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{{short description|Village in Goa, India}}
{{about|the village in Goa|the British mathematician|Colva Roney-Dougal}}
{{No footnotes|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Colva
| other_name = Praia de Colvá, Colluá, Coluvá, Kolluvá, Kolambe, Quoluva, Koleá
| settlement_type = Village (Historic village)
| image_skyline = [[File:Colvá beach.jpg|250px|Colvá beach]]
| image_caption = Colvá beach
| nicknames = Saxttichem Yead
| pushpin_map = India Goa#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Colva in [[Goa]]
| coordinates = {{coord|15|16|34|N|73|55|02|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Portuguese India}}
| subdivision_name2 = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type3 = State
| subdivision_name3 = [[Goa]]
| subdivision_type4 = District
| subdivision_name4 = [[Salcete]], [[South Goa]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1.1
| population_footnotes =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Postcode
| postal_code = 403708
| area_code = +91 832
| website =
| official_name = Colvá
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{Flag|India}}
}}

'''Colva ''' ({{langx|pt|Colvá}}) is a coastal village situated in the [[Salcete]] [[Tehsils of India|''taluka'']], in [[South Goa district]], of [[Goa]] state on the west coast of the Indian subcontinent. Colva Beach ({{langx|pt|Praia de Colvá}}) spans about {{convert|2.5|km|mi|abbr=on}} along a sandy coastline of approximately {{convert|25|km|mi|abbr=on}} extending from [[Bogmalo]] in the north to [[Cabo de Rama Fort|Cabo de Rama]] in the south.

The village had significant importance to the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], local (Gancars) noble chardó (Kshatriya) Feudal Lords and was the retreat for Goa's high, elite and aristocratic society, who would come to Colvá for their {{Lang|pt|mudança}} (change of air), to enjoy the private beach of the then Roiz family. Today the Portuguese area is dotted with the past elite houses and modern villas, including many ruins from more than 300 years. On weekends, huge crowds of tourists, visitors from around the world as well as local [[Indian people|Indian]]s, enjoy the sunset and various activities. The beach is particularly busy in October, when hordes of religious [[pilgrims]] come and visit Colvá Church, called {{Lang|pt|Igreja de Nossa Senhora das Mercês}} (Church of Our Lady of Mercy), that was founded in AD 1630 by the Roiz family and the crown of the statue of our Lady has their family initials. The church was later modified in the eighteenth century which is located at the village square. The 1630 church construction was funded by the Roiz family, the Jesuits and the Gancars of Colluá.{{cn|date=May 2023}}

The local people (now called: native ''Colvakars'') brought to Colvá by their then ruling Lords and masters (called ''Bhatkars''). These working class local people (called ''Mundkars'' lived on the land of their respected ''Bhatkars'') have mainly been fisherfolk in majority since the mid-16th century. Other working class (curumbins, jornaleiros) were carpenters, massons, coconut pluckers (render/padekar), field/rice cultivation labourers, bakers (poder), etc... These included gentile converts as well as migrants from various [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] territories in the Indian subcontinent, overseas territories such as [[Angola]], [[Mozambique]], [[Brazil]], etc. as well as [[Portugal]] itself that mixed and created the diversity of today.{{cn|date=May 2023}}

==History==
Colvá was under Portuguese administration, as the Province of Portuguese-Goa, from 1510 until 1961 (and was still under dispute and represented in the Parliament of Portugal till 1974/75). It was the village of the Portuguese Roiz family, the descendants of D. [[Diogo Rodrigues]], and its villagers. The village had belonged since 1550 to D. Diogo Rodrigues, who was the Lord of Colvá (Landlord of Colvá). He built the first [[Portugal|Portuguese]] architecture residential house in 1551 facing away from the sea and at a distance from the shore to avoid any enemy attacks from the Arabian Sea. The entire beach called {{Lang|pt|Praia da Colvá|italic=no}} belonged to him.

