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{{Infobox film
| name = Clean Pastures
| image = Clean Pastures title card.png
| caption = ''Clean Pastures'' title card
| director = [[Friz Freleng|I. Freleng]]
| story =
| animator = [[Paul Smith (animator)|Paul Smith]] [[Phil Monroe]]
| starring = [[Ben Carter (actor)|Ben Carter]] [[Lillian Randolph]] William Days Paul Taylor's Sportsmen Basin Street Boys [[Mel Blanc]]<ref>{{Cite book |title=Cartoon Voices from the Golden Age, 1930-70 |last=Scott |first=Keith |publisher=BearManor Media |year=2022 |isbn=979-8-88771-010-5 |pages=23–24}}</ref>
| music = [[Carl W. Stalling]] The Four Blackbirds
| producer = [[Leon Schlesinger]]
| distributor = [[Warner Bros.]] [[Vitaphone]]
| released = {{Film date|1937|05|22|USA}}
| color_process = [[Technicolor]]
| runtime = 7 min (one reel)
| language = [[English language|English]]
}}

'''''Clean Pastures''''' is a 1937 [[Warner Bros.]] ''[[Merrie Melodies]]'' cartoon directed by [[Friz Freleng]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Beck |first1=Jerry |last2=Friedwald |first2=Will |title=Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies: A Complete Illustrated Guide to the Warner Bros. Cartoons |date=1989 |publisher=Henry Holt and Co |isbn=0-8050-0894-2 |page=57}}</ref> The short was released on May 22, 1937.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lenburg |first1=Jeff |title=The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons |date=1999 |publisher=Checkmark Books |isbn=0-8160-3831-7 |access-date=6 June 2020 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780816038312/page/104/mode/2up |pages=104–106}}</ref> The cartoon gets the title from the [[Warner Bros.]]' 1936 film ''[[The Green Pastures (film)|The Green Pastures]]''.

==Plot==
''Clean Pastures'' opens in [[Harlem]], [[New York City]], where African American caricatures gamble, drink, and dance in a sea of bars, clubs, and dancing girls. In Heaven, known as "Pair-O-Dice", a black [[Saint Peter]] reads the headline, "Pair-O-Dice Preferred Hits New Low As Hades Inc. Soars". The angel rings an angelic [[Stepin Fetchit]] with enormous lips<ref name="Goldmark 94">Goldmark 94.</ref><ref name="Weisenfeld 79">Weisenfeld 79.</ref>—probably a reference to [[Oscar Polk]]'s performance as [[Gabriel]] in ''The Green Pastures''—<ref name="Weisenfeld 80">Weisenfeld 80.</ref> and orders him to rectify the situation. Gabriel descends to Harlem and stands by a sign (modeled after [[James Montgomery Flagg]]'s World War I [[Uncle Sam]] poster)<ref name="Weisenfeld 79"/> that reads, "Pair-O-Dice Needs You! Opportunity, Travel, Good Food, Water Melon, Clean Living, Music, Talkies". Nevertheless, the denizens of Harlem continue with their iniquity.

[[File:Swing for Sale.ogg|thumb|left|An excerpt of the song "Swing for Sale", as featured in the cartoon ''[[Have You Got Any Castles]]''.]]
[[File:Stepin Fetchit wants you.png|thumb|right|An angelic caricature of [[Stepin Fetchit]] tries to recruit souls for Pair-O-Dice using a pastiche of [[James Montgomery Flagg]]'s World War I army recruitment poster.]]
Angels, caricatures of [[jazz]] performers [[Louis Armstrong]], [[Cab Calloway]], [[Fats Waller]], [[The Mills Brothers]], and [[Jimmie Lunceford]], tell Saint Peter that to get people to paradise he will need "rhythm".<ref name="Goldmark 94"/><ref>Goldmark 186, note 41.</ref> (The short's credits list no voice actors, but a member of the all-black jazz group the [[Four Blackbirds]] —possibly Leroy Hurt—provides the cartoon's celebrity impressions.)<ref name="Goldmark 186 note 44">Goldmark 186, note 44.</ref> The musicians go to Harlem and break into a performance of "[[Swing for Sale]]", and the Harlemites flock to listen. The film's climax takes on the characteristics of "a [[revival meeting|revivalist camp meeting]]" as the band makes its way to Pair-O-Dice, and people follow them in droves.<ref>Goldmark 95–6.</ref> The newcomers receive their halos, and in the cartoon's final gag, the Devil himself asks to be admitted.

