its SIG 100-86<ref name="Bülow_2009_Rollkugel" /><ref name="CHM_SIG-100" /> terminal. Inspired by a discussion with a university customer, Mallebrein came up with the idea of "reversing" the existing {{lang\|de\|Rollkugel}} trackball into a moveable mouse-like device in 1966,<ref name="Steinbach_2018" /> so that customers did not have to be bothered with mounting holes for the earlier trackball device. The device was finished in early 1968<!-- Steinbach has an obvious typo: 1966/1968 -->,<ref name="Steinbach_2018" /> and together with [[light pen]]s and [[trackball]]s, it was commercially offered as an optional input device for their system starting later that year.<ref name="Neubauer_1968" /><ref name="CHM_SIG-100" /><ref name="Telefunken_1971" /><ref name="Telefunken_1972" /> Not all customers opted to buy the device, which added costs of {{currency\|1500\|DM}} per piece to the already up to 20-million DM deal for the main frame, of which only a total of 46 systems were sold or leased.<ref name="Bülow_2009_Rollkugel" /><ref name="Holland_2019" /> They were installed at more than 20 German universities including [[RWTH Aachen]], [[Technische Universität Berlin]], [[University of Stuttgart]]<ref name="Vaihingen_2016" /><ref name="Borchers_2016" /> and [[University of Konstanz\|Konstanz]].<ref name="Ebner_2018" /> Several {{lang\|de\|Rollkugel}} mice installed at the [[Leibniz Supercomputing Centre]] in Munich in 1972 are well preserved in a museum<!-- another sources states that Garching/Munich has 4 Rollkugeln -->,<ref name="Bülow_2009_Rollkugel" /><ref name="OldMouse_Telefunken" /><ref name="HNF_2016_Blog" /> two others survived in a museum at the University of Stuttgart,<ref name="Vaihingen_2016" /><ref name="Yacoub-Turfa-Maurer_2016" /><ref name="HNF_2016_Blog" /> two in Hamburg<!-- one at the university, the other at Jürgen Müller -->, the one from Aachen at the [[Computer History Museum]] in the US,<ref name="CHM_RKS-100" /><ref name="HNF_2016_Blog" /> and yet another sample was recently donated to the [[Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum]] (HNF) in Paderborn.<ref name="HNF_2019_Presentation" /><ref name="Holland_2019" /> Anecdotal reports claim that Telefunken's attempt to patent the device was rejected by the German Patent Office due to lack of inventiveness.<ref name="HNF_2016_Blog" /><ref name="Ebner_2018" /><ref name="Holland_2019" /><ref name="Steinbach_2018" /> For the air traffic control system, the Mallebrein team had already developed a precursor to [[touch screen]]s in form of an ultrasonic-curtain-based pointing device in front of the display.<ref name="Steinbach_2018" /> In 1970, they developed a device named "[[Touchinput]]-{{lang\|de\|Einrichtung}}" ("touch input device") based on a conductively coated glass screen.<ref name="Ebner_2018" /><ref name="Steinbach_2018" />

	=== First mice on personal computers and workstations ===		=== First mice on personal computers and workstations ===

imported>Needforspeed888: /* Etymology */

2025-06-14T19:32:58Z

Etymology

← Previous revision		Revision as of 19:32, 14 June 2025
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	[[File:A computer mouse, black and white, retouched, keyboard visible in background.jpg\|thumb\|A typical wireless computer mouse]]		[[File:A computer mouse, black and white, retouched, keyboard visible in background.jpg\|thumb\|A typical wireless computer mouse]]

	A '''computer mouse''' (plural '''mice'''; ~~rarely~~ also '''mouses''')<ref group="nb" name="NB_Plural" /> is a hand-held [[pointing device]] that detects [[Plane (mathematics)\|two-dimensional]] motion relative to a surface. This motion is typically translated into the motion of the [[Cursor (user interface)#Pointer\|pointer]] (called a cursor) on a [[computer monitor\|display]], which allows a smooth control of the [[graphical user interface]] of a [[computer]].		A '''computer mouse''' (plural '''mice'''; also '''mouses''')<ref group="nb" name="NB_Plural" /> is a hand-held [[pointing device]] that detects [[Plane (mathematics)\|two-dimensional]] motion relative to a surface. This motion is typically translated into the motion of the [[Cursor (user interface)#Pointer\|pointer]] (called a cursor) on a [[computer monitor\|display]], which allows a smooth control of the [[graphical user interface]] of a [[computer]].

