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Description and contents: MOS:CHINESECHARACTERS

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{{Short description|Spanish illuminated manuscript}}
{{Use Philippine English|date=March 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Italic title}}
[[File:Reception of the Manila Galleon by the Chamorro in the Ladrones Islands, ca. 1590.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Reception of the [[Manila galleon]] by the [[Chamorro people|Chamorro]] in the [[Mariana Islands|Ladrones Islands]], from the ''Boxer Codex'', {{Circa|1590}}]]
The '''''Boxer Codex''''' is a late-16th-century Spanish manuscript produced in the Philippines. It contains 75 colored illustrations of the peoples of China, the Philippines, [[Japan]], [[Java]], the [[Maluku Islands|Moluccas]], the [[Islas de los Ladrones|Ladrones]], and [[Siam]]. About 270 pages of Spanish text describe these places, their inhabitants and customs. An additional 88 smaller drawings show mythological deities and demons, and both real and mythological birds and animals copied from popular Chinese texts and books in circulation at the time.

The English historian [[C.R. Boxer|Charles Ralph Boxer]] purchased the manuscript in 1947 from the collection of [[Giles Fox-Strangways, 6th Earl of Ilchester|Lord Ilchester]] in London. Boxer recognized the importance of what he called the "Manila Manuscript" and published a paper in 1950 with a detailed description of the [[codex]]. He made the manuscript freely available to other researchers for study, and it became known as the ''Boxer Codex''. Boxer eventually sold it to [[Indiana University Bloomington|Indiana University]], where it is held by the [[Lilly Library]].

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==Description and contents==
The manuscript was written around circa 1590<ref>[http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/omeka/lilly/items/show/93 Lilly Library, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana (U.S.A.), Catalogue Record of the Boxer Codex]</ref> in primarily [[Early Modern Spanish]] with some labels in [[Philippine Hokkien|Early Manila Hokkien]] written in [[Spanish orthography]] and [[Classical Chinese]] and contains illustrations of [[ethnic groups in the Philippines]], across [[Southeast Asia]], and in [[East Asia]] and [[Micronesia]] at the time of early [[History of the Philippines (1565–1898)|Spanish]] contact. It also contains [[Taoism|Taoist]] mythological deities and demons, and both real and mythological birds and land animals copied from popular Chinese texts and books in circulation at the time. Aside from a description of and historical allusions to what are now the Philippines and various other [[Far East]]ern countries, the codex also contains 97 hand-drawn color paintings and illustrations depicting peoples and animals of the Philippines, the [[Indonesian Archipelago]], Japan, Taiwan, China, and [[Mainland Southeast Asia]]. The first illustration is an oblong fold-out, 74 are full-page colored illustrations, and the remaining are arranged four to a page on 22 pages (with some of the quarters remaining blank). Most of the drawings appear to have been copied or adapted from materials brought to the Philippines from China by [[Martín de Rada]]: the ''[[Classic of Mountains and Seas]]'' and books from the {{lang|zh-Latn|[[shenmo]]}} genre, which depict deities and demons. The remaining drawings represent individuals, often a male and female pair, as inhabitants from tributaries of China and Taiwan with their distinctive costume; some of these have been refashioned as warriors. The depictions of inhabitants from Chinese tributaries may have been copied from a pre-existing source, drawn from memory, or perhaps even drawn according to instruction given by Rada or one of the other Europeans who visited China.<ref name=":0">Souza & Turley, 2015</ref> At least 15 illustrations deal with the inhabitants of the [[List of islands of the Philippines|Philippine Archipelago]].<ref name=roces1977p1003>{{Harvnb|Roces|1977|p=1003}}.</ref>

==History and provenance==
The ''Boxer Codex'' does not bear any direct statement of authorship or dates of production and there is no dedication that might indicate who was the patron of the work or for whom the work was intended. Its contents indicate that it was written in Manila in the early 1590s. The manuscript was likely compiled at the direction of [[Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas]], the Spanish [[Governor-General of the Philippines]], or his son, [[Luis Pérez Dasmariñas]].<ref name=":0" />

