imported>Bri: /* See also */ use annotated link

2025-12-30T20:15:53Z

See also: use annotated link

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	{{Short description\|1954 U.S. Supreme Court case on racial segregation}}		{{Short description\|1954 U.S. Supreme Court case outlawing racial segregation}}
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	'''''Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka''''', 347 U.S. 483 (1954),<ref>{{ussc\|name=Brown v. Board of Education\|347\|483\|1954}}</ref> was a [[List of landmark court decisions in the United States\|landmark]] decision of the [[Supreme Court of the United States\|United States Supreme Court]] which ruled that [[state law (United States)\|U.S. state laws]] establishing [[racial segregation]] in [[state school\|public schools]] violate the [[Equal Protection Clause]] of the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution\|Fourteenth Amendment]] ~~and hence are unconstitutional~~, even if the segregated facilities are presumed to be equal. The decision partially overruled the Court's 1896 decision ''[[Plessy v. Ferguson]]'',{{efn\|The Supreme Court has never explicitly overruled ''Plessy v. Ferguson'' in its entirety, although ''Brown'' and a series of later Supreme Court decisions have severely weakened ''Plessy'' to the point that it is usually considered to be ''de facto'' overruled.{{sfnp\|Schauer\|1997\|p=280}}}} which ~~had~~ held that racial segregation laws ~~did not violate the [[Constitution of the United States\|U.S. Constitution]]~~ as long as the facilities for each race were equal ~~in quality~~, a doctrine that had come to be known as "[[separate but equal]]" and was rejected in ''Brown'' based on the argument that ~~separate~~ facilities are inherently unequal. The Court's unanimous decision in ''Brown'' and its related cases paved the way for [[Racial integration\|integration]] and was a major victory of the [[civil rights movement]],<ref>{{Cite web		'''''Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka''''', 347 U.S. 483 (1954),<ref>{{ussc\|name=Brown v. Board of Education\|347\|483\|1954}}</ref> was a [[List of landmark court decisions in the United States\|landmark]] decision of the [[Supreme Court of the United States\|United States Supreme Court]] which ruled that [[state law (United States)\|U.S. state laws]] establishing [[racial segregation]] in [[state school\|public schools]] violate the [[Equal Protection Clause]] of the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution\|Fourteenth Amendment]], even if the segregated facilities are presumed to be equal in quality. The decision partially overruled the Court's 1896 decision ''[[Plessy v. Ferguson]]'',{{efn\|The Supreme Court has never explicitly overruled ''Plessy v. Ferguson'' in its entirety, although ''Brown'' and a series of later Supreme Court decisions have severely weakened ''Plessy'' to the point that it is usually considered to be ''de facto'' overruled.{{sfnp\|Schauer\|1997\|p=280}}}} which held that racial segregation laws were constitutional as long as the facilities for each race were equal, a doctrine that had come to be known as "[[separate but equal]]" and was rejected in ''Brown'' based on the argument that segregated facilities are inherently unequal. The Court's unanimous decision in ''Brown'' and its related cases paved the way for [[Racial integration\|integration]] and was a major victory of the [[civil rights movement]],<ref>{{Cite web
	\|last = Hartford		\|last = Hartford
	\|first = Bruce		\|first = Bruce
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	The case involved the public school system in [[Topeka, Kansas]], which in 1951 had refused to enroll the daughter of local [[African Americans\|black]] resident [[Oliver Brown (American activist)\|Oliver Brown]] at the school closest to her home, instead requiring her to ride a bus to a segregated black school farther away. The Browns and twelve other local black families in similar situations filed a [[class action\|class-action]] lawsuit in U.S. federal court against the Topeka Board of Education, alleging its segregation policy was unconstitutional. A special three-judge court of the [[United States District Court for the District of Kansas\|U.S. District Court for the District of Kansas]] heard the case and ruled against the Browns, relying on the precedent of ''Plessy'' and its "separate but equal" doctrine. The Browns, represented by [[NAACP]] chief counsel [[Thurgood Marshall]], appealed the ruling directly to the Supreme Court, who issued a unanimous 9–0 decision in favor of the Browns. However, the decision's 14 pages did not spell out any sort of method for ending racial segregation in schools, and the Court's second decision in ''[[#Brown II\|Brown II]]'' (1955) only ordered states to desegregate "with all deliberate speed".		The case involved the public school system in [[Topeka, Kansas]], which in 1951 had refused to enroll the daughter of local [[African Americans\|black]] resident [[Oliver Brown (American activist)\|Oliver Brown]] at the school closest to her home, instead requiring her to ride a bus to a segregated black school farther away. The Browns and twelve other local black families in similar situations filed a [[class action\|class-action]] lawsuit in U.S. federal court against the Topeka Board of Education, alleging its segregation policy was unconstitutional. A special three-judge court of the [[United States District Court for the District of Kansas\|U.S. District Court for the District of Kansas]] heard the case and ruled against the Browns, relying on the precedent of ''Plessy'' and its "separate but equal" doctrine. The Browns, represented by [[NAACP]] chief counsel [[Thurgood Marshall]], appealed the ruling directly to the Supreme Court, who issued a unanimous 9–0 decision in favor of the Browns. However, the decision's 14 pages did not spell out any sort of method for ending racial segregation in schools, and the Court's second decision in ''[[#Brown II\|Brown II]]'' (1955) only ordered states to desegregate "with all deliberate speed".