	The first public demonstration of a mouse controlling a computer system was done by [[Doug Engelbart]] in 1968 as part of the [[Mother of All Demos]].<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://history-computer.com/computer-mouse-complete-history/ \| title=Computer Mouse: Complete History \| date=4 January 2021 }}</ref> Mice originally used two separate wheels to directly track movement across a surface: one in the x-dimension and one in the Y. Later, the standard design shifted to use a ball rolling on a surface to detect motion, in turn connected to internal rollers. Most modern mice use [[optical mouse\|optical movement detection]] with no moving parts. Though originally all mice were connected to a computer by a cable, many modern mice are cordless, relying on short-range radio communication with the connected system.		The first public demonstration of a mouse controlling a computer system was done by [[Doug Engelbart]] in 1968 as part of the [[Mother of All Demos]].<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://history-computer.com/computer-mouse-complete-history/ \| title=Computer Mouse: Complete History \| date=4 January 2021 }}</ref> Mice originally used two separate wheels to directly track movement across a surface: one in the x-dimension and one in the Y. Later, the standard design shifted to use a ball rolling on a surface to detect motion, in turn connected to internal rollers. Most modern mice use [[optical mouse\|optical movement detection]] with no moving parts. Though originally all mice were connected to a computer by a cable, many modern mice are cordless, relying on short-range radio communication with the connected system.
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	[[File:Мышь 2.jpg\|thumb\|A computer mouse is named for its resemblance to the [[Mouse\|rodent]].]]		[[File:Мышь 2.jpg\|thumb\|A computer mouse is named for its resemblance to the [[Mouse\|rodent]].]]

	The earliest known written use of the term ''mouse'' ~~or mice~~ in reference to a computer pointing device is in [[Bill English (computer engineer)\|Bill English]]'s July 1965 publication, "Computer-Aided Display Control".<ref name="English_1965" /> This likely originated from its resemblance to the shape and size of a [[mouse]], with the cord resembling its [[tail]].<ref name="OED" /><ref name="Bardini_2000" /> The popularity of wireless mice without cords makes the resemblance less obvious.		The earliest known written use of the term ''mouse'' in reference to a computer pointing device is in [[Bill English (computer engineer)\|Bill English]]'s July 1965 publication, "Computer-Aided Display Control".<ref name="English_1965" /> This likely originated from its resemblance to the shape and size of a [[mouse]], with the cord resembling its [[tail]].<ref name="OED" /><ref name="Bardini_2000" /> The popularity of wireless mice without cords makes the resemblance less obvious.

	According to Roger Bates, a hardware designer under English, the term also came about because the [[cursor (user interface)\|cursor]] on the screen was, for an unknown reason, referred to as "CAT" and was seen by the team as if it would be chasing the new desktop device.<ref name="Markoff_2005" /><ref name="Markoff_2013" />		According to Roger Bates, a hardware designer under English, the term also came about because the [[cursor (user interface)\|cursor]] on the screen was, for an unknown reason, referred to as "CAT" and was seen by the team as if it would be chasing the new desktop device.<ref name="Markoff_2005" /><ref name="Markoff_2013" />

