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{{short description|Species of plant}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Chrysocephalum semipapposum.jpg
|genus = Chrysocephalum
|species = semipapposum
|subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
|subdivision = See text
|authority = ([[Labill.]]) [[Steetz]]<ref>{{APNI | name =''Chrysocephalum semipapposum'' | id = 13668 }}</ref>
|synonyms = ''Gnaphalium semipapposum'' Labill. 
''Helichrysum abrotaniforme'' Gand. 
''Helichrysum adonidiforme'' Gand. 
''Helichrysum ciliatum'' DC. 
''Helichrysum hirtoviscosum'' Gand. 
''Helichrysum maidenii'' Gand. 
''Helichrysum porrectum'' Gand. 
''Helichrysum readeri'' Gand. 
''Helichrysum sarcodes'' Gand.
''Helichrysum semipapposum'' (Labill.) DC. 
''Helichrysum squarrulosum'' DC. 
''Helichrysum sulcaticaule'' Gand. 
''Helichrysum tasmanicum'' Gand. 
''Helichrysum waitzioides'' (Diels) Domin
}}

'''''Chrysocephalum semipapposum''''', commonly known as '''clustered everlasting''' is a [[perennial]] [[shrub]] native to Australia. Clustered everlasting belongs to the family [[Asteraceae]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=P.G. |title=A taxonomic treatment of Chrysocephalum apiculatum and C. semipapposum (Asteraceae: Gnaphaliae) |journal=Nuytsia |date=2016 |volume=27 |pages=33–73 |doi=10.58828/nuy00750 |url=https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/nuytsia/article/750 |access-date=25 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=VicFlora |url=https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/599ebb54-e248-4758-a45c-965b802f66ff |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria |access-date=25 November 2020}}</ref><ref name=Everett/> ''C. semipapposum'' produces terminal flowers heads in clusters, mainly between spring and early summer<ref name=Everett/> with silver-grey appearing stems and branches. It grows up to 40 cm high and 60 cm high, although there have been some varieties which can grow up to 1 m. ''C. semipapposum'' is often confused with ''[[Chrysocephalum apiculatum]]'' or 'yellow buttons', due to their similar appearances. ''C. semipapposum'' has 4 different subspecies, however they lack distinctive qualities and are often hard to identify. ''C. semipapposum'' is [[endemic]] to Australia and can be found in multiple states, most notably within Victoria. The plant is found in a variety of habitats including dry rocky regions.<ref name="Everett">{{NSW Flora Online|author= Everett, J. |genus=Chrysocephalum |species=semipapposum }}</ref> Clustered everlasting often grows sparsely and is rarely found in abundance and can be mistaken for a weed. Clustered everlasting has many uses, including as a source of nectar for butterflies, cut flowers or as an addition to a garden.

== Description ==
''Chrysocephalum semipapposum'' is a perennial<ref name="Wearne">{{cite journal | last1=Wearne | first1=Lynise J. | last2=Morgan | first2=John W. | title=Community-level changes in Australian subalpine vegetation following invasion by the non-native shrub Cytisus scoparius | journal=Journal of Vegetation Science | volume=15 | issue=5 | date=2004 | issn=1100-9233 | doi=10.1111/j.1654-1103.2004.tb02301.x | pages=595–604}}</ref><ref name="Grasslands">{{cite web |website=Grasslands |title=Clustered Everlasting |accessdate=20 March 2021|url=https://grasslands.ecolinc.vic.edu.au/fieldguide/flora/clustered-everlasting#details}}</ref> herbaceous shrub,<ref name="Wearne" /> which is highly variable.<ref name="Allen">{{cite report |last1=Allen |first1=A.D. |last2=Slater |first2=A.T. |date=November 1994 |title=Selection and Evaluation of Ozothamnus obcordatus and Chrysocephalum semipapposum as cut flowers |publisher=Institute For Horticultural Development |url=https://aff.org.au/wp-content/uploads/SlaterAllen_rice_flowers_final.pdf}}</ref> Generally, the erect shrub is 15–60 cm high, and is sprawling in nature, with its width up to 40 cm.<ref name="Wearne" /> Despite this general 60 cm height cap, there have been forms of ''Chrysocephalum semipapposum'' found up to 1 metre tall.<ref name="Allen" />
''Chrysocephalum semipapposum'' can be sometimes mistaken for a weed.<ref name="Grasslands" />

