imported>Vampyrik: Changed mention of bird "gender" to "sex" as the former does not refer to a biological concept applicable to non-human animals

2024-12-18T09:11:23Z

Changed mention of bird "gender" to "sex" as the former does not refer to a biological concept applicable to non-human animals

New page

{{short description|Species of hummingbird}}
{{speciesbox
| name = Collared inca
| image = Collared inca (Coeligena torquata torquata) male in flight Caldas.jpg
| image_caption = male ''C. t. torquata'', Colombia
| image2 = Collared inca (Coeligena torquata torquata) female Cundinamarca.jpg
| image2_caption = female ''C. t. torquata'', Colombia
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{Cite journal | author = BirdLife International | title = Collared Inca ''Coeligena torquata'' | journal = [[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume = 2016 | page = e.T22726720A94930361 | publisher = [[IUCN]] | date = 2016 | url = https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22726720/94930361 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22726720A94930361.en | access-date = 1 February 2023| doi-access = free }}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A2
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref>
| genus = Coeligena
| species = torquata
| authority = ([[Auguste Boissonneau|Boissonneau]], 1840)
| range_map = Coeligena torquata map.svg
}}

The '''collared inca''' ('''''Coeligena torquata''''') is a [[species]] of [[hummingbird]] found in humid [[Andean]] [[forests]] from western [[Venezuela]] through [[Colombia]] and [[Ecuador]] to [[Peru]]. It is very distinctive in having a white chest-patch and white on the tail. Like other hummingbirds it takes energy from [[flower]] [[nectar]] (especially from [[bromeliads]]), while the [[plant]] benefits from the [[symbiotic relationship]] by being [[pollinated]]. Its [[protein]] source is small [[arthropods]] such as [[insects]]. It is normally [[wikt:solitary|solitary]] and can be found at varying heights above the ground, often in the open.<ref name="ecuador"/>

==Taxonomy==

The collared inca is a member of [[subfamily]] [[Lesbiinae]], the so-called "typical hummingbirds", of [[family (biology)|family]] [[Trochilidae]]. The family is placed by some taxonomic systems in the [[order (biology)|order]] [[Apodiformes]], which contains [[Swift (bird)|swifts]] as well as hummingbirds. Others assign hummingbirds and swifts to order [[Caprimulgiformes]].<ref name=SACClist>Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 30 January 2023. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved January 30, 2023</ref><ref name=IOC13.1>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/hummingbirds/ |title=Hummingbirds |website=IOC World Bird List |version =v 13.1 |editor-last1=Gill |editor-first1= F. |editor-last2=Donsker|editor-first2=D.|editor-last3=Rasmussen |editor-first3=P. |date=January 2023 |access-date=January 30, 2023 }}</ref><ref name=Clements2022>Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2022. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2022. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ retrieved November 10, 2022</ref><ref name=HBW7>HBW and BirdLife International (2022) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 7. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v7_Dec22.zip retrieved December 13, 2022</ref>

===Subspecies===

Collared incas found in different parts of their range tend to have certain [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] features characteristic of that region, and are considered separate [[subspecies]]. The species' taxonomy is unsettled.

The [[International Ornithological Committee]] (IOC) and the [[Clements taxonomy]] recognize these five subspecies:<ref name=IOC13.1/><ref name=Clements2022/><ref name="peru">{{cite book|last=Schulenberg|first= T.|last2=Stotz |first2=D.|last3=Lane|first3= D.|last4=O'Neill|first4= J.|last5=Parker|first5= T.|year= 2007|title=Birds of Peru|edition= revised and updated|publisher= Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, New Jersey}}</ref><ref name="restall"/>

* ''C. t. torquata'' ([[Auguste Boissonneau|Boissonneau]], 1840) – Colombia, east slope of Andes in Ecuador, and part of Peru.
* ''C. t. fulgidigula'' ([[John Gould|Gould]], 1854) – West slope in Ecuador. Greener than typical. Patch on male's forehead shimmering blue. Male's chin metallic turquoise.
* ''C. t. margaretae'' [[John T. Zimmer|Zimmer, J.T.]], 1948 – Central [[Amazonas (Peruvian department)|Amazonas Region]] of Peru to the [[Pasco Region]] of Peru. Two-part (shimmering green and blue) forehead patch in male. Female has white and green-spotted chin.
* ''C. t. insectivora'' ([[Johann Jakob von Tschudi|Tschudi]], 1844) – Pasco Region to the [[Ayacucho Region]] of Peru.
* ''C. t. eisenmanni'' Weske, 1985 – Within a relatively small area to the northwest of [[Cusco]], Peru. Both sexes have some coppery uppertail coverts. Male has black head except for crown. Female has rufous chin.

