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<p><span class="autocomment">The CLC system: </span> <a href="/wiki143/index.php?title=Apriorism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apriorism (page does not exist)">Apriorism</a></p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Short description|National library classification scheme in China}}<br />
The '''Chinese Library Classification''' ('''CLC'''; {{Zh|c = 中国图书馆分类法|s = |t = }}), also known as '''Classification for Chinese Libraries''' ('''CCL'''),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chinese Library Classification {{!}} The CIARD R.I.N.G.|url=https://ring.ciard.net/chinese-library-classification|website=ring.ciard.net|access-date=2020-05-11}}</ref> is effectively the national [[library classification]] scheme in the [[People's Republic of China]]. It is used in almost all primary and secondary schools, universities, academic institutions, as well as public [[libraries]]. It is also used by publishers to classify all books published in China.<br />
<br />
The '''Book Classification of Chinese Libraries''' ('''BCCL''') was first published in 1975, under the auspices of China's Administrative Bureau of Cultural Affairs. Its fourth edition (1999) was renamed CLC. In September 2010, the fifth edition was published by National Library of China Publishing House.<br />
CLC has twenty-two top-level categories, and inherits a [[Marxist]] orientation from its earlier editions.<ref>[http://joemls.dils.tku.edu.tw/fulltext/41/41-1/1-22.pdf Zhang, Wenxian (2003). ''Classification for Chinese Libraries (CCL): Histories, accomplishments, problems and its comparisons''. Journal of Educational Media & Library Sciences, vol. 41, nr. 1, p. 1-22.] (PDF)</ref> (For instance, category A is [[Marxism]], [[Leninism]], [[Maoism]] & [[Deng Xiaoping Theory]].) It contains a total of 43,600 categories, many of which are recent additions, meeting the needs of a rapidly changing nation.<ref>''The Standardization of Chinese Library Classification'', Xiaochun Liu, [[Cataloging & Classification Quarterly]], Volume 16, Issue 2, ISSN 0163-9374, Pub Date: 8/13/1993<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
==The CLC system==<br />
The 22 top categories and selected sub-categories of CLC (5th Edition) are as follows:<br />
<br />
===A. [[Marxism]], [[Leninism]], [[Maoism]] and [[Deng Xiaoping theory]]===<br />
* A1 The works of [[Karl Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels]]<br />
* A2 The works of [[Vladimir Lenin]]<br />
* A3 The works of [[Joseph Stalin]]<br />
* A4 The works of [[Mao Zedong]]<br />
** A49 The works of [[Deng Xiaoping]]<br />
* A5 The symposium/collection of Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin, Mao and Deng Xiaoping<br />
* A7 The [[biobibliography]] and [[biography]] of Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin, Mao and Deng Xiaoping<br />
* A8 Study and research of Marxism, Leninism, Maoism and Deng Xiaoping theory<br />
<br />
===B. [[Philosophy]] and [[religions]]===<br />
* B-4 Education and dissemination of philosophy<br />
** B-49 Learners' book and popular literature of philosophy<br />
* B0 theory of philosophy<br />