=== Morphology ===

==== Inflorescence ====

The floral display of the ''Chrysocephalum semipapposum'' is a [[corymb]],<ref name="Allen" /> or a cluster of flowers that form a flat head<ref>{{cite encyclopedia| last1=Martin | first1=Elizabeth | last2=Hine | first2=Robert | encyclopedia=A Dictionary of Biology | publisher=Oxford University Press | date=2008-01-01 | isbn=978-0-19-920462-5 |title=corymb|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199204625.001.0001/acref-9780199204625-e-1046 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> and can be up to 10 cm in diameter.<ref name="Allen" /> The corymb of the Chrysocephalum semipapposum contains 70 capitula,<ref name="Allen" /> or flowering shoots which gives the appearance of a single flower.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia| last1=Martin | first1=Elizabeth | last2=Hine | first2=Robert | encyclopedia=A Dictionary of Biology | publisher=Oxford University Press | date=2008-01-01 | isbn=978-0-19-920462-5 |title=capitulum|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199204625.001.0001/acref-9780199204625-e-656 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The colour of the capitula can occur from a lemon shade to a common orange shade.<ref name="Allen" /> These flower heads are compact clusters<ref name="Everett" /> and are surrounded by [[bracts]]. Bracts are an adapted leaf which surrounds the flower<ref>{{cite encyclopedia| last1=Martin | first1=Elizabeth | last2=Hine | first2=Robert | encyclopedia=A Dictionary of Biology | publisher=Oxford University Press | date=2008-01-01 | isbn=978-0-19-920462-5 |title=bract|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199204625.001.0001/acref-9780199204625-e-584 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> with a woolly grey appearance.<ref name="Everett" />

==== Stems ====

These corymbs are found on leafy branches,<ref name="Everett" /> which give a silver-grey appearance.<ref name="Allen" /> This appearance is due to silky glandular hairs which covers the stems and foliage of ''Chrysocephalum semipapposum''.<ref name="Allen" /> The slender and erect<ref name="Wilson">{{cite journal |last=Wilson |first=P.G. |date=May 13, 2016 |title=A taxonomic treatment of Chrysocephalum apiculatum and C. semipapposum (Asteraceae: Gnaphalieae) |journal=Nuytsia |volume=27 |pages=33–73 |doi=10.58828/nuy00750 |url=https://library.dbca.wa.gov.au/static/Journals/080057/080057-27.004.pdf}}</ref> stems grow from the base of the plant.<ref name="Greening">{{cite web |website=Greening Australia |title=Chrysocephalum semipapposum fact sheet |accessdate=17 March 2021 |url=https://www.greeningaustralia.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/FACT-SHEET_Chrysocephalum-semipapposum.pdf}}</ref> The leaves are linear in shape<ref name="Everett" /><ref name="Allen" /> and are 0.2–5 cm long and 1-2mm wide.<ref name="Everett" /> The leaves decrease in size towards the tip of the stem<ref name="Allen" /> and can end in a sharp or a long, drawn-out point. The leaves are flat and are denser towards to bottom of the plant.<ref name="Everett" />
The upright stems grow from the base of the plant.<ref name="Greening" />

==== Fruit ====

''Chrysocephalum semipapposum'' produces a fruit or [[achene]] which does not have to open to bear its seeds.<ref name="Everett" /> This fruit is found within the dried-out flower heads, and many fruits grow within each flower head.<ref name="Murray">{{cite book |last=Murray |first=R. |year=2006 |title=Seed collection of Australian native plants : for revegetation, tree planting and direct seeding |edition=2nd |location=Richmond, Vic |publisher=Bushland Horticulture}}</ref> The fruits have pappus bristles, which appear as a feathery attachment.<ref name="Everett" /><ref name="Murray" /> The fruit is white and yellow.<ref name="Everett" />
''Chrysocephalum semipapposum'' has both bisexual and female flowers<ref name="Everett" />