In the 18th century, one of Diogo's descendants, Sebastião José Roiz, ordered the village people to plant coconut trees along the entire coastline, which the villagers thought was a waste of time as the soil was white and thus infertile and unable to sustain their growth. However today the shore line is fringed by those plantations of coconut trees. The entire Colvá shore and beach property as far as Betalbatim was inherited by various descendants of the Roiz family until the late 20th century, after which parts were handed over to the Government of Goa under the post-1974 Indian administration following the 1961 annexation of [[Goa]] by [[India]]. The rest of the land was sold.

[[File:Colva Church.jpg|thumb|left|{{Lang|pt|Igreja da Nossa Senhora das Mercês}}]]
Colvá is still famous for the whitewashed Our Lady Of Mercy church, originally known as {{Lang|pt|Igreja de Nossa Senhora das Mercês}}, that was founded in 1630 and rebuilt in the eighteenth century in the village square. It houses the miraculous statue of {{Lang|pt|Menino Jesus}} (Baby Jesus), which was introduced by a [[Jesuit]] missionary and which is believed to have healing powers. According to local legend, the statue at Our Lady of Mercy church was found in the mid-seventeenth century along the coast of [[Mozambique]] after Rev Fr. Bento Ferreira and his party had been shipwrecked off the coast. After swimming to safety, they spotted it as it was washed ashore after being dumped into the sea by Muslim pirates. In 1648 when Father Ferreira was posted to Colvá, he placed the statue on the altar, and it soon started drawing large crowds of devotees as it granted their favours. The {{Lang|pt|Menino Jesus}} statue is kept for public viewing in October for the annual {{Lang|pt|Fama}} ('Fame') festival for which thousands of people assemble. This is the only time that it is removed from the triple-vault locks of the church. It is then dipped into a nearby river after a procession, and the pilgrims use this water for anointment and good luck.

===Aristocratic families of Colvá===
{{cns|Citation needed|date=December 2023|reason=Doesn't match documents regarding Portuguese rule. Only Rodrigues family held "Senhor de Colva" title and were therefore aristocratic, the other families were just landed gentry. All villagers living there (including the Rodrigues family) were subjects of the Portuguese Crown, not subjects of any local residents. The mundkars were tenants and not subjects of any of the landlords.|text=The Feudal Lords and aristocratic families of Colvá that included Gandaulim, Vanelim, Sernabatim and limited part of Canã were: Roiz/Roiz dos Mártyres (Rodrigues), Friz (Fernandes), Mascarenhas, Aguiar, Santimano, Gracias, Costa, Vales, Texeira, Pacheco, Cunha, Cruz, Silva, Rebêlo. These families belonged to the parish church called Igreja Nossa Senhora das Mercês de Colvá and had allegiance to the Portuguese Empire. The church was built in 1630 and affiliated to the parish of [[Benaulim]] until 1635. From 1581 to 1635, these aforementioned illustrious, elite and noble families and all their subjects (mundkars) in Colvá belonged to Igreja de São João Baptista.}}

==Demographics and geography==

===Location===
Colvá has an average elevation of {{convert|1.1|m|ft}}. Its main village market is located behind the church, which is about {{convert|abbr=on|2.3|km|mi}} away from the beach; there are various other shops at the cross road near the [[beach]]. Colvá recognises three beaches; firstly the main Colvá beach which is the prime beach, secondly Sunset beach (towards Betalbatim) which is less congested, and thirdly Baywatch beach (towards Benaulim at Sernabatim).