** B0-0 Marxist philosophy<br />
** B01 Basic problems of philosophy<br />
*** B014 Object, purpose and method of philosophy<br />
*** B015 [[Materialism]] and [[idealism]]<br />
*** B016 [[Ontology]]<br />
**** B016.8 [[Cosmology]]<br />
**** B016.9 Time-space-theory<br />
*** B017 [[Epistemology]]<br />
**** B017.8 [[Determinism]] and [[indeterminism]]<br />
**** B017.9 Self theory<br />
*** B018 [[Axiology]]<br />
**** B019.1 Materialism<br />
***** B019.11 Naive materialism<br />
***** B019.12 Metaphysical materialism<br />
***** B019.13 [[Dialectical materialism]]<br />
**** B019.2 [[Idealism]]<br />
** B02 [[Dialectical materialism]]<br />
*** B024 [[Materialist dialectics]]<br />
*** B025 Categories of materialist dialectics<br />
*** B026 [[Methodology]]<br />
*** B027 Application of dialectical materialism<br />
*** B028 [[Natural philosophy]]<br />
*** B029 [[Dialectics of nature]]<br />
** B03 [[Historical materialism]]<br />
*** B031 Social material requirements of life<br />
*** B032 Basic social conflict<br />
**** B032.1 [[Productive forces]] und [[relations of production]]<br />
**** B032.2 [[Base and superstructure]]<br />
*** B033 [[Marxian Class Theory|Class theory]]<br />
*** B034 [[Marxism#Revolution|Theory of revolution]]<br />
*** B035 Theory of country<br />
*** B036 [[Social being]] and [[social consciousness]]<br />
*** B037 [[On Contradiction#Basics of Contradiction and its History|Contradictions among the people]]<br />
*** B038 Role of the people in historical development<br />
** B08 [[Philosophical schools]] and research<br />
*** B081 [[Idealism]]<br />
**** B081.1 [[Metaphysics]]<br />
**** B081.2 Epistemology of idealism, [[apriorism]]<br />
*** B082 [[Positivism]], [[Machism]]<br />
*** B083 [[Voluntarism (metaphysics)|Voluntarism]] and [[philosophy of life]]<br />
*** B084 [[Neo-Kantianism]] and [[Neohegelianism]]<br />
*** B085 [[New realism (philosophy)|Neorealism]], [[logical positivism]] (new positivism, logical empiricism)<br />
*** B086 [[Existentialism]] ([[survivalism]])<br />
*** B087 [[Pragmatism]]<br />
*** B088 [[Neo-Thomism]] (new scholasticism)<br />
*** B089 Other philosophical schools<br />
**** B089.1 [[Western Marxism]]<br />
**** B089.2 [[Philosophical hermeneutics]]<br />
**** B089.3 [[Philosophical anthropology]]<br />
* B1 Philosophy (worldwide)<br />
* B2 Philosophy in China<br />
** B22 Pre-[[Qin Dynasty]] philosophy (~before 220 BC)<br />
*** B222 The Confucian School<br />
**** B222.2 [[Confucius]] (Kǒng Qiū, 551-479 BC)<br />
* B3 Philosophy in Asia<br />
* B4 [[African philosophy|Philosophy in Africa]]<br />
* B5 Philosophy in Europe<br />
* B6 Philosophy in Australasia<br />
* B7 [[Philosophy in America]]<br />
* B8 [[Cognitive science]]<br />
* B9 Religions<br />
** B91 [[Sociology of religion]], [[religion]] and [[science]]<br />
** B92 [[Philosophy of religion|Philosophy]] and [[history of religion]]<br />
** B93 [[Mythology]] and [[Animism|primitive religion]]<br />
** B94 [[Buddhism]]<br />
** B95 [[Taoism]]<br />
** B96 [[Islam]]<br />
** B97 [[Christianity]]<br />
*** B971 [[Bible]]<br />
**** B971.1 [[Old Testament]]<br />
**** B971.2 [[New Testament]]<br />
*** B972 [[Doctrine]], [[theology]]<br />
*** B975 [[Evangelism]], [[sermon]]s<br />
*** B976 [[Christian denomination]]s<br />
**** B976.1 [[Roman Catholic Church]]<br />
**** B976.2 Orthodox Christianity ([[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodoxy]], [[Oriental Orthodoxy]])<br />
**** B976.3 [[Protestantism]] ([[Protestant Reformation]])<br />
*** B977 [[Ecclesiastical polity]]<br />
*** B978 Research on Christianity<br />
*** B979 [[History of Christianity]]<br />
**** B979.9 Biography<br />
** B98 Other religions<br />
** B99 [[Augury]], [[superstition]]<br />
<br />
