Chinese classifier - Revision history

http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Chinese_classifier Chinese classifier - Revision history 2026-06-10T00:20:21Z Revision history for this page on the wiki MediaWiki 1.43.1 http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=Chinese_classifier&diff=4667901&oldid=prev imported>Kamenûk: /* Count-classifiers and mass-classifiers */ 2025-11-08T20:00:28Z

<p><span class="autocomment">Count-classifiers and mass-classifiers</span></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Previous revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 20:00, 8 November 2025</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l149">Line 149:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 149:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Furthermore, count-classifiers cannot be used with [[mass noun]]s: just as an English speaker cannot ordinarily say *"five muds", a Chinese speaker cannot say</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Furthermore, count-classifiers cannot be used with [[mass noun]]s: just as an English speaker cannot ordinarily say *"five muds", a Chinese speaker cannot say</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{fs interlinear|lang=zh|indent=2|* 五 {{uline|个}} 泥|{} wǔ {{uline|ge}} <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">nì</del>|{} five {{uline|CL}} mud|}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{fs interlinear|lang=zh|indent=2|* 五 {{uline|个}} 泥|{} wǔ {{uline|ge}} <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ní</ins>|{} five {{uline|CL}} mud|}}</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>For such mass nouns, one must use ''mass-classifiers''.<ref name=Zhang44/><ref group=note>Mass-classifiers have also been called "measure words", "massifiers" {{Harv|Cheng|Sybesma|1998|p=3}}, "non-individual classifiers" {{Harv|Chao|1968|p=509}}, and "quantifying classifiers" ({{Harvnb|Zhang|2007|p=45}}; {{Harvnb|Hu|1993|p=10}}). The term "mass-classifier" is used in this article to avoid ambiguous usage of the term "measure word", which is often used in everyday speech to refer to both count-classifiers and mass-classifiers, even though in technical usage it only means mass-classifiers {{Harv|Li|2000|p=1116}}.</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>For such mass nouns, one must use ''mass-classifiers''.<ref name=Zhang44/><ref group=note>Mass-classifiers have also been called "measure words", "massifiers" {{Harv|Cheng|Sybesma|1998|p=3}}, "non-individual classifiers" {{Harv|Chao|1968|p=509}}, and "quantifying classifiers" ({{Harvnb|Zhang|2007|p=45}}; {{Harvnb|Hu|1993|p=10}}). The term "mass-classifier" is used in this article to avoid ambiguous usage of the term "measure word", which is often used in everyday speech to refer to both count-classifiers and mass-classifiers, even though in technical usage it only means mass-classifiers {{Harv|Li|2000|p=1116}}.</ref></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l179">Line 179:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 179:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>All languages, including English, have mass-classifiers, but count-classifiers are unique to certain "classifier languages", and are not a part of English grammar apart from a few exceptional cases such as head of livestock.<ref name=Tai3Allan285-6/></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>All languages, including English, have mass-classifiers, but count-classifiers are unique to certain "classifier languages", and are not a part of English grammar apart from a few exceptional cases such as head of livestock.<ref name=Tai3Allan285-6/></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Within the range of mass-classifiers, authors have proposed subdivisions based on the manner in which a mass-classifier organizes the noun into countable units. One of these is ''measurement units'' (also called "standard measures"),<ref name=Ahrensn3>{{Harvnb|Ahrens|1994|p=239, note 3}}</ref> which all languages must have in order to measure items; this category includes units such as kilometers, liters, or pounds<ref name=LiThomp105Zhang44Erbaughn5>{{Harvnb|Li|Thompson|1981|p=105}}; {{Harvnb|Zhang|2007|p=44}}; {{Harvnb|Erbaugh|1986|p=118, note 5}}</ref> (see [[List of Chinese classifiers#Measurement units|list]]). Like other classifiers, these can also stand without a noun.