===Colva Beach===
{{Main|Colva Beach}}
{{Infobox landform
| name = Colvá Beach
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| free_label_1 = Patrolled by
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}}

[[File:GOA Colva Beach - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Colvá Beach with local fishing boats]]
Colvá beach stretches for around 2.4 km, part of a beach consisting of about 25 km of powder white sand, lined along its shore by coconut palms, and extending as far as [[Bogmalo Beach]] to the north and [[Cabo de rama Beach]] to the [[South Goa]]'s coastline.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://goacentral.com/Goabeaches/colva.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=22 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121125110122/http://goacentral.com/Goabeaches/colva.htm |archive-date=25 November 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Colva is now a famous tourist destination, enjoyed for its beach. The tourist industry is well developed with many budget hotels, guest houses, beach shacks, food stalls, small restaurants and pubs and bars, although these developments have not extended in any large degree to the nightlife. [[File: India_Landscape.jpg|thumb|left|Colvá Beach for a swim]]The beaches are constantly monitored by lifeguards and the swimming areas flagged with coloured flags accordingly. Being one of the famous beaches of Goa, this beach is highly crowded most of the time of the year. With a majority of its visitors being domestic Indian visitors this beach is mostly neglected by foreigners.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goaholidayguide.com/beaches/colva-beach-goa.php|title = Colva Beach, Goa}}</ref>

==Travel==
The nearest airport is [[Dabolim Airport]] which is about 28 km away. The nearest railway station is Madgoan junction railway station, 20 minutes' drive away. Colva beach can be reached from Margao by bus. Private transport is also available.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://goa.me/colva/ |title=Colva - Crowdsourced Pictures, Tips & Reviews of Colva Goa |access-date=2 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807170405/http://goa.me/colva/ |archive-date=7 August 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Colvá is {{convert|abbr=on|8|km|mi|sp=us}} from [[Margao]] and {{convert|abbr=on|40|km|mi|sp=us}} from [[Panajim]]. The closest railway station is in [[Margao]] followed by [[Vasco da Gama, Goa]]. The airport is [[Dabolim Airport]] (GOI) at [[Vasco da Gama, Goa]]. The neighbouring villages are Betalbatim and [[Benaulim]] and the nearest city is [[Margao]].

Distances around Goa (from and to Colva):
* Margao - {{convert|abbr=on|8|km|mi}},
* Vasco - {{convert|abbr=on|35|km|mi}},
* Mapusa - {{convert|abbr=on|53|km|mi}},
* Calangute - {{convert|abbr=on|56|km|mi}},
* Ponda - {{convert|abbr=on|28|km|mi}},
* Dabolim Airport - {{convert|abbr=on|28|km|mi}},
* Panjim - {{convert|abbr=on|40|km|mi}},
* Tiracol - {{convert|abbr=on|82|km|mi}}.

===Climate===
Colvá features a tropical monsoon climate under the [[Köppen climate classification]]. Colvá, being in the tropical zone and near the [[Arabian Sea]], has a hot and humid climate for most of the year. The month of May is the hottest, seeing day temperatures of over {{convert|abbr=on|35|°C|°F}} coupled with high humidity. The monsoon rains arrive by early June and provide a much-needed respite from the heat. Most of Colvá's annual rainfall is received through the monsoons which last till late September.

Colvá has a short winter season between mid-December and February. These months are marked by nights of around {{convert|abbr=on|21|°C|°F}} and days of around {{convert|abbr=on|28|°C|°F}}, with moderate amounts of humidity.