==== Rhizomes ====

''Chrysocephalum semipapposum'' is a rhizomatous herb.<ref name="Wilson" /> A [[rhizome]] is a usually horizontal underground stem.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia| last1=Martin | first1=Elizabeth | last2=Hine | first2=Robert | encyclopedia=A Dictionary of Biology | publisher=Oxford University Press | date=2008-01-01 | isbn=978-0-19-920462-5 |title=rhizome|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199204625.001.0001/acref-9780199204625-e-3871 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The rhizome produces shoots, which grow from the top of the stem.<ref name="Rhizome">{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Rhizome|accessdate=May 30, 2021}}</ref> Rhizomes are different from the roots of a plant. They can be distinguished through the appearance of buds and nodes on rhizomes.<ref name="Rhizome" /> Rhizomes can produce roots, which occur on the bottom of the horizontal subterranean stems.<ref name="Rhizome" /> Rhizomes can live for several years and persist in the soil after they die.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Wildová | first1=Radka | last2=Wild | first2=Jan | last3=Herben | first3=Tomáš | title=Fine-Scale Dynamics of Rhizomes in a Grassland Community | journal=Ecography | publisher=[Nordic Society Oikos, Wiley] | volume=30 | issue=2 | year=2007 | issn=1600-0587 | jstor=30243217 | pages=264–276 | doi=10.1111/j.0906-7590.2007.04756.x | bibcode=2007Ecogr..30..264W | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/30243217| url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==== ''Chrysocephalum apiculatum'' similarities ====
[[File:Chrysocephalum Apiculatum for sale.jpg|thumb|Photograph of ''Chrysocephalum apiculatum'' available for sale at a garden centre.]]
''Chrysocephalum apiculatum'' is similar in appearance to the ''Chrysocephalum semipapposum''. The common names of these plants are often used interchangeably in both professional and recreational settings.<ref name="Grasslands" /><ref name="Wilson" /> The [[inflorescence]], or [[flower]], of ''Chrysocephalum semipapposum'' is similar in physical appearance to ''[[Chrysocephalum apiculatum]]'' which causes confusion when identifying the plant. However, ''Chrysocephalum apiculatum'' is a taller plant<ref name="Grasslands" /> and has the possibility to be single stemmed or multi-stemmed, where ''Chrysocephalum semipapposum'' is only multi-stemmed.<ref name="Wilson" /> ''C. apiculatum'' may also have a loose to compact flowerhead, where ''C. semipapposum'' has compact flowerhead.<ref name="Wilson" /> ''Chrysocephalum apiculatum'' is distributed across all Australian states.<ref name="Meredith" /> ''C. apiculatum'' also has numerous named subspecies.<ref name="Wilson" /> These factors could attribute to the higher notability of ''C. apiculatum'' than ''C. semipapposum''.

== Taxonomy ==

''Chrysocephalum semipapposum''<ref name="ipni.org">{{IPNI |taxon=Chrysocephalum semipapposum |authority=(Labill.) Steetz, Plantae Preissianae |date=1845|id=75156-3 |accessdate=4 May 2021}}</ref> is a part of the [[Asteraceae]] family, commonly known as [[Asteraceae|daisies]], under the ''Chrysocephalum'' genus.<ref name="Everett" /><ref name="Grasslands" /><ref name="Jeanes">{{cite book |last=Jeanes |first=J.A. |year=1999 |chapter=Chrysocephalum semipapposum |editor-last1=Walsh |editor-first1=N.G. |editor-last2=Entwisle |editor-first2=T.J. |title=Flora of Victoria |volume=4, Cornaceae to Asteraceae |publisher=Inkata Press |location=Melbourne}}</ref> The Asteraceae family is classified through the following characteristics. The family is made up of shrubs or herbaceous plants.<ref name="ANBG">{{cite web |website=Australian National Botanic Gardens |year=2019 |title=Family Asteraceae. |accessdate= 26 May 2021 |url=https://www.anbg.gov.au/PLANTFAM/AUST1F.HTM}}</ref> The plants may be annual or perennial<ref name="ANBG" /><ref name="Nakano">{{cite book |last=Nakano |first=M. |year=2020 |title=Red Seal Landscape Horticulturist Identify Plants and Plant Requirements |publisher=Kwantlen Polytechnic University |isbn=978-1-989864-01-2 |url=https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/plant-identification/}}</ref> and the flower heads contain complicated [[inflorescence]] which are surrounded by bracts.<ref name="ANBG" /><ref name="Nakano" />