''Clean Pastures'' is a [[musical film]], which means that it shifts between musical and non-musical sections, both of which are integral to the story.<ref>Goldmark 93.</ref> [[Carl Stalling]]'s musical score makes use of both public-domain music and songs owned by Warner Bros. Stalling's music "supplies both the foundation for the story and the driving force behind the animation." Music is of such importance that characters in ''Clean Pastures'' dance about even when no performers are pictured.<ref name="Goldmark 97"/> The all-black jazz group the Four Blackbirds performs the backing vocals for these songs.<ref name="Goldmark 186 note 44"/>

A choir of a cappella, black male voices opens the cartoon with "Save Me, Sister, from Temptation", a song from the 1936 Warner Bros. film ''[[The Singing Kid]]'' featuring [[Al Jolson]]. Thus, Stalling establishes one of the cartoon's themes, that sinners may be redeemed, from the opening credits. As the scene shifts to Harlem, the jazz standard "[[Sweet Georgia Brown]]" accompanies the bevy of African American vices. Caricatures of [[Bill Robinson|Bill "Bojangles" Robinson]] and Al Jolson perform snippets of the [[blackface]] tunes "[[Old Folks at Home]]" and "[[I Love to Singa]]". However, the short's major number is "[[Swing for Sale]]", performed by caricatures of popular black jazz performers. The short ends with a jazzed-up version of [[James A. Bland]]'s minstrel spiritual "[[O Dem Golden Slippers|Oh! Dem Golden Slippers]]".<ref name="Goldmark 94"/>

==Critical reception==
Black critics in the 1930s wrote about the play and film ''The Green Pastures'', but they were silent on its animated parody. Weisenfeld speculates that this is because animated cartoons were not seen as significant at the time.<ref name="Weisenfeld 80"/> Modern critics of ''Clean Pastures'' fault the film for its stereotypical depictions of black culture. Cultural studies scholar William Anthony Nericcio sees the film as representative of a pattern in the works of Friz Freleng, who also produced such stereotype-ridden films as ''[[Jungle Jitters]]'', ''[[Goldilocks and the Jivin' Bears]]'', and the [[Speedy Gonzales]] cartoons.<ref>Nericcio 136.</ref> Lindvall and Fraser are more forgiving and call the cartoon "playful", "light", and "mischievous".<ref name="Lindvall and Fraser 129">Lindvall and Fraser 129.</ref>

Daniel Goldmark alleges that the film is a burlesque of black religion and culture in its portrayal of Pair-O-Dice as "heavenly Harlem shops and singing choirs".<ref name="Goldmark 96">Goldmark 96.</ref> In his interpretation, the film's use of rhythm is a metaphor for faith. This demonstrates white Americans' placement of jazz alongside religion and "the unfettered expressions of emotion associated with it" as aspects of African American culture. The cartoon implies that jazz cannot be replaced in the black psyche, as the musicians in the film must appropriate jazz, not compete with it, to draw Harlemites to Pair-O-Dice.<ref>Goldmark 95.</ref> The mortal characters are given no information about why Pair-O-Dice is better than Harlem, but the upbeat music is enough to lure them there. Even the Devil himself takes the bait.<ref name="Goldmark 96"/> In the end, the film reaffirms the vision of Paradise from ''The Green Pastures'', with its "perpetual Negro holiday [and] everlasting weekend fish fry."<ref>Donald Bogle, quoted in Goldmark 96.</ref>

On the other hand, Judith Weisenfeld sees ''Clean Pastures'' as an explicit rejection of Connelly's fish fry. Instead, she argues that the short is a metaphor for the replacement of one generation of African American performers and stereotypes for a new one as the result of African Americans moving to urban areas.<ref name="Weisenfeld 80"/> In contrast to ''The Green Pastures'' and its portrayal of rural black culture, the cartoon is set in a solidly urban framework. ''Clean Pastures'' replaces stereotypes of [[Watermelon stereotype|black watermelon eaters]] and chicken stealers with black dancers, drinkers, and gamblers.<ref name="Weisenfeld 79"/> Old-style black stereotypes are represented by the Stepin Fetchit angel and his recruitment sign, which promises delights that only appeal to rural black stereotypes. Yet even Bill "Bojangles" Robinson and Al Jolson, who built their careers on blackface depictions of rural blacks, reject Fetchit's plea for souls and opt for the Kotton Klub nightclub.<ref>Weisenfeld 79–80.</ref> The angelic jazz performers represent new, urban black culture. Through their rendition of "Swing for Sale", the souls of the Harlemites are saved, and the cartoon makes the point that the African American culture of the period was increasingly urban culture, and by extension, that the black Heaven is an urban, Northern place.<ref name="Weisenfeld 80"/> Lindvall and Fraser take a similar view, seeing the cartoon as part of the Warner directors' transition from stereotyping blacks as "rural bumpkins" to featuring them as "urban hepcat[s]".<ref name="Lindvall and Fraser 129"/>