{{Weather box|width=auto|location = Colvá
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan high C = 31.6
| Feb high C = 31.5
| Mar high C = 32.0
| Apr high C = 33.0
| May high C = 33.0
| Jun high C = 30.3
| Jul high C = 28.9
| Aug high C = 28.8
| Sep high C = 29.5
| Oct high C = 31.6
| Nov high C = 32.8
| Dec high C = 32.4
| year high C =
| Jan mean C = 25.6
| Feb mean C = 26.0
| Mar mean C = 27.6
| Apr mean C = 29.3
| May mean C = 29.7
| Jun mean C = 27.5
| Jul mean C = 26.5
| Aug mean C = 26.4
| Sep mean C = 26.7
| Oct mean C = 27.7
| Nov mean C = 27.6
| Dec mean C = 26.5
| Jan low C = 19.6
| Feb low C = 20.5
| Mar low C = 23.2
| Apr low C = 25.6
| May low C = 26.3
| Jun low C = 24.7
| Jul low C = 24.1
| Aug low C = 24.0
| Sep low C = 23.8
| Oct low C = 23.8
| Nov low C = 22.3
| Dec low C = 20.6
| year low C =
| Jan precipitation mm = 0.2
| Feb precipitation mm = 0.1
| Mar precipitation mm = 1.2
| Apr precipitation mm = 11.8
| May precipitation mm = 112.7
| Jun precipitation mm = 868.2
| Jul precipitation mm = 994.8
| Aug precipitation mm = 512.7
| Sep precipitation mm = 251.9
| Oct precipitation mm = 124.8
| Nov precipitation mm = 30.9
| Dec precipitation mm = 16.7
| year precipitation mm = 2926
| Jan precipitation days = 0.0
| Feb precipitation days = 0.0
| Mar precipitation days = 0.1
| Apr precipitation days = 0.8
| May precipitation days = 4.2
| Jun precipitation days = 21.9
| Jul precipitation days = 27.2
| Aug precipitation days = 13.3
| Sep precipitation days = 13.5
| Oct precipitation days = 6.2
| Nov precipitation days = 2.5
| Dec precipitation days = 0.4
| year precipitation days = 90.1
| unit precipitation days =
| Jan sun = 313.1
| Feb sun = 301.6
| Mar sun = 291.4
| Apr sun = 288.0
| May sun = 297.6
| Jun sun = 126.0
| Jul sun = 105.4
| Aug sun = 120.9
| Sep sun = 177.0
| Oct sun = 248.0
| Nov sun = 273.0
| Dec sun = 300.7
| year sun = 2842.7
| source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organisation]] ([[United Nations|UN]])
}}

==Culture==
===Languages===
The Saxtti dialect of [[Konkani language|Konkani]], belonging to the Indo-European family of languages, is the local language and spoken widely by the people of Colvá. Konkani (Concanim) is primarily written in the [[Latin script]] in Colvá. Portuguese is spoken by the elite, and older generations including the ones with Portuguese ancestry, i.e. these are the noble aristocratic descendants. English is spoken by all and is compulsorily taught in schools. Marathi, Hindi and Kannada are also recently widely understood and spoken throughout the locality post the year 1975 due to the large influx of various migrants from India and Nepal.

===Religion===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Religion in Colvá
| label1 = [[Christianity]]
| value1 = 91.68
| color1 = Blue
| label2 = [[Hinduism]]
| value2 = 6.25
| color2 = DarkOrange
| label3 = [[Islam]]
| value3 = 1.56
| color3 = DarkGreen
| label4 = Others
| value4 = 0.51
| color4 = Maroon
}} Colvá is predominantly Roman [[Catholic]]. The main village church has various masses and [[Novena|novenas]] at various times of the year. The traditional feast called {{Lang|pt|Fama}} is celebrated on the 2nd Monday of October every year, and pilgrims from around the world take part. The traditions of {{Lang|kok|saibin}} or [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mother of Jesus]] visiting each one's home is still continued.

===Food and beverages===
Colvakars, or people from Colvá, love fish and seafood. The cuisine is influenced by various influences, origins and four hundred years of Portuguese governance and recently a blend of modern techniques. The locals enjoy rice with fish curry ({{Lang|kok|xitt kodi}} in Konkani), which is the staple diet in Goa. Colvá cuisine is famous for its rich variety of fish dishes cooked with elaborate recipes. Coconut and coconut oil are widely used in cooking along with chili peppers, spices and vinegar, giving the food a unique flavour. Various seafood delicacies include [[Indo-Pacific king mackerel|kingfish]] ({{Lang|kok|visvonn}}, the most common delicacy), [[pomfret]], shark, tuna and mackerel. Among the shellfish are crabs, prawns, tiger prawns, lobster, squid and mussels. Colvá food has pork dishes such as [[vindaloo]], [[Goan chouriço|chouriço]] and [[sorpotel]]. Beef dishes and chicken [[xacuti]] are cooked for major occasions amongst the Catholics. [[Sanna (dish)|Sannas]] are relished. A rich egg-based, multi-layered sweet dish known as [[bebinca]] is a favourite at Christmas. {{Lang|pt|Rissóis de camarão}}, beef croquettes, fried mussels and semolina prawns are favourite starters.{{Citation needed|date=January 2013}}