===C. [[Social sciences]]===<br />
* C0 Social scientific theory and methodology<br />
* C1 Present and future of social sciences<br />
* C2 Organisations, groups, conferences<br />
* C3 Method of research in social sciences<br />
* C4 Education and popularization of social sciences<br />
* C5 Serials, [[Anthology|anthologies]], periodicals in social sciences<br />
* C6 Reference materials in social sciences<br />
* C7 (no longer used)<br />
* C8 [[Statistics in social sciences]]<br />
* C9 [[Sociology]]<br />
<br />
===D. [[Politics]] and [[law]]===<br />
* D0 [[Political theory]]<br />
* D1 International campaign of [[Communism]]<br />
* D2 [[Chinese Communist Party]]<br />
* D3 [[Communist parties]] of other countries<br />
* D4 Labor, peasant, youth, female organizations and movements<br />
* D5 Politics (worldwide)<br />
* D6 [[Politics in China]]<br />
* D7 Politics in individual countries<br />
* D8 [[Diplomacy]], [[international relations]]<br />
* D9 [[Law]]<br />
* DF Law (Applications of laws)<br />
<br />
===E. [[Military science]]===<br />
* E0 [[Military theory]]<br />
* E1 Military (worldwide)<br />
* E2 [[Military in China]]<br />
* E3 Military in Asia<br />
* E4 Military in Africa<br />
* E5 Military in Europe<br />
* E6 Military in Australasia<br />
* E7 Military in America<br />
* E8 Strategies, tactics, and battles<br />
* E9 [[Military technology]]<br />
<br />
===F. [[Economics]]===<br />
* F0 [[Economics]]<br />
* F1 [[Economics]], [[economic history]] and [[economic geography]] of individual countries<br />
* F2 Economic planning and management<br />
* F3 [[Agricultural economics]]<br />
* F4 Industrial economics<br />
* F5 Economics of [[transport]]<br />
* F6 Economics of postal and cable services<br />
* F7 Economics of [[commerce]]<br />
* F8 [[Finance]] and [[banking]]<br />
<br />
===G. [[Culture]], [[science]], [[education]] and [[sports]]===<br />
* G0 [[Philosophy of culture]]<br />
* G1 Culture<br />
* G2 Knowledge transmission<br />
* G3 [[Science]], [[scientific research]]<br />
* G4 [[Education]]<br />
* G5 Education in individual countries<br />
* G6 Education (primary, secondary, tertiary)<br />
* G7 Education (specialized)<br />
* G8 Sports<br />
<br />
===H. [[Languages]] and [[linguistics]]===<br />
* H0 Linguistics<br />
** H01 [[Phonetics]]<br />
*** H019 Method of recitation, oratory of speech<br />
** H02 [[Grammatology]]<br />
** H03 [[Semantics]], [[lexicology]] and meaning of words<br />
*** H033 [[Idiom]]<br />
*** H034 [[Adage]]<br />
** H04 [[Syntax]]<br />
** H05 Study of writing, [[rhetoric]]<br />
*** H059 Study of translation<br />
** H06 [[Lexicography]]<br />
*** H061 [[Dictionaries]]<br />
* H1 [[Chinese language]]<br />
** H10<!--to be filled--><br />
*** H102 Regulation, standardisation of Chinese language, promotion of [[Putonghua]]<br />
*** H109<!--to be filled--><br />
**** H109.2 Ancient Chinese language<br />
**** H109.4 Modern Chinese language<br />
** H11 [[Phone (phonetics)|Phone]] ([[historical Chinese phonology]])<br />
** H12 Grammatology<br />
* H2 [[Languages of China|Languages of China's ethnic minorities]]<br />
* H3 Commonly used foreign languages<br />
** H31 [[English language]]<br />
** H32 [[French language]]<br />
** H33 [[German language]]<br />
** H34 [[Spanish language]]<br />
** H35 [[Russian language]]<br />
** H36 [[Japanese language]]<br />
** H37 [[Arabic language]]<br />
* H4 Family of [[Sino-Tibetan languages]] (China, [[Tibet]] and Burma)<br />