''Chrysocephalum semipapposum'' is a part of the [[Gnaphalieae]] tribe, which is one of the larger tribes within the Asteraceae family.<ref name="Wilson" /><ref name="Smissen">{{cite journal | last1=Smissen | first1=Rob D. | last2=Bayer | first2=Randall J. | last3=Bergh | first3=Nicola G. | last4=Breitwieser | first4=Ilse | last5=Freire | first5=Susana E. | last6=Galbany-Casals | first6=Mercè | last7=Schmidt-Lebuhn | first7=Alexander N. | last8=Ward | first8=Josephine M. | title=A revised subtribal classification of Gnaphalieae (Asteraceae) | journal=Taxon | volume=69 | issue=4 | date=2020 | issn=0040-0262 | doi=10.1002/tax.12294 | pages=778–806| s2cid=225193372 }}</ref> This tribe has a long history of taxonomic changes, resulting in many taxonomic changes for Chrysocephalum semipapposum.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Bayer | first1=Randall J. | last2=Greber | first2=David G. | last3=Bagnall | first3=Neil H. | title=Phylogeny of Australian Gnaphalieae (Asteraceae) Based on Chloroplast and Nuclear Sequences, the trnL Intron, trnL/trnF Intergenic Spacer, matK, and ETS | journal=Systematic Botany | publisher=American Society of Plant Taxonomists | volume=27 | issue=4 | year=2002 | issn=1548-2324 | jstor=3093925 | pages=801–814 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/3093925}}</ref><ref name="Smissen" />

''Chrysocephalum semipapposum'' is formerly known as ''Helichrysum semipapposum''.<ref name="Grasslands" /><ref name="Wilson" /> Helichrysum was historically very broad and included a wide range of plant species.<ref name="Schmidt">{{cite journal | last1=Schmidt-Lebuhn | first1=Alexander N. | last2=Bruhl | first2=Jeremy J. | last3=Telford | first3=Ian R.H. | last4=Wilson | first4=Paul G. | title=Phylogenetic relationships of Coronidium, Xerochrysum and several neglected Australian species of "Helichrysum" (Asteraceae: Gnaphalieae) | journal=Taxon | publisher=Wiley | volume=64 | issue=1 | year=2015 | issn=1996-8175 | jstor=24639247 | pages=96–109 | doi=10.12705/641.5 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24639247| url-access=subscription }}</ref> The wide defining characteristics made the genus polyphyletic.<ref name="Schmidt" /> A polyphyletic genus refers to a group of organisms which are derived from more than one ancestor and are not suitable to be placed in the same taxon.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia| last1=Martin | first1=Elizabeth | last2=Hine | first2=Robert | encyclopedia=A Dictionary of Biology | publisher=Oxford University Press | date=2008-01-01 | isbn=978-0-19-920462-5 |title=polyphyletic |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199204625.001.0001/acref-9780199204625-e-3530 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The [[Helichrysum]] genus has been reassessed by botanist Arne Anderberg to apply to African and Eurasian plants.<ref name="Grasslands" /><ref name="Schmidt" /> Similar Australian plants have been reclassified to the ''Chrysocephalum'' genus.<ref name="Grasslands" />

The word chrysocephalum derives from Greek origins. Chryso translates to golden, and cephalus translates to headed,<ref name="Meredith">{{cite web |last=Meredith |first=L.D. |date=1986 |title=Chrysocephalum apiculatum |website=Australian National Herbarium |accessdate=17 March 2021 |url= https://www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/gnp13/chrysocephalum-apiculatum.html#:~:text=Chrysocephalum%20%2D%20from%20Greek%2C%20chryso%20%2D,Plant%20Name%20Index%20(APNI)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |website=Friends of Black Hill and Morialta INC |title=Chrysocephalum sp. in Black Hill, Morialta and Horsnell Gully Conservation Parks |accessdate=16 March 2021 |url=https://www.fobhm.org/chrysocephalum.htm}}</ref> referring to the appearance of the compact flowers.