The most popular alcoholic beverage in Goa and enjoyed in Colvá is [[Feni (liquor)|feni]]. Cashew feni is made from the fermentation of the fruit of the cashew tree, while coconut feni is made from the sap of toddy palms. The people also drink wine, especially on feast days.

== Subdivisions & Government ==
'''Panchayat:''' The office of the village panchayat of Colva administers the area covering Colva, Sernabatim, Vanelim & Gandaulim. [[File:Comunidade de Colva.png|140px|thumb|left|Office of the Comunidade de Colvá]] The areas are then uniquely identified by wards or bairros such as Bairro 1 (1st ward), Bairro 2 (2nd ward), Bairro 3 (3rd ward), Bairro 4 (4th ward).
'''Comunidades:''' The office or Casa de Sessōes for the comunidades of Colva, Sernabatim, Vanelim, Canã and Gandaulim are located in the premises of Our Lady of Mercy Church (Igreja de Nossa Senhora das Mercês) in Colva. Prior to this (current) office space allocation, the sessions were held at the ancestral homes of the Gancars of Colvá.

'''Police station:''' The Colva police station has a jurisdiction covering the entire coastal belt of Salcete from Majorda to Cavelossim <ref>{{Cite web |title=Colva police station short-staffed |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/The-Sunday-Roundtable/colva-police-station-shortstaffed/50946 |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref> and operates from a rented home.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Colva police continue to operate from old, crammed house |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/colva-police-continue-to-operate-from-old-crammed-house/35385.html |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref>

==Prominent individuals of Colvá origin and roots==
===Medical===
* Dr. João Roiz Pereira, Medical doctor and Gancar of Colluá.
* Dr. Aniceto Aleixo do Rosário Roiz, Medico e Regedor Substituto de Colluá.
* Dr. António Cândido Ponciano de São José Rodrigues, Medical doctor.
* Dr. José Luís Marcos da Silva Pereira, Physician and Director of Provedoria.
* Dr. Umesh S. Panandikar, Medical doctor.
* Dr. Trevor Leo Rodrigues, DVM, veterinarian, Founder of Aloha Veterinary Center at Hawaii.

===Religious===
* Deão. Padre. Martinho António Fernandes, Judge of the Pontifical Section of the Appeal, Master Synodal Examiner, Vice-President of the Junta da Bulla de Santa Cruz, former procurator of the General Council of the Province.
* Padre. António João Ignácio Santimano, Cavaleiro da Ordem de Christo, Muito Reverendo.
* Padre. Tomás das Mercês do Rosário Roiz, Coadjutor da Igreja de Colvá.
* Bishop. Rev. Fr. Agnelo Rufino Gracias, Apostolic Administrator.
* Rev. Fr. Arsenio Lucio Fernandes, Founding Manager of ''[[Vauraddeancho Ixtt|Vaurddeancho Ixtt]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vauraddeancho Ixtt in service of Konkani language for 90 years |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Vauraddeancho-Ixtt-in-service-of-Konkani-language-for-90-years/198391 |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref>
* Msgr. Padre. José Ornelas Orta e Costa Machado, Monsignor.