	In the [[Southern United States]], the reaction to ''Brown'' among most [[white people]] was "noisy and stubborn", especially in the [[Deep South]] where racial segregation was deeply entrenched in society.{{sfnp\|McCloskey\|2010\|p=144}} Many Southern governmental and political leaders embraced a plan known as "[[massive resistance]]", created by Senator [[Harry F. Byrd]], in order to frustrate attempts to force them to de-segregate their school systems, most notably ~~immortalised~~ by the [[Little Rock Nine\|Little Rock crisis]]. The Court reaffirmed its ruling in ''Brown'' in ''[[Cooper v. Aaron]]'', explicitly stating that state officials and legislators had no jurisdiction to nullify its ruling.		In the [[Southern United States]], the reaction to ''Brown'' among most [[white people]] was "noisy and stubborn", especially in the [[Deep South]] where racial segregation was deeply entrenched in society.{{sfnp\|McCloskey\|2010\|p=144}} Many Southern governmental and political leaders embraced a plan known as "[[massive resistance]]", created by Senator [[Harry F. Byrd]], in order to frustrate attempts to force them to de-segregate their school systems, most notably immortalized by the [[Little Rock Nine\|Little Rock crisis]]. The Court reaffirmed its ruling in ''Brown'' in ''[[Cooper v. Aaron]]'', explicitly stating that state officials and legislators had no jurisdiction to nullify its ruling.

	==Background==		==Background==
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	\|source=''Brown'', 397 U.S. at 495.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>		\|source=''Brown'', 397 U.S. at 495.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
	}}		}}
	The Court did not close with an order to implement the integration of the schools of the various jurisdictions. Instead, it requested the parties re-appear before the Court the following ~~Term~~ to hold arguments on what the appropriate remedy should be.{{sfnp\|Chemerinsky\|2019\|loc=§ 9.3.3.1, p. 765}} This became the case known as ''[[Brown II]]'', described below.		The Court did not close with an order to implement the integration of the schools of the various jurisdictions. Instead, it requested the parties re-appear before the Court the following term to hold arguments on what the appropriate remedy should be.{{sfnp\|Chemerinsky\|2019\|loc=§ 9.3.3.1, p. 765}} This became the case known as ''[[Brown II]]'', described below.

	==Reaction and aftermath==		==Reaction and aftermath==
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	* [[Rubey Mosley Hulen]], federal judge who made a similar ruling in an earlier case		* [[Rubey Mosley Hulen]], federal judge who made a similar ruling in an earlier case
	* [[List of United States court cases involving the Fourteenth Amendment]]		* [[List of United States court cases involving the Fourteenth Amendment]]
	* [[New Orleans school desegregation crisis~~\|New Orleans school desegregation]] (1960) - [[U.S. Marshals]] enforced a federal order to integrate the [[New Orleans]] Parish School District~~		* {{annotated link\|New Orleans school desegregation crisis}}
	* ''[[Loving v. Virginia]]'' (1967)		* ''[[Loving v. Virginia]]'' (1967)
	* ''[[Lum v. Rice]]'' (1927)		* ''[[Lum v. Rice]]'' (1927)
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	[[Category:1954 in education]]		[[Category:1954 in education]]
	[[Category:1954 in Kansas]]		[[Category:1954 in Kansas]]
	[[Category:~~1954 in~~ United States ~~case law~~]]		[[Category:United States Supreme Court cases in 1954]]
	[[Category:20th-century American trials]]		[[Category:20th-century American trials]]
	[[Category:African-American history of Kansas]]		[[Category:African-American history of Kansas]]

imported>Bruce1ee: fixed lint errors – missing end tag

2025-09-12T23:36:31Z

fixed lint errors – missing end tag

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imported>Montanakennedy: Expanded reference to New Orleans Integration to include all four children who integrated NOLA Elementary Schools.

2025-06-12T14:14:36Z

Expanded reference to New Orleans Integration to include all four children who integrated NOLA Elementary Schools.

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imported>OAbot: Open access bot: url-access updated in citation with #oabot.

2025-05-24T16:14:00Z

Open access bot: url-access updated in citation with #oabot.

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Brown v. Board of Education - Revision history

imported>Bri: /* See also */ use annotated link

imported>Bruce1ee: fixed lint errors – missing end tag

imported>Montanakennedy: Expanded reference to New Orleans Integration to include all four children who integrated NOLA Elementary Schools.

imported>OAbot: Open access bot: url-access updated in citation with #oabot.