* H5 Family of [[Altaic languages]] ([[Turkic languages|Turkic]], [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] and [[Tungusic languages|Tungusic]])<br />
* H6 [[Language family|Language families]] in other areas of the world<br />
** H61 [[Austroasiatic languages]] and [[Tai languages]] ([[Southeast Asia|Mainland Southeast Asia]]))<br />
** H62 [[Dravidian languages]] ([[South India]])<br />
** H63 [[Austronesian languages]] ([[Malayo-Polynesian]])<br />
** H64 [[Paleosiberian languages]] ([[Siberia]])<br />
** H65 [[Ibero-Caucasian languages]] ([[Caucasus Mountains]])<br />
** H66 [[Uralic languages]]<br />
** H67 [[Afroasiatic languages]] ([[Southwest Asia]], [[Arabian Peninsula]], [[North Africa]])<br />
* H7 [[Indo-European languages]]<br />
* H8 [[Language family|Language families]] on other continents<br />
** H81 [[African languages]]<br />
** H83 [[Indigenous languages of the Americas|American languages]]<br />
** H84 [[Papuan languages]]<br />
* H9 International auxiliary languages ([[Interlingua]], [[Ido (language)|Ido]], [[Esperanto]], etc.)<br />
<br />
===I. [[Literature]]===<br />
* I0 [[Literary theory]]<br />
* I1 Literature (worldwide)<br />
* I2 [[Literature in China]]<br />
* I3 Literature in Asia<br />
* I4 Literature in Africa<br />
* I5 Literature in Europe<br />
* I6 Literature in Australasia<br />
* I7 Literature in America<br />
<br />
===J. Art===<br />
* J0 Theory of [[fine art]]<br />
* J1 Fine art of the world<br />
* J2 [[Painting]]<br />
* J3 [[Sculpture]]<br />
* J4 [[Photography]]<br />
* J5 [[Applied arts]]<br />
* J6 [[Music]]<br />
* J7 [[Dance]]<br />
* J8 [[Drama]]<br />
* J9 [[Cinematography]], [[television]]<br />
<br />
===K. [[History]] and [[geography]]===<br />
* K0 Historical theory<br />
* K1 [[Human history]]<br />
* K2 [[History of China]]<br />
* K3 [[History of Asia]]<br />
* K4 [[History of Africa]]<br />
* K5 [[History of Europe]]<br />
* K6 [[History of Australasia]]<br />
* K7 [[History of the Americas|History of America]]<br />
* K8 Biography, [[archaeology]]<br />
* K9 Geography<br />
<br />
===N. [[Natural science]]===<br />
* N0 Theory and methodology<br />
* N1 Present state<br />
* N2 Organisations, groups, conferences<br />
* N3 Research methodology<br />
* N4 Education and popularization<br />
* N5 Serials, anthologies, periodicals<br />
* N6 Reference materials<br />
* N8 Field surveys<br />
* N9 Minor sciences<br />
<br />
===O. Mathematics, physics and chemistry===<br />
* O1 [[Mathematics]]<br />
* O2 [[Applied mathematics]]<br />
* O3 [[Mechanics]]<br />
* O4 [[Physics]]<br />
* O6 [[Chemistry]]<br />
* O7 [[Crystallography]]<br />
<br />
===P. [[Astronomy]] and [[geoscience]]===<br />
* P1 [[Astronomy]]<br />
* P2 [[Geodesy]]<br />
* P3 [[Geophysics]]<br />
* P4 [[Meteorology]]<br />
* P5 [[Geology]]<br />
* P6 [[Mineralogy]]<br />
* P7 [[Oceanography]]<br />
* P9 [[Physiography]]<br />
<br />
===Q. [[Life sciences]]===<br />
* Q1 [[Biology|General biology]]<br />
* Q2 [[Cell biology|Cytology]]<br />
* Q3 [[Genetics]]<br />
* Q4 [[Physiology]]<br />
* Q5 [[Biochemistry]]<br />
* Q6 [[Biophysics]]<br />
* Q7 [[Molecular biology]]<br />
* Q8 [[Bioengineering]]<br />
* Q9 [[Zoology]] and [[botany]]<br />
<br />
===R. [[Medicine]] and [[health sciences]]===<br />
* R1 [[Preventive medicine]], [[public health]]<br />
* R2 [[Traditional Chinese medicine]]<br />