===Legal & Administration===
* Juiz. Adv. D. Lourenço Roiz dos Mártyres, Administrator of the Comunidades of Salcete.
* Juiz. D. Lourenço Mariano do Rosário Roiz, Presidente da Igreja de Collua (Colvá), Presidente da Junta. (Chairman of Board)
* Adv. Martinho António Fernandes, Administrator of the Comunidades of Salcete.
* Juiz. Adv. Francisco de Assiz Fernandes, Member of the General Board of the Union and Councilman elected by the Municipal Council of Salcette. Judge in the Portuguese colony of Macao, Chairman of the Salcette voter registration commission.
* Adv. D. Luís João Baptista do Rosário Roiz, Tesoureiro de Colluá.
* Adv. D. Sebastião José Roiz, Regedor de Colluá.
* Adv. Roque Ambrosio de Menino Jesus Fernandes, Regedor de Colluá.
* João Menino do Rosário Rodrigues, Tesoureiro da Igreja de Colvá.
* Juiz. Adv. Crisanto de Menino Jesus Fernandes, Judge in Goa courts.

===Political, Activism and Forces===
* D. Justo Felicissimo Mariano Ferreira do Rosário Roiz, Alferes das Milicias.
* Dr. Luís António Francisco Proto Barbosa, Ex Chief Minister of Goa.
* Emidio Francisco Lamberto Mascarenhas, aka [[Lambert Mascarenhas]], Journalist, Activist & Writer. Padma Shri in 2015.
* António Lourenço Mariano Ernestino do Rosário Rodrigues. Portuguese forces.

===Literature, Poets and Musicians===
* Bernardino Jacinto Francisco Mesquita, Poet, Play-write & Song writer<ref>{{Cite web |title=19 AUG HERALD PUBLICATIONS PVT LTD by Herald Publications - Issuu |url=https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/19_aug |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=issuu.com |language=en}}</ref>
* Anthony D. Diniz, Musician, Composer, Music Teacher
* José Venâncio Machado, author of Fama de Menino Jesus de Colvá

===Science, Engineering & Technology===
* Prof. Dr. Bernard Felinov Rodrigues, Professor and Scientist of Cytogenetics, Plant Breeding, Mycorrhizae and Reclamation of mine wastelands.
* Prof. Dr. Engr. Shaun José Rodrigues, Fellow, CEng, Engineering professor, technologist, inventor and scientific consultant.

===Other===
* Mrs. Iva Fernandes, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Officer<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top FDA official Iva transferred |url=https://www.thegoan.net//top-fda-official-iva-transferred/53021.html |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref>
* Prof. Isidoro Wolfango Gaspar Pascoal Boulais Aviano Jesus das Mercês da Costa

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Menino Jesus of Colvá.png|Statue of Menino Jesus at Our Lady of Merces Church, Colvá
File:Infant Jesus High School Colva.png|Infant Jesus High School Colvá, Built 1962
File:Mural of the Legend of Menino Jesus.png|Mural of the legend of Menino Jesus
File:Mural of Jesuit Martyrs of Cuncolim 1583.png|Mural of the Jesuit Martyrs of Cuncolim 1583
File:Members of the Confraria in procession.png|Members of the Confraria in Easter Procession
File:Fields in Colva.png|Cows grazing in the fields of Colvá
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Diogo Rodrigues]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Colva}}
{{Wikivoyage|Colva}}
* [https://www.instagram.com/colvachronicles/ Colva Chronicles] on Instagram
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121125110122/http://goacentral.com/Goabeaches/colva.htm "GoaCentral.Com - Colva Beach"]
* [http://www.goatourism.gov.in/festivals/christian-festivals/197-colva-fama "Colva Fama"] at GoaTourism.gov.in
* [http://indiatourism.ws/goa/colva/ Colva Photographs, 2012]

{{Localities in and around Margao}}

[[Category:Villages in South Goa district]]
[[Category:Comunidades of Goa]]
[[Category:Beaches of South Goa district]]
[[Category:Beaches of Goa]]

Colva - Revision history

imported>Rentangan: fixed markup