<ref name=LiThomp105-7>{{Harvnb|Li|Thompson|1981|pp=105–107}}</ref> Units of currency behave similarly.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Within the range of mass-classifiers, authors have proposed subdivisions based on the manner in which a mass-classifier organizes the noun into countable units. One of these is ''measurement units'' (also called "standard measures"),<ref name=Ahrensn3>{{Harvnb|Ahrens|1994|p=239, note 3}}</ref> which all languages must have in order to measure items; this category includes units such as kilometers, liters, or pounds<ref name=LiThomp105Zhang44Erbaughn5>{{Harvnb|Li|Thompson|1981|p=105}}; {{Harvnb|Zhang|2007|p=44}}; {{Harvnb|Erbaugh|1986|p=118, note 5}}</ref> (<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>see [[List of Chinese classifiers#Measurement units|<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the </ins>list]]<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>). Like other classifiers, these can also stand without a noun.<ref name=LiThomp105-7>{{Harvnb|Li|Thompson|1981|pp=105–107}}</ref> Units of currency behave similarly.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{| {{table}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{| {{table}}</div></td></tr> </table>

imported>Kamenûk http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=Chinese_classifier&diff=1694770&oldid=prev imported>TheYutong at 02:35, 28 June 2025 2025-06-28T02:35:01Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Previous revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 02:35, 28 June 2025</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l299">Line 299:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 299:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Neutralization===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Neutralization===</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In addition to the numerous "specific" count-classifiers described above,<ref group=note>Also called "sortal classifiers" ({{Harvnb|Erbaugh|2000|p=33}}; {{Harvnb|Biq|2002|p=531}}).</ref> Chinese has a ''general classifier'' {{lang|zh|个}} ({{lang|zh|個}}), pronounced {{Transliteration|zh|gè}} in Standard Chinese.<ref group=note>Kathleen Ahrens claimed in 1994 that the classifier for animals—{{lang|zh|只}} ({{lang|zh|隻}}), pronounced {{Transliteration|zh|zhī}} in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Stamdard </del>Chinese and {{lang|nan-Latn|chiah}} in [[Taiwanese Hokkien]]—is in the process of becoming a second general classifier in the Mandarin spoken in [[Taiwan]], and already is used as the general classifier in Taiwanese itself {{Harv|Ahrens|1994|p=206}}.</ref> This classifier is used for people, some abstract concepts, and other words that do not have special classifiers (such as {{zhi|c=汉堡包}} {{Transliteration|zh|hànbǎobāo}} 'hamburger'),<ref name=Hu12>{{Harvnb|Hu|1993|p=12}}</ref> and may also be used as a replacement for a specific classifier such as {{lang|zh|张}}&nbsp;({{lang|zh-Hant-TW|2=張}})&nbsp;{{Transliteration|zh|zhāng}} or {{lang|zh|条}}&nbsp;({{lang|zh-Hant-TW|2=條}})&nbsp;{{Transliteration|zh|tiáo}}, especially in informal speech. In Mandarin Chinese, it has been noted as early as the 1940s that the use of {{lang|zh|个}} is increasing and that there is a general tendency towards replacing specific classifiers with it.<ref name=Tzeng193>{{Harvnb|Tzeng|Chen|Hung|1991|p=193}}</ref> Numerous studies have reported that both adults and children tend to use {{lang|zh|个}} when they do not know the appropriate count-classifier, and even when they do but are speaking quickly or informally.