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<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Short description|Fresco by Raphael}}<br />
{{Infobox artwork<br />
| image_file=Virtù e due scene 02.jpg<br />
| image_size=300px<br />
| title=Cardinal and Theological Virtues<br />
| artist=[[Raphael]]<br />
| year=1511<br />
| type=[[fresco]]<br />
| dimensions={{convert|6.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} wide<br />
| city=Vatican City<br />
| museum=[[Vatican Museums]]<br />
}}<br />
The '''''Cardinal and Theological Virtues''''' is a [[lunette]] [[fresco]] by [[Raphael]] found on the south wall of the [[Stanza della Segnatura]] in the [[Apostolic Palace]] of the [[Vatican City|Vatican]]. Three of the [[cardinal virtues]] are personified as statuesque women seated in a bucolic landscape, and the [[theological virtues]] are depicted by [[putto|putti]].<br />
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The fresco was part of Raphael's commission to decorate the private apartments of [[Pope Julius II]]. These rooms are now known as the [[Raphael Rooms|Stanze di Raffaello]]. <br />
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After completing his three monumental frescoes ''[[Disputation of the Holy Sacrament]]'', ''[[The Parnassus]]'', and ''[[The School of Athens]]'' in the Stanza della Segnatura, in 1511 Raphael painted the ''Cardinal and Theological Virtues''.{{sfn|Knight|1847|p=358}}<br />
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==Description==<br />
[[File:Raffael 053.jpg|thumb|left|Justice displayed in a medallion on the ceiling of the Stanza della Segnatura]]<br />
The walls containing frescoes in the ''Stanza della Segnatura'' depict four branches of human knowledge: Philosophy (''School of Athens''), Religion (''Disputation''), Poetry (''Parnassus''), and Law (''Virtues'').{{sfn|Paoletti|Radke|2005|p=409}} The fourth wall containing the ''Virtues'' addresses both the civil law of the secular state and the canon law of the Church.{{sfn|Rowland|2005|p=109}} Accordingly, three classical cardinal virtues ([[courage|Fortitude]], [[Prudence]] and [[temperance (virtue)|Temperance]]) are attended by five putti, three of whom depict the theological virtues of [[Charity (virtue)|Charity]], [[Hope (virtue)|Hope]], and [[Faith in Christianity#Roman Catholicism|Faith]].{{sfn|Hersey|1993|pp=140-141}}<br />
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On the left, Raphael painted Fortitude. Armor-clad, she caresses a lion with her left hand while grasping a sapling of black oak with her right.{{sfn|Massi|1885|p=72}} The oak tree symbolizes strength and alludes to the [[Della Rovere]] family to which Pope Julius II belonged.{{sfn|Rowland|2005|p=110}} A putto representing Charity harvests acorns from the oak branch.{{sfn|Hersey|1993|pp=140-141}} Fortitude's seated posture and the folds of her clothing are copied directly from a [[modello]] Raphael had seen of [[Michelangelo]]'s [[Moses (Michelangelo)|''Moses'']].{{sfn|Joannides|1983|p=20}}<br />
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Prominently seated in the center is Prudence. On her breast is an effigy of a winged [[Gorgon]] to ward off deceit and fraud. [[Janus]]-like, her head has two faces shown in profile. Her youthful feminine face looks forward into a mirror. This is an allegory of wisdom and knowledge of the present. The backward-facing visage of the old man peers into a past for sound judgment predicated on experience.{{sfn|Massi|1885|p=72}} His view is enhanced by the flaming torch held by a putto depicting Hope.{{sfn|Hersey|1993|pp=140-141}}<br />
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Temperance sits on the right. She holds the bridle of restraint{{sfn|Rowland|2005|p=110}} and is accompanied by a putto portraying Faith who points upward to heaven with his right hand.{{sfn|Hersey|1993|pp=140-141}}<br />