* R3 [[Human anatomy]], [[physiology]], [[pathology]], [[microbiology]], [[parasitology]]<br />
* R4 [[Clinical medicine]]<br />
* R5 [[Internal medicine]]<br />
* R6 [[Surgery]]<br />
* R7 [[:Category:Medical specialties|Medical specialties]]<br />
** R71 [[Obstetrics]], [[gynecology]]<br />
** R72 [[Pediatrics]]<br />
** R73 [[Oncology]]<br />
** R74 [[Neurology]], [[psychiatry]]<br />
** R75 [[Dermatology]], [[venereology]]<br />
** R76 [[Otolaryngology]]<br />
** R77 [[Ophthalmology]]<br />
** R78 [[Dentistry]]<br />
** R79 Non-Chinese [[traditional medicine]]<br />
* R8 [[Radiology]], [[sport medicine]], [[diving medicine]], [[aerospace medicine]]<br />
* R9 [[Pharmacology]], [[pharmacy]]<br />
<br />
===S. [[Agricultural science]]===<br />
* S1 Fundamental agricultural science<br />
* S2 [[Agricultural engineering]]<br />
* S3 [[Agronomy]]<br />
* S4 [[Phytopathology]]<br />
* S5 [[Crop|Individual crops]]<br />
* S6 [[Horticulture]]<br />
* S7 [[Forestry]]<br />
* S8 [[Animal husbandry]], [[veterinary medicine]], [[hunting]], [[sericulture]], [[apiculture]]<br />
* S9 [[Aquaculture]], [[fishery]]<br />
<br />
===T. Industrial technology===<br />
* TB General industrial technology<br />
* TD [[Mining engineering]]<br />
* TE [[Petroleum]], [[natural gas]]<br />
* TF [[Extractive metallurgy]], [[smelting]]<br />
* TG [[Metallurgy]], [[metalworking]]<br />
* TH [[Machinery]], [[instrumentation]]<br />
* TJ [[Military technology and equipment|Military technology]]<br />
* TK [[Power plant]]<br />
* TL [[Nuclear technology]]<br />
* TM [[Electrical engineering]]<br />
* TN [[Electronic engineering]], [[Telecommunication|telecommunication engineering]]<br />
* TP [[Automation]], [[computer engineering]]<br />
* TQ [[Chemical engineering]]<br />
* TS [[Light industry]], [[handicraft]]<br />
* TU [[Construction engineering]]<br />
* TV [[Water resources]], [[Hydraulics|hydraulic engineering]]<br />
<br />
===U. [[Transportation]]===<br />
* U1 General [[transport]]<br />
* U2 [[Railway]] transport<br />
* U4 [[Highway]] transport<br />
* U6 [[Ship transport|Marine transport]]<br />
<br />
===V. [[Aviation]] and Aerospace===<br />
* V1 Research and Exploration of Aviation and Aerospace Technology<br />
* V2 Aviation<br />
* V4 [[Aerospace]] ([[Spaceflight]])<br />
* V7 Aerospace Medicine<ref>{{cite book |title=Chinese Library Classification |date=1991 |publisher=National Library of China Publishing |isbn=9787501343935}}</ref><br />
<br />
===X. [[Environmental science]]===<br />
* X1 Fundamental environmental science<br />
* X2 Environmental research<br />
* X3 [[Environmental protection]] and management<br />
* X4 Disaster protection<br />
* X5 [[Pollution|Pollution control]]<br />
* X7 [[Waste Management]] and [[recycling]]<br />
* X8 Environmental quality monitoring<br />
* X9 [[Occupational safety and health]]<br />
<br />
===Z. General works===<br />
* Z1 Collectanea/generalia ([[book series]])<br />
** Z12 Collectanea of China<br />
*** Z121 General collectanea<br />
**** Z121.2 Song Dynasty<br />
**** Z121.3 Yuan Dynasty<br />
**** Z121.4 Ming Dynasty<br />
**** Z121.5 Qing Dynasty<br />
**** Z121.6 Republic period<br />
**** Z121.7 Modern<br />
*** Z122 Collectanea of a particular locality<br />
*** Z123 Collectanea by members of a particular family<br />
*** Z124 Collectanea by individual writers<br />
*** Z125 Collectanea of lost books<br />
*** Z126 Collectanea of [[Chinese classics]]<br />
**** Z126.1 Collection