The South American Classification Committee of the [[American Ornithological Society]] (SACC) includes three additional subspecies: ''C. t. conradii'' ([[Jules Bourcier|Bourcier]], 1847), ''C. t. omissa'' (Zimmer, J.T., 1948), and ''C. t. inca'' (Gould, 1852).<ref name=SACClist/> The IOC and Clements treat ''conradii'' as the species [[green inca]] and the other two as [[Gould's inca]].<ref name=IOC13.1/><ref name=Clements2022/> [[BirdLife International]]'s ''[[Handbook of the Birds of the World]]'' (HBW) recognizes the green inca and Gould's inca, and in addition separates ''C. t. eisenmanni'' as the species Vilcabamba inca.<ref name=HBW7/> The SACC is seeking proposals for recognizing these taxa as species.<ref name=SACClist/>

<gallery mode = packed heights = 180px>
Collared inca (Coeligena torquata torquata) male Caldas.jpg|male ''C. t. torquata'' Colombia
Collared Inca.jpg|female ''C. t. fulgidigula'' Ecuador
</gallery>

==Description==
{{convert|10|-|14|cm|in}} in length, with a rather long ({{convert|3|–|3.5|cm}}), straight, black [[beak]]. Under most lighting conditions ''Coeligena torquata torquata'' appears black except for a very large and distinctive white chest-patch. However, in ideal lighting other features can be discerned: a shimmering metallic violet forehead patch in males, white thighs, fleshy-dusky feet, shimmering green throat in males, dull and containing some white in females, and some dark green mixed in with the black of the body. The tail of both sexes is black except for white on the [[Basal (anatomy)|basal]] half of the outer four [[rectrices]], and part of the underside. The female is slightly lighter green overall than the male and has a slightly smaller chest-patch<ref name="ecuador">{{cite book|last=Greenfield|first=P.|last2= Ridgely |first2=R.|year= 2001|title=The Birds of Ecuador|publisher= Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca, New York}}</ref><ref name="restall">{{cite book|last=Restall|first= R.|last2= Rodner|first2= C.|last3= Lentino |first3=M.|year= 2006|title=Birds of Northern South America: An Identification Guide|publisher=A&C Black |location=London}}</ref>

Vocalizations are infrequent. Quiet, low-pitched, reedy whistle "tu-tee." Longer series of "pip... pip..." Very quiet spitting sound when [[foraging]].<ref name="restall"/>

==Distribution and habitat==
Humid subtropical and [[temperate forest]] regions, including [[cloud forests]] on both slopes of the Andes from Venezuela to Bolivia between {{convert|1800|m}} and {{convert|3000|m}}, usually above {{convert|2100|m|ft}} in Ecuador.<ref name="ecuador"/><ref name="peru"/> It typically forages below half the height of the [[Canopy (biology)|canopy]], and can most often be found around [[thicket]]s near the forest edge.<ref name="ecuador"/><ref name="restall"/>

It is fairly common throughout most of its range.<ref name="ecuador"/><ref name="peru"/> No reasons for concern have been claimed.

==Behavior==

===Diet===
Like other hummingbirds, the collared inca obtains most of its energy from nectar, which it drinks while it in turn pollinates the flower, and feeds on [[insects]] and other small insect-like arthropods as a source of protein.<ref name="restall"/> It seems to prefer epiphytes.<ref name="ecuador"/> It is a solitary [[trap-lining|trap-liner]], meaning that it forages alone by flying a routine route between several flowers.<ref name="restall"/>

===Breeding===
Two single females of other ''Coeligena'' species have been observed caring for two offspring each. The nests were {{convert|1|–|2|m|ft}} above ground, about {{convert|7|cm|in}} tall and wide, with an interior cup about {{convert|3|cm|in}} deep and wide, and were composed of seed down and other materials. The eggs were completely white and measured about 1.5x1 cm. The mother visited once or twice every hour, to feed the young for a period of 9–55 seconds.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Dyrcz|first= A.|last2=Greeney |first2=H. |year=2008|title= Observations on the Breeding Biology of Bronzy Inca (''Coeligena coeligena'') in Northeastern Ecuador|journal=Ornitologia Neotropical|volume= 19|pages=565–571}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Greeney|first= H.|last2= Nunnery |first2=T.|title=Notes on the breeding of north-west Ecuadorian birds|journal=Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club|year=2006|volume=126|issue=1|pages=38–45}}</ref>

==Status==

The [[IUCN]] has assessed the collared inca as being of Least Concern. It has a large range but its population size is not known and is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified.<ref name=IUCN/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20020123153227/http://www.bird-stamps.org/cspecies/8622500.htm Stamps]}} (for [[Ecuador]]) with RangeMap
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927091900/http://www.tropicalbirding.com/images/collinca.jpg Photo-Med Res]; [https://web.archive.org/web/20070808003425/http://www.tropicalbirding.com/tripReports/TR_SEcuador.html Article]
*[http://vireo.acnatsci.org/search.html?Form=Search&SEARCHBY=Common&KEYWORDS=collared+inca&showwhat=images&AGE=All&SEX=All&ACT=All&Search=Search&VIEW=All&ORIENTATION=All&RESULTS=24 Collared inca photo gallery] VIREO



{{Taxonbar|from=Q645799}}

[[Category:Coeligena|collared inca]]
[[Category:Birds of the Northern Andes]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1840|collared inca]]

Collared inca - Revision history

imported>Vampyrik: Changed mention of bird "gender" to "sex" as the former does not refer to a biological concept applicable to non-human animals