<ref name=Zhang57>{{Harvnb|Zhang|2007|p=57}}</ref> The replacement of a specific classifier with the general {{lang|zh|个}} is known as classifier ''neutralization''<ref name=Ahrens212>{{Harvnb|Ahrens|1994|p=212}}</ref> ({{lang|zh|量词个化}} in Chinese, literally 'classifier {{zhi|c=个}}-ization'<ref name=He165>{{Harvnb|He|2001|p=165}}</ref>). This occurs especially often among children<ref name=ErbaughHu>{{Harvnb|Erbaugh|1986}}; {{Harvnb|Hu|1993}}</ref> and [[Aphasia|aphasics]] (individuals with damage to language-relevant areas of the brain),<ref name=Ahrens227-32>{{Harvnb|Ahrens|1994|pp=227–32}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Tzeng|Chen|Hung|1991}}</ref> although normal speakers also neutralize frequently. It has been reported that most speakers know the appropriate classifiers for the words they are using and believe, when asked, that those classifiers are obligatory, but nevertheless use {{lang|zh|个}} without even realizing it in actual speech.<ref name=Erbaugh404-6Ahrens202-3>{{Harvnb|Erbaugh|1986|pp=404–406}}; {{Harvnb|Ahrens|1994|pp=202–203}}</ref> As a result, in everyday spoken Mandarin the general classifier is "hundreds of times more frequent"<ref name=Erbaugh404-6>{{Harvnb|Erbaugh|1986|pp=404–406}}</ref> than the specialized ones.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In addition to the numerous "specific" count-classifiers described above,<ref group=note>Also called "sortal classifiers" ({{Harvnb|Erbaugh|2000|p=33}}; {{Harvnb|Biq|2002|p=531}}).</ref> Chinese has a ''general classifier'' {{lang|zh|个}} ({{lang|zh|個}}), pronounced {{Transliteration|zh|gè}} in Standard Chinese.<ref group=note>Kathleen Ahrens claimed in 1994 that the classifier for animals—{{lang|zh|只}} ({{lang|zh|隻}}), pronounced {{Transliteration|zh|zhī}} in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Standard </ins>Chinese and {{lang|nan-Latn|chiah}} in [[Taiwanese Hokkien]]—is in the process of becoming a second general classifier in the Mandarin spoken in [[Taiwan]], and already is used as the general classifier in Taiwanese itself {{Harv|Ahrens|1994|p=206}}.</ref> This classifier is used for people, some abstract concepts, and other words that do not have special classifiers (such as {{zhi|c=汉堡包}} {{Transliteration|zh|hànbǎobāo}} 'hamburger'),<ref name=Hu12>{{Harvnb|Hu|1993|p=12}}</ref> and may also be used as a replacement for a specific classifier such as {{lang|zh|张}}&nbsp;({{lang|zh-Hant-TW|2=張}})&nbsp;{{Transliteration|zh|zhāng}} or {{lang|zh|条}}&nbsp;({{lang|zh-Hant-TW|2=條}})&nbsp;{{Transliteration|zh|tiáo}}, especially in informal speech. In Mandarin Chinese, it has been noted as early as the 1940s that the use of {{lang|zh|个}} is increasing and that there is a general tendency towards replacing specific classifiers with it.<ref name=Tzeng193>{{Harvnb|Tzeng|Chen|Hung|1991|p=193}}</ref> Numerous studies have reported that both adults and children tend to use {{lang|zh|个}} when they do not know the appropriate count-classifier, and even when they do but are speaking quickly or informally.<ref name=Zhang57>{{Harvnb|Zhang|2007|p=57}}</ref> The replacement of a specific classifier with the general {{lang|zh|个}} is known as classifier ''neutralization''<ref name=Ahrens212>{{Harvnb|Ahrens|1994|p=212}}</ref> ({{lang|zh|量词个化}} in Chinese, literally 'classifier {{zhi|c=个}}-ization'<ref name=He165>{{Harvnb|He|2001|p=165}}</ref>). This occurs especially often among children<ref name=ErbaughHu>{{Harvnb|Erbaugh|1986}}; {{Harvnb|Hu|1993}}</ref> and [[Aphasia|aphasics]] (individuals with damage to language-relevant areas of the brain),<ref name=Ahrens227-32>{{Harvnb|Ahrens|1994|pp=227–32}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Tzeng|Chen|Hung|1991}}</ref> although normal speakers also neutralize frequently. It has been reported that most speakers know the appropriate classifiers for the words they are using and believe, when asked, that those classifiers are obligatory, but nevertheless use {{lang|zh|个}} without even realizing it in actual speech.<ref name=Erbaugh404-6Ahrens202-3>{{Harvnb|Erbaugh|1986|pp=404–406}}; {{Harvnb|Ahrens|1994|pp=202–203}}</ref> As a result, in everyday spoken Mandarin the general classifier is "hundreds of times more frequent"<ref name=Erbaugh404-6>{{Harvnb|Erbaugh|1986|pp=404–406}}</ref> than the specialized ones.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Nevertheless, {{lang|zh|个}} has not completely replaced other count-classifiers, and there are still many situations in which it would be inappropriate to substitute it for the required specific classifier.