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2025-05-25T07:12:32Z

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← Previous revision		Revision as of 23:07, 24 December 2025
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	{{original research\|date=December 2024}}		{{original research\|date=December 2024}}
	{{use dmy dates\|date=August 2021\|cs1-dates=y}}		{{use dmy dates\|date=August 2021\|cs1-dates=y}}
	[[File:3-Tasten-Maus Microsoft.jpg\|thumb\|A computer mouse with ~~the most common features:~~ two buttons (left and right) ~~and~~ a scroll wheel (which ~~can also function~~ as a button when pressed ~~inwards~~)]]		[[File:3-Tasten-Maus Microsoft.jpg\|thumb\|alt=wired computer mouse\|A wired computer mouse with two buttons (left and right), a scroll wheel (which functions as a button when pressed) and a USB-A cable (commonly) to plug into the computer for the mouse to work.]]
	[[File:A computer mouse, black and white, retouched, keyboard visible in background.jpg\|thumb\|A ~~typical~~ wireless computer mouse]]		[[File:A computer mouse, black and white, retouched, keyboard visible in background.jpg\|thumb\|alt=wireless computer mouse\|A [[wireless]] computer mouse with two buttons (left and right), a scroll wheel (which functions as a button when pressed), a USB-A plug (usually stored on the bottom) that gets plugged in the computer to communicate with the mouse wirelessly and uses a USB-C cable (commonly) to charge or the use of batteries.]]

	A '''computer mouse''' (plural '''mice'''; also '''mouses''')<ref group="nb" name="NB_Plural" /> is a hand-held [[pointing device]] that detects [[Plane (mathematics)\|two-dimensional]] motion relative to a surface. This motion is typically translated into the motion of the [[Cursor (user interface)#Pointer\|pointer]] (called a cursor) on a [[computer monitor\|display]], which allows a smooth control of the [[graphical user interface]] of a [[computer]].		A '''computer mouse''' (plural '''mice'''; also '''mouses''')<ref group="nb" name="NB_Plural" /> is a hand-held [[pointing device]] that detects [[Plane (mathematics)\|two-dimensional]] motion relative to a surface. This motion is typically translated into the motion of the [[Cursor (user interface)#Pointer\|pointer]] (called a cursor) on a [[computer monitor\|display]], which allows a smooth control of the [[graphical user interface]] of a [[computer]].
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	== Etymology ==		== Etymology ==
	[[File:Мышь 2.jpg\|thumb\|A computer mouse is named for its resemblance to the [[Mouse\|rodent]].]]		[[File:Мышь 2.jpg\|thumb\|alt=House mouse (Mus musculus)\|A computer mouse is named for its resemblance to the [[Mouse\|rodent]].]]

	The earliest known written use of the term ''mouse'' in reference to a computer pointing device is in [[Bill English (computer engineer)\|Bill English]]'s July 1965 publication, "Computer-Aided Display Control".<ref name="English_1965" /> This likely originated from its resemblance to the shape and size of a [[mouse]], with the cord resembling its [[tail]].<ref name="OED" /><ref name="Bardini_2000" /> The popularity of wireless mice without cords makes the resemblance less obvious.		The earliest known written use of the term ''mouse'' in reference to a computer pointing device is in [[Bill English (computer engineer)\|Bill English]]'s July 1965 publication, "Computer-Aided Display Control".<ref name="English_1965" /> This likely originated from its resemblance to the shape and size of a [[mouse]], with the cord resembling its [[tail]].<ref name="OED" /><ref name="Bardini_2000" /> The popularity of wireless mice without cords makes the resemblance less obvious.
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	[[File:Mouse-patents-englebart-rid.png\|thumb\|right\|Early mouse patents. From left to right: Opposing track wheels by Engelbart, November 1970, {{US patent\|3541541}}. Ball and Wheel by ''Rider'', September 1974, {{US patent\|3835464}}. Ball and two rollers with spring by Opocensky, October 1976, {{US patent\|3987685}}]]		[[File:Mouse-patents-englebart-rid.png\|thumb\|right\|Early mouse patents. From left to right: Opposing track wheels by Engelbart, November 1970, {{US patent\|3541541}}. Ball and Wheel by ''Rider'', September 1974, {{US patent\|3835464}}. Ball and two rollers with spring by Opocensky, October 1976, {{US patent\|3987685}}]]