The ''Boxer Codex'' depicts the [[Tagalog people|Tagalogs]], [[Visayan people|Visayans]], [[Sambal people|Zambals]], [[Cagayan Valley|Cagayanes]] or possibly [[Ibanag people|Ibanags]], and [[Negritos]] of the Philippines in vivid color. The paintings' technique and the use of Chinese paper, ink, and paints suggests that the artist may have been Chinese.<ref name="roces1977p1004"/><ref name=":0" />

It is believed that the original owner of the manuscript was [[Luis Pérez Dasmariñas]], son of Governor General [[Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas]],<ref name=donoso2016pxlviii>{{Harvnb|Donoso|2016|p=xlviii}}.</ref> the Spanish [[Governor-General of the Philippines|Governor-General]] of the [[Spanish East Indies|Philippines]]. Luis succeeded his father in office as governor-general. Since Spanish colonial governors kept extensive written reports of the territories they governed, it is likely that the manuscript was written on the governor's orders.<ref name=roces1977p1004>{{Harvnb|Roces|1977|p=1004}}.</ref>

The manuscript's earliest known modern owner was [[Giles Fox-Strangways, 6th Earl of Ilchester|Lord Ilchester]]. The codex was among what remained in his collection when his estate, [[Holland House]] in [[London]], was bombed on September 27, 1940, during [[the Blitz]]. It was auctioned in 1947 and came into the possession of [[C.R. Boxer|Charles Ralph Boxer]], an authority on the Far East, and whom it is named. It is now owned by the [[Lilly Library]] at [[Indiana University Bloomington|Indiana University]].<ref name=roces1977p1003 />

==Illustrations in the Boxer Codex==
{{Expand list|date=September 2019}}

=== Natives of the Philippines===
<sup>(All captions below based on source)<ref name=":0" /></sup>
<gallery>
File:Cagayan Woman.png|A Lady from the [[Cagayan Valley]] (Possibly [[Ibanag people|Ibanag]])
File:Cagayan Warrior.png| Warrior from [[Cagayan Valley]] (Possibly [[Ibanag people|Ibanag]])
File:玳瑁 Taipue - Unknown couple - Boxer Codex (1590).jpg|Couple with tied long hair and [[Kampilan]] hilt from [[Caboloan|Taimei Anchorage]], [[Lingayen Gulf]], [[Luzon]], [[Philippines]] (Possibly [[Pangasinan people|Pangasinense]])
File:Zambals 1.png|[[Zambal]] hunters from [[Zambales]]
File:Zambals 2.png|[[Zambal]] hunters hunting
File:Zambals 3.png|A couple belonging to the [[Zambal]] warrior-hunter class. The image shows a culture of [[falconry]]
File:Negritos.png|''[[Aeta]]'' or ''[[Negrito]]'' hunters
File:Naturales 4.png|[[Tagalog people|Tagalog]] royalty in red (the distinctive color of his class) with his wife.
File:Naturales 3.png|[[Tagalog people|Tagalog]] royal couple in red, the distinctive color of their class.
File:Naturales 5.png|[[Tagalog people|Tagalog]] ''[[maginoo]]'' (noble class) wearing blue (the distinctive color of his class) with his wife.
File:Naturales 2.png|Native [[Commoner|common women]] wearing simple clothes and [[hijab|headscarves]] (likely [[Moro people|Muslims]] from [[Maynila (historical polity)|Maynila]] in the 1500s)
File:Native of Visayan origin.jpg|A Native ''[[Binukot]]'' Lady (Possibly [[Visayans|Visayan]])
File:Visayans 4.png|[[Visayan people|Visayan]] ''kadatuan'' (royal) couple
File:Visayans 3.png|[[Visayan people|Visayan]] ''[[Kedatuan|kadatuan]]'' (royal) with his wife wearing red, the distinctive color of their class.
File:Visayans 2.png|A [[Pintados|Pintado]] (Possibly [[Cebuano people|Cebuano]] or [[Waray people|Waray]]) couple of the ''[[timawa]]'' or ''[[tumao]]'' (martial-feudal class; later demoted to [[freedman]] status)
File:Visayans 1.png|[[Pintados]] (Possibly [[Cebuano people|Cebuano]] or [[Waray people|Waray]]) from [[Bohol]], showing their ''patok'' or tattoos
File:Naturales 1.png|Native [[Visayans|Visayan]] ''[[Alipin|uripon]]'' (slaves) adorned with gold.
</gallery>