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The fourth cardinal virtue, [[Justice (virtue)|Justice]], isn't included in the scene. Instead, she is depicted holding scales and a sword in a [[Tondo (art)|tondo]] on the ceiling directly above the fresco.{{sfn|Massi|1885|p=71}} The more prominent position of Justice is explained by the emphasis [[Plato]] placed on this fourth virtue. He introduced it to ensure the other three cardinal virtues existed in harmony.{{sfn|Jacorzynski|2009|p=193}}<br />
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The other two frescoes found lower on the wall also portray scenes concerning the law. To the left of the window is a fresco designed by Raphael but executed by his studio. It depicts the [[Emperor Justinian]] receiving the civil code known as the [[Digest (Roman law)|Pandects]] of the ''[[Corpus Juris Civilis]]'' from [[Tribonian]]. To the right of the window, [[Pope Gregory IX]] (in the likeness of [[Pope Julius II]]) receives the code of canon law known as the ''[[Decretales Gregorii IX|Decretals]]'' from [[Raymond of Penyafort]].{{sfn|Rowland|2005|p=109}}<br />
{{clear}}<br />
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==Gallery==<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Vatican Museums-6 (175).jpg|Virtues shown below Justice in the Stanza della Segnatura<br />
Image:Raffael 055.jpg|Detail of putto with a cornucopia<br />
Image:Raffael 057.jpg|Detail of Fortitude<br />
Image:Raffael 056.jpg|Detail of Prudence<br />
File:Raffaello, Temperanza, stanza della Segnatura, Musei Vaticani, Roma.jpg|Detail of Temperance<br />
</gallery><br />
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==See also==<br />
*[[List of paintings by Raphael]]<br />
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==Notes==<br />
{{reflist|3}}<br />
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==References==<br />
{{Refbegin}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Hersey |first=George L. |date=1993 |title=High Renaissance Art in St. Peter's and the Vatican: An Interpretive Guide |url=https://archive.org/details/highrenaissancea0000hers |location=Chicago |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=0226327825 |url-access=registration }}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Jacorzynski |first=Witold |editor1-last=Elliot |editor1-first=Robert Charles |date=2009 |chapter=Personal Ethics |title=Institutional Issues Involving Ethics And Justice |volume=I |location=Oxford |publisher=EOLSS Publications |pages=182–200 |isbn=978-1905839148 }}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Joannides |first=Paul |date=1983 |title=The Drawings of Raphael: With a Complete Catalogue |location=Berkeley |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0520050878 }}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Knight |first=Charles |date=1847 |title=The Pictorial Gallery of Arts |volume=2 |location=London |publisher=Charles Cox }}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Massi |first=Ercole G. |date=1885 |title=Compendious Description of the Galleries of Paintings in the Papal Palace of the Vatican |url=https://archive.org/details/compendiousdesc00vatigoog|location=Rome }}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Paoletti |first1=John T. |last2=Radke |first2=Gary M. |date=2005 |title=Art in Renaissance Italy |location=London |publisher=Laurence King Publishing |isbn=1856694399 }}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Rowland |first=Ingrid D. |editor1-last=Hall |editor1-first=Marcia B. |editor-link=Marcia Hall |date=2005 |chapter=The Vatican Stanze |title=The Cambridge Companion to Raphael |location=New York |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=95–119 |isbn=052180809X }}<br />
{{Refend}}<br />
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==External links==<br />
*{{commonscat-inline}}<br />
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{{Raphael}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cardinal And Theological Virtues (Raphael)}}<br />
[[Category:1511 paintings]]<br />
[[Category:Raphael Rooms]]<br />
[[Category:Nude paintings of children]]<br />
[[Category:Angels in art]]<br />
[[Category:Paintings of putti]]<br />
[[Category:Fresco paintings]]<br />
[[Category:Virtue]]<br />
[[Category:Pope Julius II]]</div>imported>MaybeItsBecauseImALondoner