[[File:Clean Pastures black caricatures.png|thumb|right|Jazz-performing angels use rhythm to lead the souls of Harlemites to heaven. Freleng's choice to caricature [[Cab Calloway]], [[Fats Waller]], and [[Louis Armstrong]] shows the crossover appeal of those performers among white audiences in the 1930s.]]
Goldmark and Weisenfeld agree that the film's portrayal of black culture is a negative one. Goldmark criticizes the film's implication that certain kinds of black music or black performers are better than others. He interprets the short's jazzy finale, which juxtaposes contemporary popular jazz with a traditional African American [[spiritual (music)|spiritual]], as representative of this theme:

<blockquote>Furthermore, placing the creators of "good" hot jazz in heaven suggests that certain types of black music are better than others: "hot" music made in such places as Harlem would lead to debauchery and eventually to Hades, Inc. Only through the noble efforts of famous black musicians could souls be turned to a better direction.<ref name="Goldmark 96"/></blockquote>

Contemporary black commentators argued that to white audiences, Connelly's ''The Green Pastures'' simply reinforced the notion that black people presented a danger that needed to be contained. Weisenfeld argues that this is also the case with Freleng's parody. To white viewers in the 1930s, the film's implication that blacks care for nothing but gambling, drinking, and dancing only reinforces notions of the dangers posed by urban blacks.<ref name="Weisenfeld 80"/> According to Goldmark, the choice of performers caricatured is telling; that Armstrong and Calloway are depicted as angels indicates that their crossover appeal was strong enough among whites that white audiences would not have felt threatened by the notion that they were angels in Heaven.<ref name="Goldmark 96"/> Weisenfeld notes that by focusing the narrative on Saint Peter and his Stepin Fetchit underling, the animators ducked the potential offense white audiences might have felt upon seeing a black God.<ref name="Weisenfeld 79"/>