=== Foreigners ===
<sup>(All captions below based on source)<ref name=":0" /></sup>
<gallery>
File:Unknown couple in the Philippines.jpg|"Tatar" ([[Mongols|Mongol]]) noble with wife from [[Tartary]] ([[Mongolia]])
File:大連 Tohany - Manchu couple from Dalian, China - Boxer Codex (1590).jpg|[[Patani Kingdom|Patani]] couple
File:皇帝 Rey - Emperor & Empress of China - Boxer Codex (1590).jpg|[[Emperor of China|Emperor]] and [[List of consorts of rulers of China|empress]] of [[Ming dynasty|Ming dynasty China]]
File:太子 Príncipe - Prince and Princess from China - Boxer Codex (1590).jpg|[[Chinese nobility|Noble prince and consort]] from [[Ming dynasty|Ming dynasty China]]
File:文官 Mandarín Letrado - Mandarin Official from China - Boxer Codex (1590).jpg|[[Mandarin (bureaucrat)|Mandarin bureaucrat]] with wife from [[Ming dynasty]]
File:Chinese General in Philippines.jpg|[[Ming dynasty]] [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] general with attendant
File:Chinese migrants in the Philippines.png|[[Han Chinese|Chinese]] "[[Sangley]]" couple living in [[Manila]], [[Philippines]] wearing [[hanfu|''hanfu'']] from [[Ming dynasty]]
File:Ming2.jpg|Another [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] "[[Sangley]]" couple living in [[Manila]], [[Philippines]] wearing [[hanfu|''hanfu'']] from [[Ming dynasty]]
File:客家 Xaque - Hakka Couple in the Philippines - Boxer Codex (1590).jpg|[[She people|She]] [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] merchant with wife from [[Ming dynasty|Ming dynasty China]]
File:Japanese inhabitants in the Philippines.png|[[Japanese people|Japanese]] [[samurai]] couple wearing [[yukata]] with the woman's hair styled in Chinese fashion<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=32}} |alt=Japanese samurai couple wearing yukata with the woman's hair styled in Chinese fashion: 32
File:Vietnamese in pre-colonial Philippines.jpg|[[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] noble with wife from [[Northern Vietnam|Tonkin]], [[Đại Việt]] ([[Vietnam]]) under either the [[Mạc dynasty]] or [[Lê dynasty]] at that time
File:Viet2.jpg|Labelled as a [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] warrior with woman from [[Tonkin]], [[Đại Việt]] ([[Vietnam]]), but the man is instead depicted as a ''[[wokou]]''<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=32}} |alt=Labelled as a Vietnamese warrior with woman from Tonkin, Đại Việt (Vietnam), but the man is instead depicted as a wokou: 32
File:Viet3.jpg|[[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] noble with wife from [[Quảng Nam Province|Quảng Nam]], [[Đại Việt]] ([[Vietnam]]) under the [[Nguyễn lords]] at the time.
File:尖城 Chamcia - Couple from Champa - Boxer Codex (1590).jpg|[[Chams|Cham]] couple from [[Champa]] (in modern-day [[Ninh Thuận]], [[Southern Vietnam]])
File:Pre-colonial Native 3.jpg|Siamese ([[Thai people|Thai]]) warrior with wife from [[Ayutthaya Kingdom|Siam]] ([[Thailand]])
File:柬埔寨 Tampochia - Couple from Cambodia - Boxer Codex (1590).jpg|[[Khmer people|Khmer]] couple from [[Dark ages of Cambodia|Kampuchea]] ([[Cambodia]])
File:雞籠 Cheylam - Couple from Keelung, Taiwan - Boxer Codex (1590).jpg|[[Taiwanese indigenous peoples|Taiwanese aboriginal]] [[Headhunting#Taiwan|headhunter]] couple from [[Keelung]], [[Spanish Formosa]] (in modern-day [[Taiwan]])
File:淡水 Tamchuy - Couple from Tamsui, Taiwan - Boxer Codex (1590).jpg|[[Taiwanese indigenous peoples|Taiwanese aboriginal]] [[Headhunting#Taiwan|headhunter]] couple from [[Tamsui District|Tamsui]], [[Spanish Formosa]] (in modern-day [[Taiwan]])
File:Ladrones - Hunter from Marianas -Boxer Codex (1590).jpg|[[Chamorro people|Chamorro]] hunter from [[Mariana Islands|Marianas Islands]] ([[Guam]]/[[Northern Mariana Islands|Northern Marianas]]) with spear