=== Variation ===

''Chrysocephalum semipapposum'' has 5 subspecies.<ref name="Wilson" /><ref name="Jeanes" /><ref>{{cite powo |title=Chrysocephalum semipapposum (Labill.) |accessdate=17 May 2021 |id=193871-1}}</ref>
These subspecies are determined by both morphological features or physical attributes and location in which these varieties are found.<ref name="Wilson" /> C. semipapposum has historically been taxonomically difficult<ref name="Jeanes" /> and the subspecies have similar variations which cause overlap. Because of these similar attributes, the subspecies are broad based and do not have specific infraspecific or scientific names.<ref name="Wilson" />

=== Subspecies ===

The subspecies of ''C. semipapposum'' have been defined by [[Paul G. Wilson]].<ref name="Wilson" /> Wilson has made significant contributions in botanical taxonomy.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Marchant |first=N. G. |year=1998 |title=Dedication to Paul Graham Wilson |journal=Nuytsia |volume=12 |page=161 |doi=10.58828/nuy00290 |s2cid=257678854 |accessdate=26 May 2021 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/226456#page/5/mode/1up}}</ref> His work is accepted by the [[International Plant Names Index]] and has botanical authority.<ref name="ipni.org"/>

==== ''Chrysocephalum semipapposum'' subsp. ''semipapposum'' ====

''Chrysocephalum semipapposum'' subsp. ''semipapposum'' is an aromatic perennial herb.<ref name="Wilson" /> This sub-species has [[sericeous]] stems, or stems which are covered in fine hair.<ref name="Wilson" /> The leaves are narrow and evenly spread along these stems.<ref name="Wilson" /> This variety is found in New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria and Tasmania.<ref name="Wilson" />

==== ''Chrysocephalum semipapposum'' subsp. ''lineare'' ====

This variety grows up to 80 cm high, with slender stems and narrow or linear leaves.<ref name="Wilson" /> This sub-species is generally woolly all over.<ref name="Wilson" /> It can also either have no bristles or have one bristle on the female florets.<ref name="Wilson" />
This subspecies is found in southern Eastern New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria and Tasmania.<ref name="Wilson" /><ref>{{cite powo |title=Chrysocephalum semipapposum subsp. lineare Paul G.Wilson |accessdate=17 May 2021 |id=77160697-1}}</ref>
Occurs in numerous habitats.<ref name="Wilson" />
Growth cycle: December to February.<ref name="Wilson" />
This sub-species has substantial variation.<ref name="Wilson" /> Due to this variation the sub-species has overlap with both subsp. semipapposum and subsp. asperum.<ref name="Wilson" />

==== ''Chrysocephalum semipapposum'' subsp. ''brevifolium'' ====

''Chrysocephalum semipapposum'' subsp. ''brevifolium'' grows up to 50 cm high.<ref name="Wilson" /> It has slender sparsely cottony stems with thick but narrow leaves 2–3 cm long at the top of the plant and 2–6 cm long at the base of the plant.<ref name="Wilson" /> The female florets generally have five bristles.<ref name="Wilson" />
This subspecies is found in eastern New South Wales, central and south-eastern South Australia, and central and eastern Victoria.<ref name="Wilson" /><ref>{{cite powo |title=Chrysocephalum semipapposum subsp. brevifolium (sond) Paul G.Wilson |accessdate=17 May 2021 |id=77160698-1}}</ref>

====''Chrysocephalum semipapposum'' subsp. ''asperum'' ====

''Chrysocephalum semipapposum'' subsp. ''asperum'' grows up to 90 cm high.<ref name="Wilson" /> The stems have minimal hair, and the leaves grow up to 7 cm long.<ref name="Wilson" />
This subspecies occurs in eastern New South Wales, eastern Victoria, south-east Queensland and north-eastern Tasmania.<ref name="Wilson" /><ref>{{cite powo |title=Chrysocephalum semipapposum subsp. asperum (steetz) Paul G.Wilson |accessdate=17 May 2021 |id=77160699-1}}</ref>

====''Chrysocephalum semipapposum'' subsp. ''occidentale'' ====

This subspecies has been found to grow from 40 to 120 cm high with slender erect stems and cottony leaves which are scattered along the stems.<ref name="Wilson" />
This subspecies is found in south-western Western Australia.<ref name="Wilson" /><ref>{{cite powo |title=Chrysocephalum semipapposum subsp. occidentale (benth.) Paul G.Wilson |accessdate=17 May 2021 |id=77160700-1}}</ref>