	Several other experimental pointing-devices developed for Engelbart's oN-Line System ([[NLS (computer system)\|NLS]]) exploited different body movements – for example, head-mounted devices attached to the chin or nose~~ – but ultimately~~ the mouse won out because of its speed and convenience.<ref>{{citation \|author-last=Engelbart \|author-first=Douglas C. \|author-link=Douglas C. Engelbart \|title=Display-Selection Techniques for Text Manipulation \|journal=IEEE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics \|pages=5–15 \|date=March 1967 \|volume=8 \|issue=1 \|doi=10.1109/THFE.1967.232994 \|bibcode=1967ITHFE...8....5E \|url=https://www.dougengelbart.org/content/view/145/000/ \|access-date=2013-03-26}}</ref> The first mouse, a bulky device (pictured) used two [[potentiometer]]s perpendicular to each other and connected to wheels: the rotation of each wheel translated into motion along one [[coordinate system\|axis]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.dougengelbart.org/content/view/145/000/ \|title=Display-Selection Techniques for Text Manipulation – 1967 (AUGMENT, 133184) – Doug Engelbart Institute \|author-last=Engelbart \|author-first=Christina \|website=dougengelbart.org \|access-date=2016-03-15}}</ref> At the time of the "Mother of All Demos", Engelbart's group had been using their second-generation, 3-button mouse for about a year.		Several other experimental pointing-devices developed for Engelbart's oN-Line System ([[NLS (computer system)\|NLS]]) exploited different body movements – for example, head-mounted devices attached to the chin or nose. One early version was a knee operated device placed under the desk, which kept both hands free for typing. Ultimately the mouse won out because of its speed and convenience.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Floridi \|first=Luciano \|title=The Fourth Revolution \|publisher=Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom \|year=2014 \|isbn=978-01996-0672-6 \|page=97}}</ref><ref>{{citation \|author-last=Engelbart \|author-first=Douglas C. \|author-link=Douglas C. Engelbart \|title=Display-Selection Techniques for Text Manipulation \|journal=IEEE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics \|pages=5–15 \|date=March 1967 \|volume=8 \|issue=1 \|doi=10.1109/THFE.1967.232994 \|bibcode=1967ITHFE...8....5E \|url=https://www.dougengelbart.org/content/view/145/000/ \|access-date=2013-03-26}}</ref> The first mouse, a bulky device (pictured) used two [[potentiometer]]s perpendicular to each other and connected to wheels: the rotation of each wheel translated into motion along one [[coordinate system\|axis]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.dougengelbart.org/content/view/145/000/ \|title=Display-Selection Techniques for Text Manipulation – 1967 (AUGMENT, 133184) – Doug Engelbart Institute \|author-last=Engelbart \|author-first=Christina \|website=dougengelbart.org \|access-date=2016-03-15}}</ref> At the time of the "Mother of All Demos", Engelbart's group had been using their second-generation, 3-button mouse for about a year.

	=== First rolling-ball mouse ===		=== First rolling-ball mouse ===
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	=== Gestures ===		=== Gestures ===
	{{Main\|Pointing device gesture}}Gestural interfaces have become an integral part of modern computing, allowing users to interact with their devices in a more intuitive and natural way. In addition to traditional pointing-and-clicking actions, users can now employ gestural inputs to issue commands or perform specific actions. These stylized motions of the mouse cursor, known as "gestures", have the potential to enhance user experience and streamline workflow.		{{Main\|Pointing device gesture}}
			Gestural interfaces have become an integral part of modern computing, allowing users to interact with their devices in a more intuitive and natural way. In addition to traditional pointing-and-clicking actions, users can now employ gestural inputs to issue commands or perform specific actions. These stylized motions of the mouse cursor, known as "gestures", have the potential to enhance user experience and streamline workflow.