<ref name=Tzeng193/> There may be specific patterns behind which classifier-noun pairs may be "neutralized" to use the general classifier, and which may not. Specifically, words that are most prototypical for their categories, such as ''paper'' for the category of nouns taking the 'flat{{\}}square' classifier {{lang|zh|张}}&nbsp;({{lang|zh-Hant-TW|2=張}})&nbsp;{{Transliteration|zh|zhāng}}, may be less likely to be said with a general classifier.<ref name=Ahrensall>{{Harvnb|Ahrens|1994}}</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Nevertheless, {{lang|zh|个}} has not completely replaced other count-classifiers, and there are still many situations in which it would be inappropriate to substitute it for the required specific classifier.<ref name=Tzeng193/> There may be specific patterns behind which classifier-noun pairs may be "neutralized" to use the general classifier, and which may not. Specifically, words that are most prototypical for their categories, such as ''paper'' for the category of nouns taking the 'flat{{\}}square' classifier {{lang|zh|张}}&nbsp;({{lang|zh-Hant-TW|2=張}})&nbsp;{{Transliteration|zh|zhāng}}, may be less likely to be said with a general classifier.<ref name=Ahrensall>{{Harvnb|Ahrens|1994}}</ref></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l418">Line 418:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 418:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*{{cite journal | last=Zhang | first=Hong | year=2007 | title=Numeral classifiers in Mandarin Chinese | journal=Journal of East Asian Linguistics | volume=16 | pages=43–59 | doi=10.1007/s10831-006-9006-9| s2cid=121440461 }}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*{{cite journal | last=Zhang | first=Hong | year=2007 | title=Numeral classifiers in Mandarin Chinese | journal=Journal of East Asian Linguistics | volume=16 | pages=43–59 | doi=10.1007/s10831-006-9006-9| s2cid=121440461 }}</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{refend}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{refend}}</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Further reading==</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* {{cite book |last=Li |first=XuPing |title=Numeral Classifiers in Chinese: The Syntax–Semantics Interface |publisher=De Gruyter |series=Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs |volume=250 |date=2013 |isbn=978-3-11-028763-9 |doi=10.1515/9783110289336 |url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110289336/html |url-access=subscription}}</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* {{cite book |editor-last=Xu |editor-first=Dan |title=Plurality and Classifiers Across Languages in China: |publisher=De Gruyter |series=Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs |volume=255 |date=2012 |isbn=978-3-11-029382-1 |doi=10.1515/9783110293982 |url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110293982/html |url-access=subscription}}</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* {{cite book |last=Zhang |first=Niina  Ning |title=Classifier Structures in Mandarin Chinese |publisher=De Gruyter |series=Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs |volume=263 |date=2013 |isbn=978-3-11-030374-2 |doi=10.1515/9783110304992 |url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110304992/html |url-access=subscription}}</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==External links==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==External links==</div></td></tr> </table>

imported>TheYutong http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=Chinese_classifier&diff=196949&oldid=prev imported>PrimeBOT: Task 24: template replacement following an RFD 2025-05-04T17:48:12Z

<p><a href="/wiki143/index.php?title=User:PrimeBOT/24&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="User:PrimeBOT/24 (page does not exist)">Task 24</a>: template replacement following <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redirects_for_discussion/Log/2025_April_12#translation_redirects" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2025 April 12">an RFD</a></p> <a href="http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=Chinese_classifier&diff=196949">Show changes</a>

imported>PrimeBOT