==Notes==
{{essay-like|section|date=September 2024}}
*Many Hollywood cartoons from the 1930s are based on feature films.<ref>Weisenfeld 266, note 92.</ref> Therefore, it was only natural for [[Leon Schlesinger]]'s cartoon studio to parody the 1936 Warner Bros. musical film ''[[The Green Pastures (film)|The Green Pastures]]'', itself an adaptation of a play by [[Marc Connelly]] which won the [[Pulitzer Prize for Drama]] in 1930. ''The Green Pastures'' features an all-black cast and proved a success for Warner Bros., despite generating controversy.<ref>Goldmark 93–4.</ref> Animator [[Friz Freleng]] had directed the short ''[[Sunday Go to Meetin' Time]]'' in 1936. The cartoon lampoons African American religious beliefs to the backdrop of jazz music<ref name="Weisenfeld 266">Weisenfeld 266, note 95.</ref> and tells the story of a rural black man who shirks church on Sunday in favor of worldly pastimes and finds himself in Hell as a result.<ref>Lindvall and Frasier 128.</ref> ''Clean Pastures'' was thus keeping with his past work. Freleng even reuses animation of a jitterbugging couple from the ''Sunday Go to Meetin' Time'' in ''Clean Pastures''. The short's use of caricatures of famous performers was in the same vein as such Freleng films as ''[[At Your Service Madame]]'' and ''[[The Coo-Coo Nut Grove]]''.<ref>Maltin 238.</ref>
*Schlesinger and Warner Bros. had problems with ''Clean Pastures'' from the start. Hollywood censors alleged that the film ran afoul of the Hays [[Production Code]] because it burlesqued religion. Later commentators surmise that the censors also objected to the portrayal of a Heaven run by African Americans.
:*Modern critics have been no kinder to the film and cite its portrayal of black characters as offensive and reliant on negative stereotypes. Musicologist Daniel Goldmark interprets the film as a send-up of black religion and culture and the increasing identification of 1930s white audiences of [[jazz]] music with black culture. Religion scholar [[Judith Weisenfeld]] sees ''Clean Pastures'' as a metaphor for the replacement of rural, [[minstrel show]] stereotypes of blacks for modern, urban ones Warner Bros. had trouble distributing the film. In an interview for ''[[Look (American magazine)|Look]]'' magazine, producer Leon Schlesinger complained that ''Clean Pastures'' gave him more trouble with Hollywood censors than any live-action film.<ref name="Cohen 29">Quoted in Cohen 29.</ref> Censor Joseph I. Breen alleged that the cartoon violated the Hays [[Production Code]], a set of rules for the content of American films, because it burlesqued religion. In a letter to Schlesinger, Breen complained about the scenes set in a parodic Heaven known as "Pair-O-Dice" and said, "I am certain that such scenes would give serious offense to many people in all parts of the world."<ref>Breen, Joseph I. Letter to Leon Schlesinger. Quoted in Barrier, Michael (1999). ''Hollywood Cartoons: American Animation in Its Golden Age''. Quoted in Goldmark 97.</ref> Authorities also requested that Schlesinger remove the halo from one of the black characters.<ref name="Cohen 29"/> The letter does not specify to what exactly Breen objected, but musicologist Daniel Goldmark speculates that it was the idea of Heaven being run by blacks and the cartoon's implication that Heaven holds a place for "gamblers, dancers, drinkers, and, above all else, jazz fans", making it "even more threatening to white viewers."<ref name="Goldmark 97">Goldmark 97.</ref> Schlesinger managed to quell the censors by making alterations, such as cutting the phrase "De Lawd".<ref name="Cohen 29"/> The short debuted in theatres on May 22, 1937. ''[[Tin Pan Alley Cats]]'', a 1943 cartoon directed by [[Bob Clampett]], was inspired in part by ''Clean Pastures'' and has a similar theme of redemption.<ref name="Goldmark 97"/>
*Because of the [[ethnic stereotyping|racial stereotypes]] used against [[African-American|black people]] throughout the short, it prompted [[United Artists]] to withhold it from [[Broadcast syndication|syndication]] within the United States in 1968. As such, the short was placed into the so-called [[Censored Eleven]], a group of eleven ''Merrie Melodies'' and ''Looney Tunes'' shorts withheld from television distribution in the United States since 1968 due to heavy stereotyping of black people.<ref>The Straight Dope.</ref> ''The Green Pastures'', on the other hand, is still in distribution.<ref name="Weisenfeld 266"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Cohen, Karl F. (2004). ''Forbidden Animation: Censored Cartoons and Blacklisted Animators in America''. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. {{ISBN|0-7864-2032-4}}.
*Goldmark, Daniel (2005). ''Tunes for 'Toons: Music and the Hollywood Cartoon''. Berkeley: University of California Press. {{ISBN|0-520-23617-3}}.
*Lindvall, Terry, and Ben Fraser (1998). "Darker Shades of Animation: African-American Images in Warner Bros. Cartoons". ''Reading the Rabbit: Explorations in Warner Bros. Animation''. Rutgers University Press. {{ISBN|0-8135-2538-1}}.
*{{Not a typo|Landler}}, Mark (September 23, 1995). "[https://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/23/us/turner-to-merge-into-time-warner-a-7.5-billion-deal.html Turner to Merge into Time Warner; a $7.5 Billion Deal]", ''The New York Times''. Accessed July 4, 2008.
*Maltin, Leonard (1987). ''Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated Cartoons, Revised and Updated Edition''. Plume. {{ISBN|0-452-25993-2}}.
*Nericcio, William Anthony (2007). ''Tex{t}-Mex: Seductive Hallucinations of the "Mexican" in America''. Austin: University of Texas Press. {{ISBN|0-292-71457-2}}.
*Straight Dope Science Advisory Board (February 5, 2002). "[http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/mbannedbugs.html Did Bugs Bunny appear in a racist cartoon during World War II?]" [[The Straight Dope]]. Accessed June 21, 2007.
*Weisenfeld, Judith (2007). ''Hollywood Be They Name: African American Religion in American Film, 1929–1949''. Berkeley: University of California Press. {{ISBN|0-520-25100-8}}.

==See also==
*''[[Hazbin Hotel]]'', a 21st-century animated musical series with a similar premise about redeeming sinners into Heaven

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0028724|title=Clean Pastures}}
* [https://archive.org/download/ClassicRareAndCensoredCartoons/052237CleanPasturesMm.mp4 ''Clean Pastures'' on the Internet Archive]
* [https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x98fju ''Clean Pastures'' on the DailyMotion dot com]
{{Friz Freleng}}
{{Censored Eleven}}

[[Category:1930s English-language films]]
[[Category:1930s parody films]]
[[Category:1930s Warner Bros. animated short films]]
[[Category:1937 musical comedy films]]
[[Category:African-American musical comedy films]]
[[Category:Animated films set in Manhattan]]
[[Category:Animation based on real people]]
[[Category:Censored Eleven]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Al Jolson]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Cab Calloway]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Fats Waller]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Louis Armstrong]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Saint Peter]]
[[Category:Films about angels]]
[[Category:Films set in Harlem]]
[[Category:Films set in heaven]]
[[Category:Films scored by Carl Stalling]]
[[Category:Merrie Melodies short films]]
[[Category:Short films directed by Friz Freleng]]
[[Category:The Devil in film]]
[[Category:Vitaphone short films]]
[[Category:English-language comedy short films]]
[[Category:English-language musical comedy films]]
[[Category:1937 animated short films]]
[[Category:American musical short films]]

Clean Pastures - Revision history

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