	To illustrate the concept of gestural interfaces, let's consider a drawing program as an example. In this scenario, a user can employ a gesture to delete a shape on the canvas. By rapidly moving the mouse cursor in an "x" motion over the shape, the user can trigger the command to delete the selected shape. This gesture-based interaction enables users to perform actions quickly and efficiently without relying solely on traditional input methods.		To illustrate the concept of gestural interfaces, let's consider a drawing program as an example. In this scenario, a user can employ a gesture to delete a shape on the canvas. By rapidly moving the mouse cursor in an "x" motion over the shape, the user can trigger the command to delete the selected shape. This gesture-based interaction enables users to perform actions quickly and efficiently without relying solely on traditional input methods.
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	== Buttons ==		== Buttons ==
	{{Main\|Mouse button}}		{{Main\|Mouse button}}
	[[File:Razer Naga 2014 MMO Gaming Mouse (14714867599).jpg\|thumb\|[[Razer Inc.\|Razer]] Mouse with additional buttons]]
			[[File:Razer Naga 2014 MMO Gaming Mouse (14714867599).jpg\|thumb\|alt=Razer Naga 2014 mouse\|[[Razer Inc.\|Razer]] Mouse with additional buttons]]

	Mouse buttons are [[miniature snap-action switch\|microswitches]] which can be pressed to select or interact with an element of a [[graphical user interface]], producing a distinctive clicking sound.		Mouse buttons are [[miniature snap-action switch\|microswitches]] which can be pressed to select or interact with an element of a [[graphical user interface]], producing a distinctive clicking sound.
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	Nearly all mice now have an integrated input primarily intended for [[scrolling]] on top, usually a single-axis digital wheel or rocker switch which can also be depressed to act as a third button. Though less common, many mice instead have two-axis inputs such as a tiltable wheel, [[trackball]], or [[touchpad]]. Those with a trackball may be designed to stay stationary, using the trackball instead of moving the mouse.<ref>{{cite web\| url = https://www.lifewire.com/logitech-m570-wireless-trackball-mouse-review-4691293\| title = Logitech M570 Wireless Trackball Mouse Review: Unconventional Features\| work = Lifewire}}</ref>		Nearly all mice now have an integrated input primarily intended for [[scrolling]] on top, usually a single-axis digital wheel or rocker switch which can also be depressed to act as a third button. Though less common, many mice instead have two-axis inputs such as a tiltable wheel, [[trackball]], or [[touchpad]]. Those with a trackball may be designed to stay stationary, using the trackball instead of moving the mouse.<ref>{{cite web\| url = https://www.lifewire.com/logitech-m570-wireless-trackball-mouse-review-4691293\| title = Logitech M570 Wireless Trackball Mouse Review: Unconventional Features\| work = Lifewire}}</ref>

			== Speed ==
	{{anchor\|Mouse speed}}		{{anchor\|Mouse speed}}
	~~== Speed ==~~
	[[Mickey (unit)\|Mickeys]] per second is a unit of measurement for the speed and movement direction of a computer mouse,<ref name="int33h" /> where direction is often expressed as "horizontal" versus "vertical" mickey count. However, speed can also refer to the ratio between how many pixels the cursor moves on the screen and how far the mouse moves on the mouse pad, which may be expressed as [[pixels]] per mickey, pixels per [[inch]], or pixels per [[centimeter]].		[[Mickey (unit)\|Mickeys]] per second is a unit of measurement for the speed and movement direction of a computer mouse,<ref name="int33h" /> where direction is often expressed as "horizontal" versus "vertical" mickey count. However, speed can also refer to the ratio between how many pixels the cursor moves on the screen and how far the mouse moves on the mouse pad, which may be expressed as [[pixels]] per mickey, pixels per [[inch]], or pixels per [[centimeter]].