of [[Confucian classics]]<br />
**** Z126.2 Collection of treatises<br />
***** Z126.21 General collection<br />
***** Z126.22 Remake of lost books<br />
***** Z126.23 Collection of a particular theme<br />
***** Z126.24 [[Timeline of Chinese history|Chronological tables]], tablets, illustrated works<br />
***** Z126.25 Works on [[phonetics]], [[semantics]] and [[Verisimilitude|authenticity]]<br />
***** Z126.27 Research, critics and proves<br />
** Z13 Collectanea and book series of Asia<br />
** Z14 Book series of Africa<br />
** Z15 Book series of Europe<br />
** Z16 Book series of Oceania<br />
** Z17 Book series of America<br />
* Z2 [[Encyclopedia]]s and Chinese encyclopedias (Leishu)<br />
** Z22 Chinese encyclopedias<br />
*** Z221 Tang Dynasty<br />
*** Z222 Song Dynasty<br />
*** Z223 Yuan Dynasty<br />
*** Z224 Ming Dynasty<br />
*** Z225 Qing Dynasty<br />
*** Z226 Republic<br />
*** Z227 Modern<br />
*** Z228 General popular literature<br />
**** Z228.1 Children's books<br />
**** Z228.2 Popular youth books<br />
**** Z228.3 Elders' books<br />
**** Z228.4 Women's readers<br />
**** Z228.5 Men's readers<br />
** Z23 Encyclopedias of Asia<br />
** Z24 Encyclopedias of Africa<br />
** Z25 Encyclopedias of Europe<br />
** Z26 Encyclopedias of Oceania<br />
** Z27 Encyclopedias of America<br />
** Z28 Encyclopedias of a particular field<br />
* Z3 [[Dictionaries]]<br />
* Z4 [[Symposia]], [[anthologies]], selected works, [[essay]]s<br />
* Z5 [[Almanac]]<br />
* Z6 [[Serial (literature)|Serial]]s, [[periodicals]]<br />
* Z8 Catalogues, abstracts, indexes<br />
<br />
== Other classifications ==<br />
The other library classifications in China are:<br />
<br />
* [[Library Classification of the People’s University of China]] (LCPUC)<br />
* [[Library Classification of the Chinese Academy of Sciences]] (LCCAS)<br />
* [[Library Classification for Medium and Small Libraries]] (MSL)<br />
* [[Library Classification of Wuhan University]] (LCWU)<br />
<br />
The other library classifications for Chinese materials outside mainland China are:<br />
* [http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/mulu/class.html Cambridge University Library Chinese Classification System] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070107183153/http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/mulu/class.html |date=2007-01-07 }}, Classification Scheme for Chinese Books devised by Profs. Haloun and P. van der Loon for Cambridge University, UK.<br />
* University of Leeds Classification of Books in Chinese, UK ([http://library.leeds.ac.uk/downloads/file/126/chinese 36 pages of Catalog in PDF])<br />
* [[Harvard-Yenching Classification]] System<br />
* [[New Classification Scheme for Chinese Libraries]] (commonly used in Taiwan, [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]])<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Library resources box}}<br />
* [[National first-class library]]<br />
* [[Libraries in the People's Republic of China]]<br />
* [[Ningbo Library]]<br />
* [[Sibu classification]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Official website}}<br />
<br />
{{Library classification systems}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1975 introductions]]<br />
[[Category:1975 establishments in China]]<br />
[[Category:Library cataloging and classification]]<br />
[[Category:Knowledge representation]]<br />
[[Category:Chinese culture]]</div>
imported>Xpander1