== Distribution and habitat ==

''Chrysocephalum semipapposum'' is a native shrub to Australia.<ref name="Jeanes" /> ''C. semipapposum'' varieties have been found in most Australian states, including New South Wales, South Australia, Queensland and Tasmania however C. semipapposum has been most notably found within Victoria.<ref name="Wearne" /><ref name="Grasslands" /><ref name="Wilson" /><ref name="Jeanes" /><ref name="Davison">{{cite web |last1=Davison |first1=S. |last2=Lambert |first2=P. |title=Clustered Everlasting. |website=Indigenous Plants for Ballarat Gardens |url=https://federation.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/486924/IPBG19_08_G_Chrysocephalum-semipapposum.pdf}}</ref>

''Chrysocephalum semipapposum'' occurs in a variety of habitats.<ref name="Wearne" /> These habitats include woodland hills,<ref>{{cite report |last1=Caddy-Retalic |first1=S.|last2=Leitch |first2=E. J.|last3=Wardle |first3=G. M.|last4=Lowe |first4=A. J. |year=2018 |title=An overview of the TREND |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345158498}}</ref> grassland hills, mountains or isolated rocky rises.<ref name="Everett" /> They are rarely found in large groups and are most commonly found as scattered individual shrubs.<ref name="Grasslands" />
''C. semipapposum'' can grow in a variety of soils and is a tough plant which can withstand drought.<ref name="Grasslands" />

== Ecology ==

The flowering season of ''C. semipapposum'' occurs from September until December, mainly throughout spring and summer.<ref name="Allen" /><ref name="Greening" /><ref name="Jeanes" /> ''C. semipapposum'' is a tough shrub<ref name="Davison" /> and natural disturbances, such as fires promote growth and flowering.<ref name="Jeanes" />
The nectar produced by the clustered everlasting flowers are a source of food for butterflies.<ref name="Grasslands" /> The plant itself is minimally used as a food option for grazing animals.<ref name="Greening" /> Chrysocephalum semipapposum will only be eaten as a last resort, when there are limited food sources available.<ref name="Greening" />

Growth may be impacted by lower light, producing leggy growth. The growth can also be impacted by the invasion of non-native plants.<ref name="Wearne" />

''Chrysocephalum semipapposum'' was found to inhibit the process of [[nitrification]] in the [[rhizosphere]], when compared to non-rhizosphere soil.<ref name="nitrification">{{cite journal | last1=Chowdhury | first1=Saikat | last2=Thangarajan | first2=Ramya | last3=Bolan | first3=Nanthi | last4=O'Reilly-Wapstra | first4=Julianne | last5=Kunhikrishnan | first5=Anitha | last6=Naidu | first6=Ravi | title=Nitrification potential in the rhizosphere of Australian native vegetation | journal=Soil Research | volume=55 | issue=1 | date=2017 | issn=1838-675X | doi=10.1071/SR16116 | page=58}}</ref> The rhizosphere is the soil surrounding the plants roots.<ref name="Rhizosphere">{{cite encyclopedia| last1=Martin | first1=Elizabeth | last2=Hine | first2=Robert | encyclopedia=A Dictionary of Biology | publisher=Oxford University Press | date=2008-01-01 | isbn=978-0-19-920462-5 |title=rhizosphere |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199204625.001.0001/acref-9780199204625-e-6449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Nitrification is the process which transforms the compound ammonium, which is relatively soil bound, into nitrate.<ref name="nitrification" /><ref>{{cite book | last=Alexander | first=Martin | title=Agronomy Monographs | chapter=Nitrification | publisher=American Society of Agronomy | publication-place=Madison, WI, USA | date=2015-10-26 | isbn=978-0-89118-205-4 | doi=10.2134/agronmonogr10.c8 | pages=307–343}}</ref> Nitrate is more mobile, and has the ability to get lost in the surrounding environment.<ref name="nitrification" /> Nitrification can cause negative impacts on the environment.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bernhard |first=A. |year=2010 |title=The Nitrogen Cycle: Processes, Players, and Human Impact. |journal=Nature Education Knowledge |volume=3 |issue=10 |page=25 |url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/the-nitrogen-cycle-processes-players-and-human-15644632/}}</ref> High levels of nitrogen in the environment can cause toxic algae blooms, [[biodiversity loss]] and can contribute to greenhouse gas emissions.<ref name="soil">{{cite journal | last1=Beeckman | first1=Fabian | last2=Motte | first2=Hans | last3=Beeckman | first3=Tom | title=Nitrification in agricultural soils: impact, actors and mitigation | journal=Current Opinion in Biotechnology | volume=50 | date=2018 | doi=10.1016/j.copbio.2018.01.014 | pages=166–173| pmid=29414056 }}</ref> Nitrification can also lose up to 50% of nitrogen for the plant.<ref name="soil" /> This compound is very important in the creation of plant proteins and stimulating growth within the plant.<ref name="nitrification" /> The rhizosphere has a great impact to the plants ability to take in nutrients, which is integral to the health and growth of the plant.<ref name="Rhizosphere" /><ref name="nitrification" /> The ability of ''C. semipapposum'' to inhibit the process of nitrification is closely related to the lower amount of ammonia oxidising bacteria (AOB) found in the rhizosphere.<ref name="nitrification" /> Further research is needed to evaluate the exact mechanisms found in ''C. semipapposum'' which contribute to the inhibition of nitrification.<ref name="nitrification" />