← Previous revision		Revision as of 19:32, 14 June 2025
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	[[File:A computer mouse, black and white, retouched, keyboard visible in background.jpg\|thumb\|A typical wireless computer mouse]]		[[File:A computer mouse, black and white, retouched, keyboard visible in background.jpg\|thumb\|A typical wireless computer mouse]]

	A '''computer mouse''' (plural '''mice'''; ~~rarely~~ also '''mouses''')<ref group="nb" name="NB_Plural" /> is a hand-held [[pointing device]] that detects [[Plane (mathematics)\|two-dimensional]] motion relative to a surface. This motion is typically translated into the motion of the [[Cursor (user interface)#Pointer\|pointer]] (called a cursor) on a [[computer monitor\|display]], which allows a smooth control of the [[graphical user interface]] of a [[computer]].		A '''computer mouse''' (plural '''mice'''; also '''mouses''')<ref group="nb" name="NB_Plural" /> is a hand-held [[pointing device]] that detects [[Plane (mathematics)\|two-dimensional]] motion relative to a surface. This motion is typically translated into the motion of the [[Cursor (user interface)#Pointer\|pointer]] (called a cursor) on a [[computer monitor\|display]], which allows a smooth control of the [[graphical user interface]] of a [[computer]].

	The first public demonstration of a mouse controlling a computer system was done by [[Doug Engelbart]] in 1968 as part of the [[Mother of All Demos]].<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://history-computer.com/computer-mouse-complete-history/ \| title=Computer Mouse: Complete History \| date=4 January 2021 }}</ref> Mice originally used two separate wheels to directly track movement across a surface: one in the x-dimension and one in the Y. Later, the standard design shifted to use a ball rolling on a surface to detect motion, in turn connected to internal rollers. Most modern mice use [[optical mouse\|optical movement detection]] with no moving parts. Though originally all mice were connected to a computer by a cable, many modern mice are cordless, relying on short-range radio communication with the connected system.		The first public demonstration of a mouse controlling a computer system was done by [[Doug Engelbart]] in 1968 as part of the [[Mother of All Demos]].<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://history-computer.com/computer-mouse-complete-history/ \| title=Computer Mouse: Complete History \| date=4 January 2021 }}</ref> Mice originally used two separate wheels to directly track movement across a surface: one in the x-dimension and one in the Y. Later, the standard design shifted to use a ball rolling on a surface to detect motion, in turn connected to internal rollers. Most modern mice use [[optical mouse\|optical movement detection]] with no moving parts. Though originally all mice were connected to a computer by a cable, many modern mice are cordless, relying on short-range radio communication with the connected system.
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	[[File:Мышь 2.jpg\|thumb\|A computer mouse is named for its resemblance to the [[Mouse\|rodent]].]]		[[File:Мышь 2.jpg\|thumb\|A computer mouse is named for its resemblance to the [[Mouse\|rodent]].]]

	The earliest known written use of the term ''mouse'' ~~or mice~~ in reference to a computer pointing device is in [[Bill English (computer engineer)\|Bill English]]'s July 1965 publication, "Computer-Aided Display Control".<ref name="English_1965" /> This likely originated from its resemblance to the shape and size of a [[mouse]], with the cord resembling its [[tail]].<ref name="OED" /><ref name="Bardini_2000" /> The popularity of wireless mice without cords makes the resemblance less obvious.		The earliest known written use of the term ''mouse'' in reference to a computer pointing device is in [[Bill English (computer engineer)\|Bill English]]'s July 1965 publication, "Computer-Aided Display Control".<ref name="English_1965" /> This likely originated from its resemblance to the shape and size of a [[mouse]], with the cord resembling its [[tail]].<ref name="OED" /><ref name="Bardini_2000" /> The popularity of wireless mice without cords makes the resemblance less obvious.

	According to Roger Bates, a hardware designer under English, the term also came about because the [[cursor (user interface)\|cursor]] on the screen was, for an unknown reason, referred to as "CAT" and was seen by the team as if it would be chasing the new desktop device.<ref name="Markoff_2005" /><ref name="Markoff_2013" />		According to Roger Bates, a hardware designer under English, the term also came about because the [[cursor (user interface)\|cursor]] on the screen was, for an unknown reason, referred to as "CAT" and was seen by the team as if it would be chasing the new desktop device.<ref name="Markoff_2005" /><ref name="Markoff_2013" />