File:Hunter from Marianas 2 - Boxer Codex (1590).jpg|[[Chamorro people|Chamorro]] hunter from [[Mariana Islands|Marianas Islands]] ([[Guam]]/[[Northern Mariana Islands|Northern Marianas]]) with bow
File:Native Warrior.jpg|[[Javanese people|Javanese]] warrior with musket and swords
File:丁磯嶷 Temquigui - Couple from Terangganu, Malaysia - Boxer Codex (1590).jpg|[[Malays (ethnic group)|Malay]] couple from the [[Terengganu|Terangganu Sultanate]] (in modern-day [[Malaysia]])
File:Pre-colonial Native.jpg|[[Bruneian Malay people|Bruneian]] warrior with wife
File:Native-Warrior.jpg|[[Javanese people|Javanese]] warrior with a spear and shield from "Iaua" (modern-day [[Java]], [[Indonesia]])
File:Siaus - Warriors from Siau, North Sulawesi, Indonesia - Boxer Codex (1590).jpg|[[Sangirese people|Sangirese]] warriors from [[Siau Island]], [[Sangir Archipelago]] (in modern-day [[North Sulawesi]], [[Indonesia]])
File:Native Soldier.jpg|[[Moluccans|Moluccan]] warrior from the [[Maluku Islands|Moluccas]] (in modern-day [[Maluku Islands]], [[Indonesia]])
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Códice Casanatense]]
* [[José Honorato Lozano]]
* [[Damián Domingo]]
* [[Juan Luna]]
* [[Fernando Amorsolo]]
* [[Fabián de la Rosa]]
* [[Tipos del País]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{Cite journal|last=Boxer|first=C. R.|date=1950|title=A Late Sixteenth Century Manila MS|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25222372|journal=The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|issue=1/2|pages=37–49|jstor=25222372 |issn=0035-869X}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Crossley|first=John N.|date=2014|title=The Early History of the Boxer Codex|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/early-history-of-the-boxer-codex/535166D8433B65E22B6B10116D2097C6|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|language=en|volume=24|issue=1|pages=115–124|doi=10.1017/S1356186313000552|s2cid=162791393 |issn=1356-1863|doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Donoso|first1=Isaac|title=Boxer Codex / El Códice Boxer: A Modern Spanish Transcription and English Translation of 16th-Century Exploration Accounts of East and Southeast Asia and the Pacific, transcription and edition by Isaac Donoso, translation and annotations by María Luisa García, Carlos Quirino and Mauro García|publisher=Vibal Foundation|year=2016 |isbn=978-971-97-0692-2 |url=https://main.vibalgroup.com/products/boxer-codex-second-edition}}
* {{Citation|editor-last=Roces|editor-first=Alfredo R.|chapter=Boxer Codex|title=Filipino Heritage: the Making of a Nation|location=Philippines|publisher=Lahing Pilipino Publishing, Inc.|year=1977|volume=IV}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Souza|first1=George Bryan|title=The Boxer Codex: Transcription and Translation of an Illustrated Late Sixteenth-Century Spanish Manuscript|last2=Turley|first2=Jeffrey Scott|publisher=Brill|year=2015|isbn=978-9004292734 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_W7sCgAAQBAJ}}
* {{Cite web|title=Boxer Codex|url=http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/omeka/lilly/items/show/93|access-date=2021-08-17|website=The Lilly Library Digital Collections, Indiana University}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://purl.dlib.indiana.edu/iudl/iucat/VAB8326 Record] and [http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/metsnav/common/navigate.do?pn=1&size=large&oid=VAB8326 manuscript] of the Boxer Codex at [[Indiana University]]

[[Category:History of the Philippines (900–1565)]]
[[Category:History of the Philippines (1565–1898)]]
[[Category:1590s books]]
[[Category:Filipino nobility]]
[[Category:Lilly Library]]
[[Category:Spanish-language manuscripts]]

Boxer Codex - Revision history

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