== Uses ==

The toughness<ref name="Davison" /> of the clustered everlasting allows it to be used as a ground-covering in residential gardens.<ref name="Greening" /><ref name="Davison" /> Clustered everlasting can also be used to keep weeds out.<ref name="Davison" /> It is easy to care for due to its drought tolerance and frost resistance.<ref name="Grasslands" /><ref name="Greening" /> Growing conditions include part shade to full sun, and a dry or well-drained soil.<ref name="Davison" /><ref name="Greening" /> It can handle heavy clay, loam or sand based soils.<ref>{{cite web |website=Mallee Native Plants Nursery |date=2009 |title=Chrysocephalum semipapposum (Clustered Everlasting) |accessdate=26 May 2021 |url= https://www.malleenativeplants.com.au/chrysocephalum-semipapposum-clustered-everlasting/#:~:text=This%20plant%20is%20hardy%20in,heavy%20clay%2C%20loams%20and%20sand.}}</ref><ref name="Smith">{{cite web |last=Smith |first=A. |date=2021 |title= Communities: Chrysocephalum semipapposum |website=Understory Network |accessdate=26 May 2021 |url=http://www.understorey-network.org.au/communities.html?species=Chrysocephalum%20semipapposum}}</ref> If dried out, regular pruning down to the base of the stem can promote growth in the next season.<ref name="Greening" />

The seed viability for ''C. semipapposum'' is higher or equal to 80%,<ref name="Wearne" /> and can also be easily propagated.<ref name="Greening" /> Propagation can occur through taking cuttings of a pre-existing plant and placing them within a mist bed.<ref name="Allen" /> [[Germination]] can occur under both light, part shade and dark conditions.<ref name="Wearne" /> However, lower light availability may produce thin and underdeveloped seedlings and leggy growth.<ref name="Wearne" /> Germination may also be impacted by insect activity<ref name="Greening" /> Germination time ranges from 2–4 weeks.<ref name="Smith" />

Clustered everlasting can also be used as a cut flower in floral arrangements.<ref name="Allen" /> Clustered everlasting has a vase life of 7–14 days<ref name="Allen" /> making it ideal as a flower filler. The bright yellow flowers will also complement the flower market.<ref name="Jones">{{cite journal | last1=Slater | first1=A.T. | last2=Jones | first2=R.B. | last3=Horlock | first3=F. | last4=Henderson | first4=B. | last5=Faragher | first5=J.D. | last6=Beardsell | first6=D.V. | title=Development of New Wildflower Crops in Victoria | journal=Acta Horticulturae | issue=454 | date=1998 | issn=0567-7572 | doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.1998.454.10 | pages=99–104}}</ref>
C. Semipapposum can also be used in dried floral arrangements.<ref name="Jones" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q5114723}}

[[Category:Gnaphalieae]]
[[Category:Asterales of Australia]]
[[Category:Flora of New South Wales]]
[[Category:Flora of the Northern Territory]]
[[Category:Flora of Queensland]]
[[Category:Flora of South Australia]]
[[Category:Flora of Tasmania]]
[[Category:Flora of Victoria (state)]]
[[Category:Eudicots of Western Australia]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1806]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Jacques Labillardière]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Joachim Steetz]]

Chrysocephalum semipapposum - Revision history

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